Jump to content

Esports

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 177.45.43.244 (talk) at 21:52, 13 May 2016 (→Teams and associations). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

This article is about video game competitions. For simulated sports in video games, see sports game. For games involving exercise, see exergaming. For the sports game division of Electronic Arts, see EA Sports.
Not to be confused with multiplayer video game.

The International, an annual Dota 2 tournament.

eSports (also known as electronic sports, esports, e-sports, competitive (video) gaming, professional (video) gaming, or pro-gaming) is a form of sports where the primary aspects of the sport are facilitated by electronic systems; the input of players and teams as well as the output of the eSports system are mediated by human-computer interfaces.[1] Most commonly eSports take the form of organized multiplayer video game competitions, particularly between professional players. The most common video game genres associated with eSports are real-time strategy, fighting, first-person shooter (FPS), and multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA). Tournaments such as The International, the League of Legends World Championship, the Battle.net World Championship Series, the Evolution Championship Series, and the Intel Extreme Masters, provide both live broadcasts of the competition, and prize money and salaries to competitors.

Although organized online and offline competitions have long been a part of video game culture, participation and spectatorship of such events have seen a large surge in popularity from the late 2000s and early 2010s. While competitions around 2000 were largely between amateurs, the proliferation of professional competitions and growing viewership now supports a significant number of professional players and teams,[2] and many video game developers now build features into their games designed to facilitate such competition.

The genre of fighting games and arcade game fighters have also been popular in amateur[citation needed] tournaments, although the fighting game community has often distanced themselves from the eSports label.[3] In 2015, the most successful titles featured in professional competition were the multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) games Dota 2, League of Legends, and the first person shooter game Counter-Strike: Global Offensive.[4] Other games with significant earnings include Smite, StarCraft II, Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare, Heroes of the Storm, and Hearthstone.

Geographically, eSports competitions have their roots in developed countries like Germany. [original research?] South Korea has the best established eSports organizations, officially licensing pro gamers (aka. Cyberathletes ) since the year 2000. Official recognition of eSports competitions outside South Korea has come somewhat slower. In 2013, Canadian League of Legends player Danny "Shiphtur" Le became the first pro gamer to receive a United States P-1A visa, a category designated for "Internationally Recognized Athletes".[5][6][undue weight? – discuss] Along with South Korea, most competitions take place in Europe, North America and China. Despite its large video game market, eSports in Japan is relatively underdeveloped, which has been attributed largely to its broad anti-gambling laws.[7]

The eSports sector will this year generate an estimated revenue of $621m worldwide according to a SuperData report.[8]

In 2013, it was estimated that approximately 71,500,000 people worldwide watched competitive gaming.[9] The increasing availability of online streaming media platforms, particularly Twitch.tv, has become central to the growth and promotion of eSports competitions.[10] Demographically, Major League Gaming has reported viewership that is approximately 85% male and 15% female, with 60% of viewers between the ages of 18 and 34.[11] Despite this, several female personalities within eSports are hopeful about the increasing presence of female gamers.[12][13]

History

Early history (1972–1989)

Attendees of the 1981 Space Invaders Championship attempt to set the highest score.

The earliest known video game competition took place on 19 October 1972 at Stanford University for the game Spacewar. Stanford students were invited to an "Intergalactic spacewar olympics" whose grand prize was a year's subscription for Rolling Stone, with Bruce Baumgart winning the five-man-free-for-all tournament and Tovar and Robert E. Maas winning the Team Competition.[14] The Space Invaders Championship held by Atari in 1980 was the earliest large scale video game competition, attracting more than 10,000 participants across the United States, establishing competitive gaming as a mainstream hobby.[15]

In the summer of 1980, Walter Day founded a high score record keeping organization called Twin Galaxies.[16] The organization went on to help promote video games and publicize its records through publications such as the Guinness Book of World Records, and in 1983 it created the U.S. National Video Game Team. The team was involved in competitions, such as running the Video Game Masters Tournament for Guinness World Records[17][18] and sponsoring the North American Video Game Challenge tournament.[19]

During the 1970s and 1980s, video game players and tournaments begun being featured in popular newspapers and magazines including Life and Time.[20] One of the most well known classic arcade game players is Billy Mitchell, for his listing as holding the records for high scores in six games including Pac-Man and Donkey Kong in the 1985 issue of the Guinness Book of World Records.[21] Televised eSports events aired during this period included the American show Starcade which ran between 1982 and 1984 airing a total of 133 episodes, on which contestants would attempt to beat each other's high scores on an arcade game.[22] A video game tournament was included as part of TV show That's Incredible!,[23] and tournaments were also featured as part of the plot of various films, including 1982's Tron.[24]

Video games go online (1990–1999)

In the 1990s, many games benefited from increasing internet connectivity, especially PC games. For example, the 1988 game Netrek was an Internet game for up to 16 players, written almost entirely in cross-platform open source software. Netrek was the third Internet game,the first Internet game to use metaservers to locate open game servers, and the first to have persistent user information. In 1993 it was credited by Wired Magazine as "the first online sports game".[25]

Large eSports tournaments in the 1990s include the 1990 Nintendo World Championships, which toured across the United States, and held its finals at Universal Studios Hollywood in California. Nintendo held a 2nd World Championships in 1994 for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System called the Nintendo PowerFest '94. There were 132 finalists that played in the finals in San Diego, California. Mike Iarossi took home 1st prize. Blockbuster Video also ran their own World Game Championships in the early 1990s, co-hosted by GamePro magazine. Citizens from the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, and Chile were eligible to compete. Games from the 1994 championships included NBA Jam and Virtua Racing.[26]

Television shows featuring eSports during this period included the British shows GamesMaster and Bad Influence! the Australian gameshow A*mazing, which would show two children competing in various Nintendo games in order to win points.

Tournaments established in the late 1990s include the Cyberathlete Professional League (CPL), QuakeCon, and the Professional Gamers League. PC games played at the CPL included the Counter-Strike series, Quake series, and Warcraft.

