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All Is Full of Love

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"All Is Full of Love"
Song

"All Is Full of Love" is a song by Icelandic musician Björk and is from her fourth studio album, Homogenic (1997). The lyrics are inspired by the presence of love in the advent of spring and Norse mythology's Ragnarök. The more popular version of the track, the original mix solely produced by Björk, was used in the music video but did not appear in the album. The album version is a remix by Howie B and has a minimalist approach and places emphasis on the singer's vocals. The video features a combination of electronic beats and string instruments. A remix by the German IDM duo Funkstörung was released as a single in the summer of 1998. The song later received a full single release in June 1999 to coincide with the release of its music video.

While some commentators declared that the song was one of the highlights of the Homogenic album, the single performed moderately on the UK Singles Chart, peaking at number 24. In the United States it was a dance hit. The song and music video were released two years after the release of the album for artistic merit rather than promotional purposes. The song was included as the opening track in the compilation album Greatest Hits (2002), whose tracks were selected by fans through a survey. "All Is Full of Love" is regarded by some as the first DVD single.

The accompanying music video, "All Is Full of Love" was directed by Chris Cunningham and depicts the assembling of a robot with Björk's features and her passionately kissing another robot against an ethereal and sterile backdrop. The song's video garnered acclaim from critics and is commonly regarded as one of the best music videos of all time and a milestone in computer animation. The subject of much analysis and scrutiny, it was on permanent display at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City and has been included in various art exhibitions. Björk has performed "All Is Full of Love" in five of her tours, with the most recent being the Vulnicura Tour. It is one of Björk's most idiosyncratic songs, and has been covered by various artists.

Background and composition

"All Is Full of Love" (album version)
The album version "[builds] quietly from a warm hexadecimal hum" and "accrues momentum as Björk simultaneously frees herself from the burden of expectation until cascades of shimmering, opal-hued harpsichord notes emerge from a curtain of glimmering white noise."[1]
"All Is Full of Love" (video version)
The same fragment, but of the video track version. It features an "austere trip-hop production"[2] and richer instrumentation, differing from the ambience of Howie B's mix.
Problems playing these files? See media help.

"All Is Full of Love", the closing track of Homogenic, was the album's last track to be written and recorded. Produced by Björk, the original version of the track was replaced "at the last minute" by Howie B's mix.[3] She asked him to capture the atmosphere "when the sun comes out after a thunderstorm."[4] It was inspired by the advent of spring while producing the album in Málaga, Spain. After living in the mountains among other people, for six months, Björk felt lonely, but a morning walk in April inspired her to write the track. Björk recalls:

That song's from a moment when I'd had a pretty rough winter and then it was a spring morning and I walked outside and the birds were singing: Spring is here! I wrote the song and recorded in half a day. It just clicked—you know: you're being too stubborn, don't be so silly, there is love everywhere.[5]

In keeping with Homogenic's theme as a tribute to Björk's native Iceland, the track was inspired by Icelandic mythology. In an interview with David Hemingway, Björk said: "you have this saga where the Gods get aggressive and the world explodes and everything dies and then the sun comes up and everything starts all over again;"[5] referring to Ragnarök. The previous track, "Pluto", stands for that death and destruction, whereas "All Is Full of Love" stands for that new beginning, "like the birds coming out after a thunderstorm."[5] Björk also called it a song about "believing in love" and that "love isn't just about two persons. It's everywhere around you. Even if you're not getting love from Person A, it doesn't mean there's not love there."[3] However, she also described it as "taking the piss", considering it "the most sugary song ever."[3] As it opposes the rest of Homogenic's "macho" aesthethic, Björk has described "All Is Full of Love" as the first song on Vespertine.[5]

The lyrics begins with a promise of protection and caretaking: "You'll be given love / You'll be taken care of / You'll have to trust it".[6][7] The song moves towards a more reproachful tone as Björk sings, "You just ain't receiving / Your phone is off the hook / Your doors are shut,"[6] tempered by the recognition that you have to "Twist your head around you" that, "Love is all around you".[8] This is effected musically by Björk's vocals as she sings the lyric "All is full of love" in counterpoint with herself.[8]

