Nicolas de Besse
Cardinal Nicolas de Besse | |
|---|---|
| Cardinal-Deacon | |
 | |
| Church | Santa Maria in Via Lata (1344-1369) |
| Diocese | Limoges (1343-1344) |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | never consecrated |
| Created cardinal | 19 May 1344 by Pope Clement VI |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1322 Diocese of Limoges |
| Died | 5 November 1369 Rome, IT |
| Buried | Cathedral of Limoges |
| Nationality | Limousin |
| Parents | Jacques de Bresse Almodie (Delphine) Roger |
| Occupation | cleric |
Nicolas de Besse was born in the diocese of Limoges, in 1322.[1] He was a French bishop and Cardinal. He was the son of Jacques de Bresse, Seigneur de Bellefaye and Almodie (Delphine) Roger, sister of Pope Clement VI.[2] He had a brother Pierre de Besse, who became Seigneur de Bellefaye and who married Margueritte de Thiers.[3] Nicolas de Besse died in Rome on 5 November 1369.
In his youth he was sent by his uncle, who was Archbishop of Rouen at the time, to study in Paris, and later in Orleans.[4] The Pope himself later recalled, "We began to bring him up, and we made him come to Paris and there we made him study. Later he studied in Orleans where he was still reading when we summoned him to the Curia."[5]
He was a Canon of the Church of Paris.[6] He was Archdeacon of Ponthieu in the diocese of Amiens,[7] though only only ordained in minor orders. He was also Chaplain and dining companion (commensualis) of his uncle, Pope Clement, in the Apostolic Palace in Avignon.[8]
In 1343 Nicolas was also named Archdeacon of Condroz.[9] On 27 August 1343 his election to the Bishopric of Limoges was confirmed by Pope Clement VI. He was only twenty-one.[10] He was never consecrated bishop.[11] His successor was confirmed on 28 February 1344.[12]
In his second Consistory for the creation of cardinals, held on 19 May 1344, Pope Clement VI created two cardinals, Pierre Bertrand de Colombier and Nicolas de Besse. Cardinal Nicolas was assigned the Deaconry of Santa Maria in Via Lata.[13] On 2 December 1344, the new Cardinal was present at a Consistory at which the Pope issued a bull in favor of the Abbey of Jumièges. Fourteen cardinals subscribed, including Cardinal de Besse. The original document survives, as does his autograph signature.[14]
Pope Clement died in Avignon on 6 December 1352. The Conclave to elect his successor opened on Sunday, 16 December 1352 in the Apostolic Palace in Avignon, with twenty-six cardinals in attendance, including Cardinal Nicolas de Besse. At mid-morning on 18 December they elected Cardinal Étienne Aubert,[15] who took the name Innocent VI. He was crowned on 30 December 1352.[16] Some months after the Conclave, in 1353, the body of the late pope was transferred to his monastery at La Chaise-Dieu (Casa Dei), where he lies in the center of the Choir of the church. He was accompanied in his last journey by five of his nephews, Cardinals Hughes Roger, Guillaume de la Jugié, Nicolas de Besse, Pierre Roger de Beaufort, and Guillaume d' Aigrefeuille.[17]
Cardinal Nicolas was Protector of the Order of Friars Minor (1366-1369).[18]
Pope Urban V had finally agreed to demands from every direction that he should return to Rome. On 20 May 1367, he and the Papal Court set sail from Marseille for Italy. Only five cardinals did not accompany the Pope on his journey.[19] One who did was Nicolas de Besse. On 23 May the party was at Genoa, and on 1 June they were at Pisa. The party stopped in Viterbo while Pope Urban took the body of his late friend Cardinal Egidio Albornoz, who had died on 24 August, to Assisi, where he had wished to be buried in the Basilica of S. Francesco. In the meantime, there were tensions in Viterbo between the retinues of several cardinals and the townsfolk. Rioting broke out on 6 September and lasted three days; ten people were killed.[20] Urban decided it was time to press on for Rome, but with an escort; he prevailed on the Marquis of Ferrara to accompany him, and with 2000 soldiers, the Papal Curia departed for Rome. On Saturday, October 16, 1367 there was again a Pope in Rome, and Urban remained there until 11 May 1368. On 31 October 1367 the Pope consecrated Cardinal Guillaume de Agrifolio Bishop of Sabina, and it was remarked that that was the first time since the reign of Boniface VIII (1295-1303) that a Pope had celebrated Mass at the high altar of St. Peter's.[21] He spent the summer of 1368 in Tuscany at Montefiascone, where he held a Consistory for the creation of Cardinals on 22 September, where eight new cardinals were named, a Roman, an Englishman (Simon de Langham) and six Frenchmen. The Emperor Charles IV paid a visit during this time,[22] and, on All Saints Day, 1 November 1368, the Pope crowned the Empress Elizabeth in the Vatican Basilica.[23] Cardinal Nicolas was likely present for all of these events.