Rise of global tournaments (2000 onwards)

Esports tournament prize amounts, 1998–2014.[27]

The growth of eSports in Korea is thought to have been influenced by the mass building of broadband internet networks following the 1997 Asian financial crisis.[28] It is also thought that the high unemployment rate at the time caused large numbers of people to look for things to do while out of work.[29] The Korean e-Sports Association, an arm of the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism, was founded in 2000 to promote and regulate eSports in the country.[30]

In the second decade of the 21st century, eSports has grown tremendously, incurring a large increase in both viewership and prize money.[31][32] Although large tournaments were founded before the 21st century, the number and scope of tournaments has increased significantly, going from about 10 tournaments in 2000 to about 260 in 2010.[10] Many successful tournaments were founded during this period, including the World Cyber Games, the Intel Extreme Masters, and Major League Gaming. The proliferation of tournaments included experimentation with competitions outside traditional eSports genres. For example, the September 2006 FUN Technologies Worldwide Webgames Championship featured 71 contestants competing in casual games for a $1 million grand prize.[33]

In April 2006 the G7 teams federation were formed by seven prominent Counter-Strike teams. The goal of the organization was to increase stability in the eSports world, particularly in standardizing player transfers and working with leagues and organizations. The founding members were 4 Kings, Fnatic, Made in Brazil, Mousesports, NiP, SK-Gaming, Team 3D.[34] The organization only lasted until 2009 before dissolving.[35]

The 2000s was also the peak[citation needed] of televised eSports. Television coverage was best established in South Korea, with StarCraft and Warcraft III competitions regularly televised by dedicated 24-hour cable TV game channels Ongamenet and MBCGame.[36] Elsewhere, eSports television coverage was sporadic. The German GIGA Television covered eSports until its shutdown in 2009. The United Kingdom satellite television channel XLEAGUE.TV broadcast eSports competitions from 2007 to 2009. The online eSports only channel ESL TV[37] briefly attempted a paid television model re-branded GIGA II from June 2006 to autumn 2007. The French channel Game One broadcast e-sport matches in a show called Arena Online for the Xfire Trophy.[38] The United States channel ESPN hosted Madden NFL competitions in a show called Madden Nation from 2005 to 2008.[39] DirecTV broadcast the Championship Gaming Series tournament for 2 seasons in 2007 and 2008.[36] CBS aired prerecorded footage of the 2007 World Series of Video Games tournament that was held in Louisville, Kentucky, US.[40] The G4 television channel originally covered video games exclusively, but broadened its scope to cover technology and men's lifestyle, though has now shutdown.[36]

The popularity and emergence of online streaming services have helped the growth of eSports in this period, and are the most common method of watching tournaments. Twitch, an online streaming platform launched in 2011, routinely streams popular eSports competitions. In 2013, viewers of the platform watched 12 billion minutes of video on the service, with the two most popular Twitch broadcasters being League of Legends and Dota 2.[41] During one day of The International, Twitch recorded 4.5 million unique views, with each view watching for an average of 2 hours.[42]

The modern eSports boom has also seen a rise in video games companies embracing the eSports potential of their products. After many years of ignoring and at times suppressing the eSports scene, in 2014 Nintendo hosted an invitational Super Smash Bros. for Wii U competitive tournament at the 2014 Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) press conference that was streamed online on Twitch.[43] Halo developers 343 Industries announced in 2014 plans to revive Halo as an eSport with the creation of the Halo Championship Series and a prize pool of $50,000 USD.[44] Both Blizzard Entertainment and Riot Games have their own collegiate outreach programs with their North American Collegiate Championship.[45][46] Since 2013 universities and colleges in the United States such as Robert Morris University Illinois and the University of Pikeville have recognized electronic sports players as varsity level athletes and offer athletic scholarships.[47]

In 2014, the largest independent eSports brand, Electronic Sports League, partnered with the local Esports brand Japan Competitive Gaming to try and grow eSports in the country.[48]

Physical viewership of eSports competitions and the scope of events have increased in tandem with the growth of online viewership.[49] In 2013 the Season 3 League of Legends World Championship was held in a sold-out Staples Center.[50] The 2014 League of Legends World Championship in Seoul, South Korea had over 40,000 fans in attendance and featured the band Imagine Dragons, and opening and closing ceremonies in addition to the competition.[51]

Classification as a sport

Further information: Sport § Definition

Labeling video games as sports is somewhat controversial. While some point to the growth in popularity of eSports as justification for designating some games as sports, others contend that video games will never reach the status of "true sports".[52] However popularity is not the only reason identified: some have argued that "careful planning, precise timing, and skillful execution"[53] ought to be what classifies an activity as sport, and that physical exertion and outdoor playing areas are not required by all traditional or non-traditional 'sports'. In a 2014 technology conference, when asked about the recent buyout of popular game streaming service Twitch, ESPN president John Skipper described eSports as "not a sport – [they're] a competition."[54][55][56][57][58][59] In 2013 on an episode of Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel the panelist openly laughed at the topic.[60] In addition, many in the fighting games community maintain a distinction between their competitive gaming competitions and the more commercially connected eSports competitions of other genres.[61] Video games are sometimes classified as a mind sport.[62] In the 2015 eSports World Championship hosted by the International e-Sports Federation, an eSports panel was hosted with guests from international sports society to discuss the future recognition of eSports as a recognized, legitimate sporting activity worldwide.[63]

Games

Main article: List of eSports games

A number of games are popular among professional competitors. The tournaments which emerged in the mid-1990s coincided with the popularity of fighting games and first-person shooters, genres which still maintain a devoted fan base. In the 2000s, real-time strategy games became overwhelmingly popular in South Korean internet cafés, with crucial influence on the development of eSports worldwide. After 2010 with the release of the Warcraft III: The Frozen Throne mod Defense of the Ancients, multiplayer online battle arena games became popular as eSports. Competitions exist for many titles and genres, though currently the most popular games are Counter-Strike: Global Offensive, Call of Duty, League of Legends, Dota 2, Smite, Hearthstone: Heroes of Warcraft, Super Smash Bros. Melee and StarCraft II.[64] Hearthstone has also popularized the digital collectible card game (CCG) genre since its release in 2014.[65] There has been a recently released competetive game called Overwatch which seems to be anticipated as Xbox One and PlayStation's first serious competitive game. The hype around the game is enormous due to the fact that the same company in charge of League of Legends is the main contributer to this new title, Overwatch.

Video game design

See also: Video game design

While it is common for video games to be designed with the experience of the player in game being the only priority, many successful eSports games have been designed to be played professionally from the beginning. Developers may decide to add dedicated eSports features, or even make design compromises to support high level competition. Games such as StarCraft II,[66] League of Legends,[67] and Dota 2[68] have all been designed, at least in part, to support professional competition.