The album version of "All Is Full of Love" does not have drum accompaniment in the ambient song.[9] It does not have Homogenic's characteristic electronic beats,[10] focusing instead on "[creating] an intimacy between the growing dynamics of the instrumentation and Bjork's impressive vocal abilities."[11] It uses a long reverb, which results in a wash of sound that suggests a very large space suggestive of the "heavenly" environment envisaged by Björk for the track.[12] According to Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine, the song has a soft pulse with intervals that build up to an electronic orchestration of industrial beats.[13] David Browne of Entertainment Weekly called it a "moony lullaby" and compared it to the music of Enya.[14] In his review for Spin, James Hunter wrote that the track is one of the times Björk "dips her toe into the warm lake of tradition" and noted its "rockish minor-key verses traipse off into Björk gospel."[15]

The video version of "All Is Full of Love" is a midtempo[16] trip hop ballad with soul influences.[17] In opposition to the sonically minimalist mix included in the album, this version has been described as "lushly produced"[16] and includes "fluttering harps and shivering strings."[17] The best known version of the song, and the most preferred by fans and Björk herself, it is known by various names including "Mark Stent Mix" and "Video Mix".[3]

Release

A red circle with white geometric shapes inside
The official logo used in every "All Is Full of Love" release.

In August 1998, a 12-inch single of "All Is Full of Love", remixed by German IDM duo Funkstörung, was released through FatCat Records as a limited release.[18][19] This remix had been included as a B-side for "Hunter",[20] and another remix of the song had been released as a B-side of "Jóga" in 1998.[21] In January 1999, it was announced that "All Is Full of Love" would be released later that year as a single and that its music video would be shot soon.[19] It was atypical to release a single in promotion of an album released two years before, but Björk purposely decided to do this so that the music video was more of a short film than a marketing move.[22] The original release date for the single was 2 May 1999, but was later extended out two weeks to 17 May. To coincide with this announcement, Funkstörung's remix was made available again and[19] an official logo for the release was unveiled.[19]

The music video was released that April, though the release of the single was pushed back to June.[19] "All Is Full of Love" was released as two 12-inch singles, two CD singles, a DVD single, and a box set, which included the CD singles and the music video in VHS.[19] Some regard "All Is Full of Love" as the first DVD single release.[23][24] In the UK, it was also released as two different promotional singles in 1999, and as two VHS singles.[25] B-sides include remixes by μ-Ziq, Funkstörung, Plaid, Guy Sigsworth, Mark Stent and Howie B.[25] The single's artwork consists of stills from the music video and features the official logo, which can be seen in the video as well. "All Is Full of Love" was also included as the opening track of the 2002 compilation album Greatest Hits, whose tracks were selected by fans through a survey. "All Is Full of Love" was the second most voted song, coming after "Hyperballad".[26]

Critical reception

Both versions of "All Is Full of Love" received acclaim from music critics. In a review for the album as a whole, Heather Phares from AllMusic described the track as a "reassuring finale."[27] Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine called it a "sublime rebirth."[13] Tiny Mix Tapes commented that "the album ends on an optimistic note with the exquisite 'All Is Full of Love.'"[28] In a retrospective review, MusicTech described the song as "hauntingly-beautiful."[29] Entertainment Weekly's David Browne was less enthusiastic, considering it "the weakest track" of the album.[14]