Spectator mode

In addition to allowing players to participate in a given game, many game developers have added dedicated observing features for the benefit of spectators. This can range from simply allowing players to watch the game unfold from the competing player's point of view, to a highly modified interface that gives spectators access to information even the players may not have. The state of the game viewed through this mode may tend to be delayed by a certain amount of time in order to prevent either teams in a game from gaining a competitive advantage. The practice of using a stream to achieve an unfair advantage is commonly called "ghosting" or "stream sniping".[69][70] Games with these features include Counter-Strike: Global Ofensive,Call of Duty,[71] StarCraft II,[72][73] Dota 2,[74] and Counter-Strike.[75] League of Legends includes spectator features, which are currently restricted to custom game modes.[69][76]

Online

A very common method for connection is the Internet. Game servers are often separated by region, but high quality connections allow players to set up real-time connections across the world. Downsides to online connections include increased difficulty detecting cheating compared to physical events, and greater network latency, which can negatively impact players' performance, especially at high levels of competition. Many competitions take place online, especially for smaller tournaments and exhibition games.

Since the 1990s, professional teams or organized clans have set up matches via Internet Relay Chat networks such as QuakeNet. As eSports has developed, it has also become common for players to use automated matchmaking clients built into the games themselves. This was popularized by the 1996 release of Blizzard's Battle.net, which has been integrated into both the Warcraft and StarCraft series. Automated matchmaking has become commonplace in console gaming as well, with services such as Xbox Live and the PlayStation Network. After competitors have contacted each other, the game is often managed by a game server, either remotely to each of the competitors, or running on one of the competitor's machines.

Local area network

Further information: LAN Party

Additionally, competitions are also often conducted over a local area network or LAN. The smaller network usually has very little lag and higher quality. Because competitors must be physically present, LANs help ensure fair play by allowing direct scrutiny of competitors. This helps prevent many forms of cheating, such as unauthorized hardware or software modding. The physical presence of competitors helps create a more social atmosphere at LAN events. Many gamers organize LAN parties or visit Internet cafés, and most major tournaments are conducted over LANs.

Individual games have taken various approaches to LAN support. In contrast to the original StarCraft, StarCraft II was released without support for LAN play, drawing some strongly negative reactions from players.[77] League of Legends was originally released for online play only, but announced in October 2012 that a LAN client was in the works for use in major tournaments.[78] In September 2013, Valve added general support for LAN play to Dota 2 in a patch for the game.[79]

Tournaments

See also: List of eSports leagues and tournaments
Casual players at the 2013 Intel Extreme Masters in Katowice, Poland

Esports tournaments are almost always physical events in which occur in front of a live audience. The tournament may be part of a larger gathering, such as Dreamhack, or the competition may be the entirety of the event, like the World Cyber Games. Competitions take several formats, but the most common are single or double elimination, sometimes hybridized with group stage. Competitions usually have referees or officials to monitor for cheating.[80]

Although competitions involving video games have long existed, eSports underwent a significant transition in the late 1990s. Beginning with the Cyberathlete Professional League in 1997, tournaments became much larger, and corporate sponsorship became more common. Increasing viewership both in person and online brought eSports to a wider audience.[2][81] Major tournaments include the World Cyber Games, the North American Major League Gaming league, the France based Electronic Sports World Cup, and the World e-Sports Games currently held in Hangzhou, China.

For well established games, total prize money can amount to millions of dollars a year.[82][83]

Often, game developers provide prize money for tournament competition directly,[82] but sponsorship may also come from third parties, typically companies selling computer hardware, energy drinks, or computer software. Generally, hosting a large eSports event is not profitable as a stand alone venture.[84] For example, Riot has stated that their headline League of Legends Championship Series is "a significant investment that we're not making money from".[85]

There is considerable variation and negotiation over the relationship between video game developers and tournament organizers and broadcasters. While the original StarCraft events emerged in South Korea largely independently of Blizzard, the company decided to require organizers and broadcasters to authorize events featuring the sequel StarCraft II.[86] In the short term, this led to a deadlock with the Korean e-Sports Association.[87] Ultimately, an agreement was reached in 2012.[88] Currently, Blizzard requires authorization for tournaments with more than $10,000 USD in prizes.[89] Riot Games offers in-game rewards to authorized tournaments.[90]

eSport competitions have also become a popular feature at gaming and multi-genre conventions. Riot games hosted their 2014 League of Legends European Regionals live at Gamescom, and hosted the North American counterpart at PAX.[91][92]

Teams and associations

Professional gamers, or "pro gamers", are often associated with gaming teams and/or broader gaming associations. Teams like Evil Geniuses, Fnatic, Titan, Mineski, Counter Logic Gaming, SK Telecom T1, Origen, and Natus Vincere consist of multiple professionals. In addition to prize money from tournament wins, players may also be paid a separate team salary. Team sponsorship may cover tournament travel expenses or gaming hardware. Prominent eSports sponsors include companies such as Logitech and Razer.[93] Teams feature these sponsors on their website, team jerseys[94] and on their social media, in 2016 the biggest teams have social media followings of over 1.27 million.[95] Associations include the Korean e-Sports Association (KeSPA), the International e-Sports Federation (IeSF) and the United Kingdom eSports Association (UKeSA) (a member of IeSF), the International eGames Committee and the World eSports Association (WESA).