In a review for the DVD single, Alex Castle of IGN gave the music a score of 9 out of 10, writing "the thing sounds fantastic" and that the song is "pretty good." However, he admitted that he "would probably not have been particularly impressed" if he hadn't seen the music video.[16] James Oldham of NME described it as "magnificent, sultry, pneumatic trip-soul ballad, which gently blooms into a magical garden of fluttering harps and shivering strings." He also added that the track "is no mere soundtrack" for the video.[17] AllMusic's Heather Phares gave the DVD single four out of five stars, considering it "a necessary addition to the collections of dedicated Bjork fans".[30] Douglas Wolk of CMJ New Music Monthly also gave the single a positive review, commending its B-sides and writing it "was hardly the most striking piece at the time—but the tune turns out to have been something of a sleeper."[31]

Recognition

Norwegian magazine Panorama ranked "All Is Full of Love" at number four on its list of Singles of the Year.[32] Blender included the track on two lists: "Standout Tracks from the 500 CDs You Must Own" and "The 1001 Greatest Songs to Download Right Now!", both published in 2003.[32] The staff members of Slant Magazine placed "All Is Full of Love" at number 59 on their list of The 100 Best Singles of the 1990s writing:

Though it has been as oft-remixed as any other Björk single from the landmark Homogenic set, no version quite achieves the ethereal effect that the album mix of "All Is Full of Love" does. Coming off the tail-end of "Pluto," a sonic threnody for a suicidal fan, Björk's open-source, beat-free echo chamber is both absolution and resurrection.[1]

"All Is Full of Love" was also included on Quintessence Editions' "1001 Songs You Must Hear Before You Die: And 10,001 You Must Download."[33]

Music video

Background and development

It's a combination of several fetishes: industrial robotics, female anatomy, and fluorescent light in that order. It was perfect, I got to play around with the two things I was into as a teenager: robots and porn.

— Director Chris Cunningham for Dazed & Confused, June 1999[5]

The music video for "All Is Full of Love" was directed by Chris Cunningham. Björk was impressed by Cunningham's original music videos for IDM musicians Autechre, Squarepusher, and Aphex Twin, and by his clear lines, science fiction inclinations, and discordant imagery.[34] She sent the original version of the song—not the mix featured in the album—because she thought it best suited his "mood".[22] They decided to make the music video after the album's promotion, so it would not be part of any marketing schedule, but more of a short film.[22] Björk contacted Cunningham and they met at his London office; she brought Chinese Kama Sutra prints as her only guiding reference.[5] Cunningham had also associated the track with sex upon hearing it, but could not figure out how to make the video explicit yet broadcastable.[5] Björk recalls: "I think the only thing I said was that I thought it was very white ... and I'm trying to describe some sort of a heaven. But I wanted also to have the other level there, there would be lust, it wouldn't be just clean ... And I think I mentioned that I think it should be ... something that is white and frozen, and then it sort of melts because of love and making love. It's erotic."[22]

A drawing of a cyborg smiling and of two robots kissing
Concept art by Chris Cunningham. Initially, the robots would unfold like a flower as they mated, but the team could not manage to do it.

Cunningham came up with a treatment which Björk has described as "perfect" and "a masterpiece", but he was not satisfied with it as it was "too literal" and "too easy." He returned with the final treatment a few weeks later, which had the same ingredients combined in a different way.[22] The treatment outlines what would become the music video and says, "It's like Karma Sutra meets Industrial Robotics" and that because of the surreal nature of the images, they "could be sexually suggestive as [they liked] and get away with it."[35] Initially, there would be a final stage where the two robots unfolded like a flower as they mate, revealing "an indescribably abstract life form made from the two unfolded, artificial, humanoid forms."[35] However, the team could not manage to do it, and Cunningham has said that "perhaps it's just as well, as the music doesn't really allow for it."[5]

The robots were designed by Cunningham and were built in full-size by Paul Catling—who had also sculpted the masks for Aphex Twin's "Windowlicker"—in clay in two hours. He also worked with Julian Caldow in set design, which was put together by Chris Oddy.[5] The treatment describes the set as "an elegant, pristine white environment" with "a Japanese feel to it, a simplicity in its design."[5] The director was, however, dissatisfied with the result and relied heavily on post-production. He exemplified: "on the shoot there were two main robot arms (operated simply by rods), but in post production, a third and fourth robot arm were created in CGI at Glassworks."[5]