Ethics

Further information: Professional ethics

Pro gamers are usually obligated to behave ethically, abiding by both the explicit rules set out by tournaments, associations, and teams, as well as following general expectations of good sportsmanship. For example, it is common practice and considered good etiquette to chat "gg" (for "good game") when defeated.[96] Many games rely on the fact competitors have limited information about the game state. In a prominent example of good conduct, during a 2012 IEM StarCraft II game, the players Feast and DeMusliM both voluntarily offered information about their strategies to negate the influence of outside information inadvertently leaked to "Feast" during the game.[97] Players in some leagues have been reprimanded for failure to comply with expectations of good behavior. In 2012 professional League of Legends player Christian "IWillDominate" Riviera was banned from competing for a period of one year following a history of verbal abuse.[98] In 2013 StarCraft II progamer Greg "Idra" Fields was fired from Evil Geniuses for insulting his fans on an the Team Liquid internet forums.[99] League of Legends players Mithy and Nukeduck received similar penalties in 2014 after behaving in a "toxic" manner during matches.[100]

There have been serious violations of the rules. In 2010, eleven StarCraft: Brood War players were found guilty of fixing matches for profit, and were ultimately fined and banned from future competition. Team Curse and Team Dignitas were denied prize money for collusion during the 2012 MLG Summer Championship.[101] In 2012, Azubu Frost was fined $30,000 for cheating during a semifinal match of the world playoffs.[102] Dota 2 player Aleksey "Solo" Berezin was suspended from a number of tournaments for intentionally throwing a game in order to collect $322 from online gambling.[103] In 2014, four high-profile North American Counter-Strike players, namely Sam "DaZeD" Marine, Braxton "Swag" Pierce, Joshua "Steel" Nissan and Keven "AZK" Lariviere were suspended from official tournaments after they had been found guilty of match-fixing. The four players had allegedly profited over $10,000 through betting on their fixed matches.[104]

Performance-enhancing drugs

Reports of widespread use of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) in eSports are not uncommon, with players discussing their own, their teammates' and their competitors' use and officials acknowledging the prevalence of the issue.[105][106][107][108] Players often turn to stimulants such as Ritalin, Adderall and Vyvanse, drugs which can significantly boost concentration, improve reaction time and prevent fatigue.[105] Selegiline, a drug used to treat Parkinson's disease, is reportedly popular because, like stimulants, it enhances mood and motivation. Conversely, drugs with calming effects are also sought after. Some players take propanolol, which blocks the effects of adrenaline, or Valium, which is prescribed to treat anxiety disorder, in order to remain calm under pressure.[106][107] According to Bjoern Franzen, a former SK Gaming executive, it is second nature for some League of Legends players to take as many as three different drugs before competition.[109] In July 2015 Kory "Semphis" Friesen, an ex-Cloud9 player, admitted that he and his teammates were all using Adderall during a match against Virtus.pro in the ESL One Katowice 2015 Counter-Strike: Global Offensive tournament, and went on to claim that "everyone" at ESEA League tournaments uses Adderall.[108]

The unregulated use of such drugs poses severe risks to competitors' health, including addiction, overdose, serotonin syndrome and, in the case of stimulants, weight loss.[105][106] Even over-the-counter energy drinks which are marketed specifically toward gamers have faced media and regulatory scrutiny due to deaths and hospitalizations.[110] Accordingly, Adderall and other such stimulants are banned and their use penalized by many professional sporting bodies and leagues, including Major League Baseball and the National Football League. Although International e-Sports Federation (IeSF) is a signatory of the World Anti-Doping Agency, the governing body has not outlawed any PEDs in its sanctioned competitions.[105] Action has been taken on the individual league level, however, as at least one major league, the Electronic Sports League, has made use of any drugs during matches punishable by expulsion from competition.[111] Although not all players use drugs, most of the population use energy boosters or drinks. They commonly use Red Bull, GFuel and caffine asorted drinks.

Player exploitation

There has been some concern over the quality of life and potential mistreatment of players by organizations, especially in South Korea. Korean organizations have been accused of refusing to pay competitive salaries, leading to a slow exodus of Korean players to other markets. In an interview, League of Legends player Bae "Dade" Eo-jin said that "Korean players wake up at 1pm and play until 5am", and suggested that the 16 hour play schedule was a significant factor in causing burnout.[112] Concerns over the mental health of players intensified in 2014 when League of Legends player Cheon "Promise" Min-Ki attempted suicide a week after admitting to match fixing.[113]

To combat the negative environment, Korean League of Legends teams were given new rules for the upcoming 2015 season by Riot Games, including the adoption of minimum salaries for professional players, requiring contracts and allowing players to stream individually for additional player revenue.[114]

Economics

League of Legends Championship Series and League of Legends Champions Korea offer guaranteed salaries for players.[115] Despite this, online streaming is preferred by some players, as it is in some cases more profitable than competing with a team and streamers have the ability to determine their own schedule. The International awards 10 million dollars to the tournament winners, however teams that do not have the same amount of success often do not have financial stability and frequently break up after failing to win.[116]

In 2015 it was estimated by SuperData Research that the global eSports industry generated revenue of around $748.8 million that year. Asia is the leading eSports market with over $321 million in revenue, North America is around $224 million, and Europe has $172 million and the rest of the world for about $29 million.[117] Global eSports revenue is estimated to reach $1.9 billion by 2018.

Women in eSports

The number of female viewers has been growing in eSports, and in 2013 30% of eSports enthusiasts were female, an increase from 15% in the previous year. However, despite the increase in female viewers, there is a dearth of female players in high level competitive eSports. The top female players that are involved in eSports mainly get exposure in female-only tournaments, most notably Counter-Strike, Dead or Alive 4, and StarCraft II.[118] All female eSports teams include the Frag Dolls and PMS Clan.

The first professional female StarCraft 2 player, Kim "Eve" Shee-yoon, was the subject of controversy in 2011 when her team manager stated that she had been selected for "her skills and looks."[119]

Canadian StarCraft II Zerg player Sasha "Scarlett" Hostyn first gained notoriety in the open qualifiers of IGN ProLeague 4, where she defeated top-tier Korean players.[120] She is well known for being one of the few non-Korean players who can play at the same skill level as male Korean players.[121]

In December 2015, Kayla "Squizzay" Squires became the first female Call of Duty to turn professional upon qualifying for the Call of Duty World League in the Australian region.[122]

Team Siren, an all-female League of Legends team, was formed in June 2013. The announcement of the team was met with controversy, being dismissed as a "gimmick" to attract the attention of men.[123][124] The team disbanded within a month, due to the negative publicity of their promotional video, as well as the poor attitude of the team captain towards her teammates.[125][126]

Team Unikrn, an all-female professional CounterStrike: Global Offensive team, was formed in October 2015. This came after Unikrn had been criticized for pledging to sponsor any League of Legends Championship Series team who picked up a female player, given that betting companies are prohibited from sponsoring such teams.[127]

A team from Counter Logic Gaming, a large eSports company based in Los Angles, California is known to be one of the major eSports companies with an all-female CounterStrike: Global Offensive team.[128] The team is not very well known itself but with larger eSports organizations like Counter Logic Gaming, venturing into female eSports, it could grow with the teams being more mixed, or see a league just for women.