The video was shot at Bray Studios and Greenford Studios, and post-production was handled by Glasswork using the software programs Softimage and Flame. Cunningham said that "every single shot in the video has about four layers." He first shot the set and the props doing nothing for about 21 seconds; he then removed the robot and replaced it with Björk, who had her face painted white and wore a blue suit. Using a mix of the master shot and a live feed of Björk in frame, the production team tried to match up her face and the robot body as much as possible.[35] Only her eyes and mouth were actually used; the rest of the robot head was 3D animation traced from her real head.[5] He has described the filming process as an unpleasant experience:

I always think that my strength is ... sculpting stuff up in [post-production] and then, a lot of the time things are pretty ramshackle while they're shot. And I think that with the ["All Is Full of Love"] video that was the most extreme example of that, I mean it really was a disaster... In the Avid, looking at this stuff, it just looked awful and I actually had a panic attack when I went to the telecine to look at the rushes. I just thought "this is a fucking disaster, ... so cheap and nasty. At it was only when Glassworks started doing the computer graphics that ... I started to realise how the video was gonna be made completely with the computer graphic addition. I started having ideas for ways of making the video better all the time. So we were kind of improvising stuff in post. Up until that point I had absolutely no faith whatsoever in computer graphics, and now I'm more of a convert, really.[22]

Björk left Cunningham alone to work for the video, refusing to see the product until it was finished, which Cunningham said made the work much easier.[22] Björk stated, "I guess when you come across someone as special as Chris you just go humble. And you kind of realize that your role is more to make sure that there is a connection between the tune and the video. And then you set up a space, or like a place where he can work with no interference. And that sort of ends up being your role."[35]

Synopsis

A screenshot from the music video
In the music video's climax, the two robots passionately kiss, contrasting with the ethereal sterility of the room and the rendered movements of the machines.[36]

The video begins with a journey through a dark environment wrought with cables and a faint pulsating light. The sequence has been described as "womb-like, voyeuristic, as if the black box of technology is about to open up".[37] The camera follows these cables to an ethereal, white room where a robot with Björk's features lies in a fetal position. As the room lightens up, two mechanical arms begin to assemble the robot, which opens its eyes and begins to sing the song. Pistons pumping white fluids, as well as drilling and penetrative motions are seen, images with a clear sexual subtext.[38]

Now sitting upright, the robot looks up to see another robotic Björk as the machines stop the assembly. It smiles and extends its hand to the sitting robot, joining in the song. In the climax of the video,[36] the robots passionately kiss and embrace while the machines assemble their backs and light comes and goes. The images of the kissing robots are interposed with shots of white fluid washing over robotic parts and the mechanical arms assembling them. The Institute for the Unstable Media described what follows: "as the music fades and the pulsating beat becomes more dominant, we are once again drawn in the womb-like dark space, making it clear to us that we sampled a glimpse of a black-boxed kingdom."[37]

Reception

The music video was greeted with widespread critical acclaim. Music journalist Mark Pytlik wrote the video "marked an unquestionable creative apex for Björk's visual work, a perfect synthesis of form and content."[34] IGN gave the video a score of 9/10, writing it is an "utterly gorgeous sight to behold" and "just about perfect."[16] Time's Craig Duff called it a milestone in computer animation and stated that "no robot had expressed the sensuality that director Chris Cunningham imbues in a Björk-bot in the video."[7] MusicRadar considered the music video to be "one of the most visually striking promos of Björk's career."[39] NME also praised the "All Is Full of Love" music video as one of Björk's best, and particularly commended the wide angle shot of the cyborgs kissing as the chorus kicks in.[40] Eric Henderson of Slant Magazine dubbed it "the perfect pre-millennial precursor to our current gadget-assisted culture of self-love" and also wrote, "When it was released, I thought it looked cool and stressed the importance of loving yourself. Now I think it's a terrifying and sealed-off nightmare wherein you find out that you are the only person who will ever love you."[41] Writing for Pitchfork Media, Scott Plagenhoef considered that "the strongest single images from any video of the 1990s come from [the clip]," also calling it "strange and moving."[42] CMJ New Music Monthly's Douglas Wolk called the video "magnificent" and praised it for "[bringing] out the beauty of the song."[31]

Recognition and legacy

Replicas of the music video's robots on the Björk retrospective at MoMA, New York City.