Accusations of sexism in professional eSports have been commonplace, and one Hearthstone competition was open only to male players, although the host of the tournament maintained that this was in accordance with the IeSF's guidelines as was only meant to avoid possible conflicts with the rules down the line. Following the coverage of the event, the male-only tournament was opened to female players.[129] In 2012, Street Fighter x Tekken player ArisBakhtanians commented on the lack of female players in the community, saying "sexual harassment is part of a culture, and if you remove that from the fighting game community, it's not the fighting game community." He later apologized for his comments.[130]

Media coverage

StarCraft match televised on MBCGame in Seoul, South Korea

The main medium for electronic sports coverage is the Internet. Coverage of eSports by general news organizations is generally sparse; most reports come from news organizations with a technology or video games focus. Esports Heaven, RankR eSports, Esports Nation[131] (ESN), and ESFI World[132] are among the few independent news organizations specifically dedicated to electronic sports. Other typical sources for information include video game developer's websites, websites of professional teams, and independent community websites.

Electronic sports tournaments commonly utilize commentators or casters to provide live commentary of games in progress, similar to a traditional sports commentator. For popular casters, providing commentary for electronic sports can be a full-time position by itself.[133] Prominent casters for StarCraft II include Dan Stemkoski and Nick Plott.

After they successful held the first ever major Dota 2 tournament in the Philippines in the form of the ESL One Manila, the ESL team, as well as casters and players alike, were sent off by an enthusiastic crowd, who patiently waited outside the Mall of Asia Arena after the event.[134] This type of scenes gives glimpses of how media coverage personalities such as both caster and players can gain a huge following of fans just like their mainstream sport counterparts.

Internet live streaming

Many eSports events are streamed online to viewers over the internet. Dreamhack Winter 2011, for example, reached 1.7 million unique viewers on twitch.tv.[135] With the shutdown of the Own3d streaming service in 2013, Twitch is by far the most popular streaming service for competitive gaming. However, newcomers like Hitbox.tv and Azubu are growing fast and getting more attention.[136][137] While coverage of live events usually brings in the largest viewership counts, the recent popularization of streaming services has allowed individuals to broadcast their own game play independent of such events as well. Individual broadcasters can enter an agreement with Twitch or hitbox in which they receive a portion of the advertisement revenue from commercials which run on the stream they create.[138]

Another major streaming platform is Major League Gaming's MLG.tv.[139] The network, which specializes in Call of Duty content but hosts a range of gaming titles, has seen increasing popularity, with 1376% growth in MLG.tv viewership in Q1 of 2014.[140] The 2014 Call of Duty: Ghosts broadcast at MLG's X Games event drew over 160,000 unique viewers.[141] The network, like Twitch, allows users to broadcast themselves playing games, though only select individuals can use the service. Currently, MLG.tv is the primary streaming platform for the Call of Duty professional scene; famous players such as NaDeSHoT have recently signed contracts with the company to use its streaming service exclusively.[142]

YouTube also relaunched its livestreaming platform with a renewed focus on live gaming and eSports specifically.[143]

For The International 2014, coverage was also simulcast on ESPN's streaming service ESPN3.[144]

Television

Especially since the popularization of streaming in eSports, organizations no longer prioritize television coverage, preferring online streaming websites such as Twitch. Ongamenet continues to broadcast as an eSports channel in Korea, but MBCGame was taken off the air in 2012. Riot Games' Dustin Beck has stated that "TV's not a priority or a goal",[145] and DreamHack's Tomas Hermansson has said "eSports have a proven record to be successful on internet streaming only."[sic][146]

On the night before the finals of The International 2014 in August, ESPN2 broadcast a half-hour special profiling the tournament.[144] In 2015, ESPN2 broadcast Heroes of the Dorm, the grand finals of the Heroes of the Storm collegiate tournament. The first-place team from the University of California, Berkeley received tuition for each of the teams players, paid for by Blizzard and Tespa.[147] The top four teams won gaming equipment and new computers. This was the first time an eSport had ever been broadcast on a major American television network. The broadcast was an attempt to broaden the appeal of eSports by reaching viewers who would not normally come across it. However, the broadcast was met with a few complaints. Those living outside of the United States were unable to view the tournament. Additionally, the tournament could not be viewed online via streams, cutting off a large portion of viewers from the main demographic in the process. ESPN considers the broadcast a success, but it is unknown if any further broadcasts of eSports will be attempted by Blizzard or other companies.[148]

In September 2015, Turner Broadcasting partnered with WME/IMG. In December 2015, the partnered companies announced two seasons of the ELeague, a Counter-Strike: Global Offensive league based in North America including 15 teams from across the world competing for a $1,200,000 prize pool each 10-week season. The tournament, filmed in Turner studios, will be simultaneously streamed on online streaming websites and TBS on Friday nights.[149]

In January 2016, Activision Blizzard, publishers of the Call of Duty and StarCraft franchises, acquired Major League Gaming. In an interview with The New York Times about the purchase, Activision CEO Robert Kotick explained that the company was aspiring to create a U.S. cable network devoted to eSports, which he described as "the ESPN of video games". He felt that higher quality productions, more in line with those of traditional sports telecasts, could help to broaden the appeal of eSports to advertisers. Activision Blizzard had hired former ESPN and NFL Network executive Steve Bornstein to be CEO of the company's eSports division.[150]

TV 2, the largest private television broadcaster in Norway, broadcasts eSports across the country. TV 2 partnered with local Norwegian organization House of Nerds to bring a full season of eSports competition with an initial lineup of Counter-Strike: Global Offensive, League of Legends, and StarCraft 2.[151][152]

In April 2016, Big Ten Network announced a collaboration with Riot to hold an invitational competition between two universities from the collegiate Big Ten Conference.[153]

Reception

As of early 2015, some people still are skeptical of why people would want to watch others playing video games.[154] In September 2015, Colin Cowherd criticized eSports on his talk show, The Herd, where he said he would quit his job if he asked to cover eSports.[155] An August 2015 episode of Jimmy Kimmel Live parodied the concept of watching video games by showing infinite loops of people watching others, who were watching people playing games.[156]