The music video has won various awards and accolades. It won the Jury Prize at ArtFutura Festival of 1999,[43] Best Video in the 2000 Fantasporto,[44] Best Video at the 2000 Australian Effects and Animation Festival and Best Art Direction in a Video and Best Special Effects in a Video in the Music Week Awards.[35] Other awards received at festivals include the second place of the Prix PIXEL-INA Best Script in the 2000 Imagina,[45] and the music video award at the London Effects and Animation Festival.[35] In the D&AD Awards, the video was awarded prizes in Video Direction, Cinematography, Animation, and Special Effects.[46] In the MVPA Awards, Cunningham received the award for Best Direction of a Female Artist in a Music Video.[47] Björk won two awards in the 2000 MTV Video Music Awards: Breakthrough Video and Best Special Effects in a Video.[48] The music video also received the Best Special Effects In A Music Video and Best 3D Animation Music Video in the 2000 International Monitor Awards,[35] The video has also received various nominations: Best Video in the 1999 Ericcson Muzik Awards,[35] Best Short Form Music Video in the 42nd Annual Grammy Awards,[49] and Best Alternative Video, Best Cinematography, and Best Editing in a Video in the 2000 Music Week Awards.[35]

In 2008, MTV2 ranked the music video as number one on their list "Greatest Music Videos Ever".[50] In 2011, "All Is Full of Love" placed on number 14 in MusicRadar's list of the 30 best music videos of all time,[39] and was placed in Time's list of The 30 All-TIME Best Music Videos.[7] The video was also listed as the fifth greatest of all time by NME[40] and the ninth top music video of the decade by Pitchfork Media.[42]

In addition, "All Is Full of Love" has been included in various art exhibitions and museums, including DEAF04 Exhibition in the V2_Institute for the Unstable Media in Rotterdam,[37] Chris Cunningham in MoMA PS1 in New York City,[51] the 49th Venice Biennale,[52] While Interwoven Echoes Drip into a Hybrid Body – an Exhibition about Sound, Performance and Sculpture in the Migros Museum für Gegenwartskunst in Zürich[53] and This Is Not a Love Song in La Virreina Centre de la Imatge in Barcelona.[54] The music video was also on permanent exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City.[55]

In 2004, similarities were noted between the design of the robots in the music video and those in the film I, Robot, raising accusations of plagiarism by fans.[56][57] E! News contacted Cunningham and 20th Century Fox—the studio behind the film—but neither of them returned calls for comment.[57]

Chris Cunningham served as a model for a character in the novel Pattern Recognition (2003) by William Gibson, in which a fictitious music video director who puts "robot girls in his video" makes a clip characterized by the following words: "No sci-fi kitsch for Damien. Dreamlike things in the dawn half-light, their small breasts gleaming, white plastic shining faints as old marble;" a clear reference to "All Is Full of Love".[58]

According to Tymon Smith of The Times, the 2015 American film Chappie "ends with a rip off" of the music video.[59]

Live performances

Björk performing at Radio City Music Hall during the Vespertine World Tour of 2001.