See also

References

  1. ^ Hamari, Juho; Sjöblom, Max (2015). "What is eSports and why do people watch it?". SSRN 2686182. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. ^ a b Paul Tassi (20 December 2012). "2012: The Year of eSports". Forbes. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  3. ^ inkblot (4 December 2011). "Where eSports Leagues Go Wrong With Fighters". SRK. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  4. ^ "Top Games of 2015". e-Sports Earnings. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
  5. ^ Paresh Dave (7 August 2013). "Online game League of Legends star gets U.S. visa as pro athlete". LA Times. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  6. ^ "P-1A Internationally Recognized Athlete". US Citizenship and Immigration Services. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
  7. ^ Andrew Groen (14 May 2013). "Why gamers in Asia are the world's best eSport athletes". PC World. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
  8. ^ Barney Thompson (12 October 2015). "How computer gaming came out of the bedroom to become a $100bn industry". The Financial Times. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  9. ^ Philippa Warr (9 April 2014). "eSports in numbers: Five mind-blowing stats". Red Bull. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  10. ^ a b Ben Popper (30 September 2013). "Field of streams: how Twitch made video games a spectator sport". TheVerge. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
  11. ^ "Major League Gaming reports COWS GO MOO 334 percent growth in live video". GameSpot. 14 November 2012. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
  12. ^ John Gaudiosi (28 April 2012). "Team Evil Geniuses Manager Anna Prosser Believes More Female Gamers Will Turn Pro". Forbes. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
  13. ^ John Gaudiosi (29 July 2012). "Taipei Assassins Manager Erica Tseng Talks Growth Of Female Gamers In League Of Legends". Forbes. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
  14. ^ Owen Good (19 October 2012). "Today is the 40th Anniversary of the World's First Known Video Gaming Tournament". Kotaku. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  15. ^ "Players Guide To Electronic Science Fiction Games". Electronic Games. 1 (2): 35–45 [36]. March 1982. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
  16. ^ Bramwell, Tom (8 March 2010). "Walter Day leaves Twin Galaxies". EuroGamer. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
  17. ^ Carless, Simon (20 October 2006). "World's Oldest Competitive Gamer Passes On". GameSetWatch. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
  18. ^ Caoili, Eric (4 May 2009). "Walter Day: Twin Galaxies and the Two Golden Domes". GameSetWatch. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
  19. ^ "Video champ tourney bound". Sunday Star-News. 23 December 1984. p. 6F. Retrieved 20 September 2013.
  20. ^ Michael Borowy (2012). "3". Public Gaming: eSport and Event Marketing in the Experience Economy (PDF) (Thesis). Retrieved 18 September 2013.
  21. ^ Ramsey, David. "The Perfect Man: How Billy Mitchell became a video-game superstar and achieved Pac-Man bliss". Oxford American. Archived from the original on 29 February 2008.
  22. ^ Plunkett, Luke (14 June 2011). "Arcades Don't Make for Good TV (But Starcades do)". Kotaku. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
  23. ^ Biggs, John (29 July 2009). "The That's Incredible! Video Game Invitational: This is what we used to watch". Tech Crunch. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
  24. ^ Ebert, Roger (1 January 1982). "TRON". Retrieved 20 September 2013.
  25. ^ Kevin Kelly (December 1993). "The First Online Sports Game". wired.com. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  26. ^ Blockbuster Video World Game Championship Guide, GamePro Magazine, June 1994
  27. ^ "E-sports Earnings". Retrieved 15 November 2014.
  28. ^ Mozur, Paul (19 October 2014). "For South Korea, E-Sports Is National Pastime". New York Times. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
  29. ^ Jin, Dal Yong (2010). Korea's Online Gaming Empire. MIT Press.
  30. ^ "History of Korea e-Sports Association 1999–2004" (in Korean). KeSPA. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
  31. ^ Patrick Miller (29 December 2010). "2011: The Year of eSports". PCWorld. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  32. ^ Gaudiosi, John (12 February 2014). "'Ender's Game' Blu-ray gets ESports tournament". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
  33. ^ Tim Surette (11 September 2006). "Casual gamer gets serious prize". GameSpot.
  34. ^ G7 FEDERATION (20 April 2006). "G7 teams launched". Fnatic. Retrieved 12 June 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  35. ^ Taylor, TL (2013). Raising the Stakes: E-Sports and the Professionalization.
  36. ^ a b c Kim, Ryan (11 June 2007). "League beginning for video gamers". Sfgate.com. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
  37. ^ "ESL TV". Retrieved 16 September 2013.
  38. ^ "Xfire Trophy CC3 @ Arena Online on Gameone TV". SK Gaming.
  39. ^ Steve_OS (15 September 2008). "ESPN2's Madden Nation to Begin Fourth Season". Operation Sports. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
  40. ^ Schiesel, Seth (28 July 2007). "Video Game Matches to Be Televised on CBS". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  41. ^ Patrick Howell O'Neill (16 January 2014). "Twitch dominated streaming in 2013, and here are the numbers to prove it". The Daily Dot. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  42. ^ Ben Popper (30 September 2013). "Field of streams: how Twitch made video games a spectator sport". The Verge. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  43. ^ Alex R (29 April 2014). "NINTENDO ANNOUNCES SUPER SMASH BROS. INVITATIONAL AT E3 2014". eSports Max. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  44. ^ Jasmine Henry (7 September 2014). "Microsoft Launching 'Halo Championship Series' eSports League". Game Rant. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  45. ^ Steve Jaws Jaworski (1 July 2014). "ANNOUNCING THE NORTH AMERICAN COLLEGIATE CHAMPIONSHIP". Riot Games. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  46. ^ Emanuel Maiberg (8 February 2014). "Blizzard eSports initiative will support your college gaming club". Game Spot. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  47. ^ Tassi, Paul. "Second US College Now Offering 'League of Legends' Scholarship". www.forbes.com. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
  48. ^ "ESL to bring world class eSports to Japan with new local partner". 4 September 2014. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  49. ^ ALL IN Media House. "John Skipper: ESPN's President Revealed Thoughts on eSport Coverage". Retrieved 2 September 2015.
  50. ^ "One World Championship, 32 million viewers". Retrieved 2 September 2015.
  51. ^ Magrino, Tom. "Welcome to the League of Legends 2014 World Championship!". Retrieved 20 August 2014.
  52. ^ Elsa (8 September 2011). "eSports: Really??". Destructoid. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
  53. ^ Tom Burns (26 July 2014). "'E-Sports' can now drop the 'e'". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  54. ^ Schwartz, Nick (6 September 2014). "ESPN's president says that eSports are not 'real sports,' and he's wrong". USA Today.