Björk first performed "All Is Full of Love" live in July 1997, playing the whole album for a press conference and presentation concert regarding Homogenic at the Old Truman Building, an old beer factory in London, wearing a pink dress designed by Hussein Chalayan, which she would later wear in the video for "Bachelorette" and photoshoots.[60][61][62] The song was part of the set list of the Homogenic Tour, on which Björk embarked with Mark Bell and the Icelandic String Octet from late 1997 to early 1999. "All Is Full of Love" was also performed during the Vespertine World Tour of 2001, which featured Vespertine collaborators Matmos and Zeena Parkins, an Inuit choir, and an orchestra.[63] The tour was performed in concert halls and opera houses so as to "have the best acoustics possible" and avoid the "appalling acoustics" of stadiums and rock venues.[63] The track was the most performed of the tour, alongside "Frosti" and "Pagan Poetry".[64] Björk's concert at the Royal Opera House of 16 December 2001 (which included a performance of "All Is Full of Love") was broadcast on BBC Four and released as the DVD Live at Royal Opera House in 2002.[65][66] A live version of the track can also be found in the tour documentary DVD Minuscule of 2003.[67] A Vespertine Tour live version of the song was released in Vespertine Live, a live album of the tour included in the box set Live Box (2003).[68]

The headliner of the 2002 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, Björk opened the set with "All Is Full of Love", wearing a white Comme des Garçons dress.[69] This performance was included in the 2006 video documentary Coachella.[70] The track was also part of the set list of the Greatest Hits Tour (2003),[71] which once again featured the Icelandic String Octet, but with the addition of Vespertine World Tour collaborators Matmos and Zeena Parkins.[72] It was one of the most played songs of the tour.[73] Björk's performance of "All Is Full of Love" in New York City during the tour was included in the 2005 documentary film Screaming Masterpiece.[74] "All Is Full of Love" was also performed during the Volta Tour (2007–08),[75] a tour she undertook with Mark Bell, Jónas Sen, Damian Taylor, Chris Corsano, and a 10-piece female brass band.[76] Several of the concerts were part of festivals, including Coachella, Glastonbury, and Rock en Seine, among others. A live performance of the track during the tour was included in the box set Voltaïc (2009), specifically the CD Songs from the Volta Tour Performed Live at the Olympic Studios.[77] "All Is Full of Love" was also performed a few times during Björk's latest tour, the Biophilia Tour (2011–13), whose schedule featured both a residency format and a conventional stage format for the festival dates.

Usage in media and cover versions

"All Is Full of Love" was used in the 1999 film Stigmata, directed by Rupert Wainwright. It was subsequently included in the official soundtrack, Stigmata: Music From The MGM Motion Picture Soundtrack.[78] The Funkstörung mix of the song was also included in the soundtrack for the 2000 Christopher Nolan film, Memento.[79] The song was also used in the 1998 French film Those Who Love Me Can Take the Train, directed by Patrice Chéreau.[80][81]

In 2001, American indie rock band The Microphones covered the song and placed it on their 2001 studio album, Blood.[82] "All Is Full of Love" was also covered by Death Cab for Cutie and was released on their 2002 The Stability EP.[9] The Vitamin String Quartet, a musical group widely known for its series of tributes to popular music acts, covered the track as part of their 2005 tribute to the singer entitled, Violently: The String Quartet Tribute To Bjork.[83] The song was also covered by Daby Touré, Man Without Country and the Bill Cunliffe Trio.[84] "All Is Full of Love" was also sampled in Kerli's "Love Is Dead", off her 2008 album of the same name.[84]

Track listings

Credits and personnel

Song

Credits adapted from Homogenic's liner notes.[85]

Music video

Credits adapted from Cunningham's page at Director-File.[86]

Production

Charts

Chart (1999) Peak
position
UK Singles Chart[87] 24
US Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales[88] 8