  55. ^ Hillier, Brenna (8 September 2014). "ESPN boss says eSports are not "real sports"". VG247. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  56. ^ Reahard, Jef (8 September 2014). "ESPN boss: E-sports aren't sports". Engadget. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  57. ^ Tassi, Paul (7 September 2014). "ESPN Boss Declares eSports 'Not A Sport'". Forbes. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  58. ^ Gera, Emily (1 October 2014). "Does eSports need ESPN before the mainstream accepts it?". Polygon. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  59. ^ Emanuel Maiberg (6 September 2014). "ESPN Says eSports Isn't a Sport -- What Do You Think?". GameSpot. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  60. ^ Sarkar, Samit. "HBO's 'Real Sports' debates the merits of eSports". Polygon. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
  61. ^ Graham, David Philip (12 December 2011). "Guest Editorial – Momentum Matters: A Historical Perspective on the FGC and eSports". Shoryuken.com.
  62. ^ "E-Sports and Other Games". World Mind Sports Federation. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
  63. ^ [2015 IESF] e-Sports Summit with International Sports Society -EsportsTV. 3 December 2015 – via YouTube.
  64. ^ robzacny (31 December 2012). "2012 in eSports: the battle for momentum between League of Legends, StarCraft 2, and Dota 2". PC Games N. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
  65. ^ Clark, Tim. "What I learned from playing with a professional Hearthstone coach". www.pcgamer.com. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
  66. ^ Michael McWhertor (4 March 2011). "The Sacrifices of StarCraft II Made In The Name of Sports". Kotaku. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
  67. ^ robzacny (24 October 2012). "How Riot Games are building a better League of Legends, and catching up to their own success". PC GamesN. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
  68. ^ Alan LaFleur (21 June 2012). "Valve show developers how to support eSports with Dota 2". Esports Business. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
  69. ^ a b "Spectator FAQ". Riot Games. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
  70. ^ "Spectating". Curse.com. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
  71. ^ Steve Smith (15 August 2012). "Black Ops 2 CoDCaster System". Gamma Gamers. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
  72. ^ Jeremy Peel (16 January 2013). "StarCraft 2's new observer UI mod tool should make for better eSports broadcasts". PC GamesN. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
  73. ^ Michael McWhertor (29 July 2013). "StarCraft 2 update adds new eSports features, color blind mode". Polygon. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
  74. ^ Tom Senior (17 August 2011). "Dota 2 tournament showcases Valve's e-sports spectator package". PC Gamer. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
  75. ^ Jordan Devore (10 November 2013). "The latest Counter-Strike: GO update is for spectators". Destructoid. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
  76. ^ Lucas Sullivan (17 June 2011). "The full breakdown on League of Legends' Spectator Mode". PC Gamer. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
  77. ^ Jason Schreier (20 June 2012). "Why StarCraft II Still Doesn't Support Local Multiplayer". Kotaku. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
  78. ^ Michael McWhertor (12 October 2012). "League of Legends LAN version in development at Riot Games, Mac client news coming". Polygon. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
  79. ^ Xairylle (20 September 2013). "DOTA 2 update: Why the LAN feature is something worth being excited about". TechInAsia. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
  80. ^ "GotFrag eSports - All Games News Story - TF2 Referees Wanted". Gotfrag.com. 10 October 2007. Archived from the original on 28 May 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  81. ^ Gloria Goodale (8 August 2003). "Are video games a sport?". CS Monitor. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  82. ^ a b Andrew Goldfarb (1 May 2012). "League of Legends Season 2 Championship Announced". IGN. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
  83. ^ David Schmidt (16 July 2012). "NASL S3 Finals push SC2 earnings over $5m". ESFI World. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
  84. ^ Ben Popper (30 September 2013). "Field of streams: how Twitch made video games a spectator sport". TheVerge. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  85. ^ robzacny (21 August 2013). "LCS "a significant investment that we're not making money from", but Riot love it anyway". PCGamesN. Retrieved 14 September 2013.
  86. ^ Edge Staff (11 November 2010). "The battle for StarCraft II". Edge-Online. Retrieved 14 September 2013.
  87. ^ Simon "Go0g3n" (2009). "Blizzard VS. Kespa, the Ultimate fight". Gosu Gamers. Retrieved 18 September 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  88. ^ Jeroen Amin (2 May 2012). "KeSPA, OGN, Blizzard and GOMtv Join Horses for StarCraft II". PikiGeek. Retrieved 14 September 2013.
  89. ^ "Tournament Guidelines Document" (PDF). Blizzard. 6 June 2013. Retrieved 14 September 2013.
  90. ^ "Prized Events". Riot. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  91. ^ Riot Pente (July 2014). "Get ready for Gamescom - EU Regionals Heading to Gamescom". Riot Games. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  92. ^ Nick Allen (15 August 2014). "SHOWDOWN IN SEATTLE - NA REGIONALS HEADING TO PAX PRIME". Riot Games. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  93. ^ Brent Ruiz (3 February 2013). "Interview with Razer's global e-sports manager: The business behind sponsoring teams". ESFI World. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
  94. ^ "Custom Esports Jerseys and Apparel".
  95. ^ "OpTic Gaming™ (@OpTicGaming) | Twitter". twitter.com. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
  96. ^ David Daw (21 January 2012). "Web Jargon Origins Revealed". TechHive. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
  97. ^ Victor Meulendijks (8 February 2012). "IEM Sao Paolo: Manner Bear Conflict". Cadred. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
  98. ^ "IWillDominate Tribunal Permaban & eSports Competition Ruling". 4 December 2012. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  99. ^ Alexander Garfield (10 May 2013). "Evil Geniuses Releases Greg "IdrA" Fields". TeamLiquid. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  100. ^ "League of Legends Pro Players Banned for "Toxic Behavior"". 3 June 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
  101. ^ Jeremy Peel (27 August 2012). "League of Legends' Curse NA and Team Dignitas disqualified from MLG Summer Championship, no first or second place awarded". PC GamesN. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
  102. ^ Laura Parker (10 October 2012). "Riot fines League of Legends cheaters $30,000". GameSpot. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
  103. ^ Sun_tzu (21 June 2013). "Solo out of Rox.KIS". joinDota. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  104. ^ "Valve Bans Pro Counter-Strike Teams For Match Fixing". GameSpot. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