References

Notes
  1. ^ a b "The 100 Best Singles of the 1990s". Slant Magazine. 10 January 2011. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  2. ^ Burleson, Ryan (10 January 2011). "Take Cover! Death Cab For Cutie Vs. Björk". Magnet. Magnet Magazine Inc. Retrieved 14 March 2015. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  3. ^ a b c d Pytlik 2003, p. 170
  4. ^ "All Is Full Of Love". bjork.fr. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "GH&FT special: All Is Full Of Love". bjork.com. Archived from the original on 21 August 2006. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
  6. ^ a b Brouwer, Joke (2004). Feelings are Always Local. V2_ publishing. pp. 180–183. ISBN 9789056624231. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  7. ^ a b c Duff, Craig (26 November 2011). "Björk, 'All Is Full of Love' (1999) | The 30 All-TIME Best Music Videos". Time. Retrieved 7 June 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |work= (help)
  8. ^ a b Whiteley, Sheila (2005). Too Much Too Young: Popular Music Age and Gender. Routledge. p. 108. ISBN 978-0415310291. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  9. ^ a b Tangari, Joe (27 February 2002). "Death Cab for Cutie: The Stability EP". Pitchfork Media. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  10. ^ "Top 100 Albums of the 1990s". Pitchfork Media. 17 November 2003. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
  11. ^ Schroer, Brendan (5 January 2014). "Review: Björk – Homogenic". Sputnikmusic. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  12. ^ Dibben, 2009. p.108
  13. ^ a b Cinquemani, Sal (6 May 2007). "Björk: Homogenic". Slant Magazine. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  14. ^ a b Browne, David (September 26, 1997). "Björk: Homogenic". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 17 August 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  15. ^ Hunter, James (October 1997). "Björk: Homogenic (Elektra)". Spin: 135. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  16. ^ a b c d "Bjork – All is Full of Love". IGN. 28 January 2000. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  17. ^ a b c Oldham, James (12 September 2005). "Bjork : All is full of love". NME. Retrieved 1 December 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  18. ^ ":funkstörung remix Björk". bjork.com. 24 August 1998. Archived from the original on 28 April 2001. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  19. ^ a b c d e f "The Grapewire of 1999". bjork.com. 1999. Archived from the original on 19 August 2000. Retrieved 29 January 2015. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 15 August 2000 suggested (help)
  20. ^ "Hunter – Björk". AllMusic'. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  21. ^ "Jóga – Björk". AllMusic'. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g "Making of "All Is Full of Love"". YouTube. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
  23. ^ "About Us". One Little Indian. December 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  24. ^ "Business End". Sound on Sound. SOS Publications Group. May 2004. Retrieved 29 January 2015. More recently he has produced both the first DVD single (Bjork's 'All Is Full Of Love')...
  25. ^ a b "All Is Full of Love releases". 77ísland. Official Björk discography. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  26. ^ "All Is Full of Webvoting". bjork.com. 9 August 2000. Archived from the original on 21 March 2008. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  27. ^ "Homogenic – Björk: Awards". AllMusic'. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  28. ^ "Björk – Homogenic". Tiny Mix Tapes. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  29. ^ "Landmark Productions: Bjork – Homogenic". MusicTech. 3 December 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  30. ^ "All Is Full of Love – Björk". AllMusic'. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  31. ^ a b Wolk, Douglas (January 2000). "Singles". CMJ New Music Monthly. CMJ Network, Inc: 62. ISSN 1074-6978. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
  32. ^ a b "All Is Full of Love". Acclaimed Music. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  33. ^ 1001 Songs You Must Hear Before You Die: And 10,001 You Must Download. Universe Books. November 2010. ISBN 978-0789320896.
  34. ^ a b Pytlik 2003, p. 140
  35. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Björk.. All is Full of Love". Director-File.com. Archived from the original on 26 May 2005. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
  36. ^ a b "EXPOSURE: All Is Full of Love". SciFi.com. Archived from the original on 21 June 2006. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
  37. ^ a b c "All is Full of Love". V2_Institute for the Unstable Media. 2004. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
  38. ^ Brannigan, Erin (2011). Dancefilm: Choreography and the Moving Image. Oxford University Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-0195367249. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
  39. ^ a b "The 30 best music videos of all time". MusicRadar. 26 July 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
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Bibliography
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