  105. ^ a b c d Parkin, Simon (8 April 2015). "Winners might use drugs". Eurogamer. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  106. ^ a b c Hodson, Hal (18 August 2014). "Esports: Doping is rampant, industry insider claims". New Scientist. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  107. ^ a b Shimshock, Robert (15 July 2015). "QUESTIONS ABOUT PERFORMANCE-ENHANCING DRUGS IN ESPORTS RAISED AGAIN". Breitbart. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  108. ^ a b Summers, Nick (17 July 2015). "Top 'Counter-Strike' player admits eSports has a doping problem". Engadget. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  109. ^ Franzen, Bjoern (14 August 2014). "Doping in eSports – The almost invisible Elephant in the room". BjoernFranzen.com. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  110. ^ Stout, Hilary (19 May 2015). "Selling the Young on 'Gaming Fuel'". New York Times. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  111. ^ "ESL Major Series One Rulebook" (PDF). Electronic Sports League. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  112. ^ Frank 'Riot Mirhi' Fields (5 November 2014). "KOREA'S PRO EXODUS MAY SPELL BAD NEWS FOR THE GAME'S TOP REGION". Riot Games. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  113. ^ Owen S. Good (18 March 2014). "Top Korean League of Legends player fixed matches before attempting suicide, says eSports league". Polygon. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  114. ^ Travis Gafford (27 October 2014). "Major changes heading to Korea for the 2015 season". OnGamers. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  115. ^ Caymus (11 November 2014). "Official 2015 Season LoL eSports League Reform Plan Announced (Final Version)". News of Legends. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  116. ^ "Dota 2 is the richest of the big esports, but its players are the poorest". The Daily Dot. 13 August 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  117. ^ Gaudiosi, John (28 October 2015). "Global esports revenues are nearing 2 billion". Fortune. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
  118. ^ "Top 100 Female Players". e-Sports Earnings. esportsearnings.com. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
  119. ^ Becky Chambers (17 August 2011). "All About Eve: The Story of StarCraft 2′s First Female Pro". The Mary Sue. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  120. ^ "Sasha "Scarlett" Hostyn - Summary". e-Sports Earnings. esportsearnings.com. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  121. ^ "Meet Scarlett, the 20-year-old woman who's blazing trails in 'StarCraft'". The Daily Dot. dailydot.com. 21 December 2013.
  122. ^ "The First Female To Qualify For The Call Of Duty World League Is Australian". www.kotaku.com.au. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
  123. ^ "Introducing Team Siren - YouTube". 30 May 2013.
  124. ^ "Why Team Siren Matters". 10 June 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
  125. ^ "Siren broke up (with proof) - Page 16 - League of Legends Community". 19 June 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
  126. ^ "League of Legends Team Siren Disbands: Valuable Lessons Learned - League of Legends". 26 June 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
  127. ^ "Unikrn Review • CSGOBetting.com". CSGOBetting.com. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
  128. ^ "Roster". Counter Logic Gaming. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
  129. ^ Phil Savage (1 July 2014). "Hearthstone tournament explains why women aren't allowed to play". PC Gamer. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  130. ^ Casey Johnston (18 February 2014). "Women are gamers, but largely absent from "e-sports"". ARS Technica. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  131. ^ "About Esports Nation". Retrieved 28 June 2014.
  132. ^ "About ESFI". Retrieved 8 October 2013.
  133. ^ Tracey Lien (16 July 2013). "How two StarCraft commentators became stars". Polygon. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
  134. ^ Dota Capitalist (24 April 2016), ESL ONE Manila amazing crowd, retrieved 25 April 2016
  135. ^ "Dreamhack and Twitch.TV Announce Record-Breaking Online Viewership". Dreamhack.
  136. ^ Jon Partridge (29 October 2014). "How Hitbox plans to take on Twitch". RedBull. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
  137. ^ Erik Cloutier (29 January 2013). "Own3D is Shutting Down. Twitch TV Declared Winner". GamingSoul. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  138. ^ Paul Tassi (2 May 2013). "Talking Livestreams, eSports and the Future of Entertainment with Twitch". Forbes. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
  139. ^ "MLG Streaming Platform". Major League Gaming. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
  140. ^ "1376% Growth in MLG.tv Viewership in Q1". Major League Gaming. 10 April 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
  141. ^ "MLG Championship 2014 - Anaheim, CA". Esports Maxl. 22 June 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
  142. ^ "Video Game Super Star "Nadeshot" Signs Exclusive Deal with Major League Gaming". Major League Gaming. 10 April 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
  143. ^ Lewis, Richard (24 March 2015). "YouTube to relaunch livestreaming service with focus on esports and gaming". The Daily Dot. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
  144. ^ a b "The International Dota 2 championships will be watchable on ESPN3". Polygon. 17 July 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
  145. ^ Daniel Tack (4 September 2013). "Riot Games, 'League of Legends', And The Future Of eSports". Forbes. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
  146. ^ Radoslav "Nydra" Kolev (25 September 2013). "DreamHack partners with MTG for eSports studio in Stockholm". Gosu Gamers. Retrieved 12 November 2013.
  147. ^ Molina, Brett. "Blizzard unveils "Heroes of the Storm" tournament". USA Today. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  148. ^ Marks, Tom (27 April 2015). "Heroes of the Dorm finals were a success story for esports". PCGamer. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
  149. ^ "ELeague Official Website".
  150. ^ "Activision Buys Major League Gaming to Broaden Role in E-Sports". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  151. ^ Commercial broadcast company TV 2 is partnering with local Norwegian organization House of Nerds to bring a full season of esports competition to domestic airwaves.
  152. ^ Wynne, Jared (18 February 2015). "Esports are coming to television in Norway". The Daily Dot. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  153. ^ "Riot Games and Big Ten Network partner for televised Ohio State vs. Michigan State League of Legends match". SBNation. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  154. ^ Benjamin Dunn. "League Of Legends And The Rise Of eSports".
  155. ^ "Colin Cowherd attacks eSports 'nerds' in another angry rant - For The Win". For The Win.
  156. ^ "Jimmy Kimmel Made Fun Of Streaming And Proved Gamers Can't Take A Joke". Forbes. 2 September 2015.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Electronic sports.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Esports&oldid=720124071"