It was on 5 November 1369 that Cardinal Nicolas de Besse died. He was in Rome, assigned as one of the Cardinals who would receive the profession of faith of the Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos. The ceremonies took place on 22 October.[24] His body was repatriated to France.
Cardinal Nicolas de Besse was interred in the Cathedral of Limoges, in the Chapel of S. Marie-Madaleine, later called the Chapel of S. Maurice.[25]
References
- ^ Auguste Du Boys; François Arbellot (1854). Biographie des hommes illustres de l'ancienne province du Limousin. p. 65.
- ^ Étienne Baluze (1708). Histoire généalogique de la maison d' Auvergne: justifiée par chartres, titres, histoires anciennes et autres preuves authentiques (in French). Paris: Antoine Dezallier. pp. 315–316.
- ^ Abel Poitrineau (1970). Le mémoire sur l'état de la Généralité de Riom en 1697 (in French). Clermont-Ferrand: Presses Univ Blaise Pascal. p. 97. ISBN 978-2-87741-006-9.
- ^ Joseph Nadaud (1974). Nobiliaire du diocèse et de la généralité de Limoges (in French). Paris: Éditions du Palais royal. p. 571. ISBN 978-2-7777-0059-8. Archbishop Pierre Roger (Clement VI) had studied at the Sorbonne.
- ^ Quoted in Baluze I (1693), p. 874 [ed. Mollat, II, p. 382]. Incepimus eum nutrire, et fecimus eum venire Parisius, et ibi fecimus eum studere. Postea studuit in Aurelianis, ubi modo legebat quando fecimus ipsum venire ad Curiam. The notion that he was a professor of law at Orleans is absurd.
- ^ François Du Chesne (1660). Histoire De Tous Les Cardinaux François De Naissance: Ou Qui Ont Esté Promeus Au Cardinalat Par L'Expresse Recommandation De Nos Roys. Vol. Tome I. Paris. p. 517.
- ^ F. I. Darsy (1869). Benefices de l'Eglise d'Amiens. Mémoires. Documents inédits concernant la province (de Picardie), Tome 7 (in French). Vol. Tome premier. Amiens: E. Caillaux. pp. 14–15. Retrieved 2016-06-01.
- ^ Eubel, p. 301.
- ^ Christine Renardy (1981). Les maîtres universitaires du diocèse de Liège: répertoire biographique, 1140-1350 (in French). Paris: Librairie Droz. p. 222. ISBN 978-2-251-66232-9.
- ^ Bulletin de la Société archéologique et historique du Limousin. Limoges: A.Bontemps. 2003. p. 125.
- ^ Denis de Sainte-Marthe (OSB) (1720). Gallia Christiana, In Provincias Ecclesiasticas Distributa (in Latin). Vol. Tomus secundus. Paris: Ex Typographia Regia. p. 532.
- ^ Eubel, p. 301. The statement sometimes made that he resigned when he became a cardinal is not exactly correct.
- ^ Eubel, p. 18.
- ^ Prinet, Max (1928). "Quelques seigns manuels de Cardinaux". Bibliothèque de l’École des chartes. 89: 175–182, at p. 178. Retrieved 2016-05-31 – via JSTOR.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|registration=ignored (|url-access=suggested) (help) - ^ Zacour, Norman P. (1957). "A Note on the Papal Election of 1352: The Candidacy of Jean Birel". Traditio. 13: 456–462. Retrieved 2016-05-28 – via JSTOR.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|registration=ignored (|url-access=suggested) (help) - ^ J. P. Adams, Sede Vacante 1352. Retrieved: 2016-05-28.
- ^ Eugène Déprez, "Les funerailles de Clement VI, et d' Innocent VI, d' après les comptes de la cour pontificale," Mélanges d' archéologie et d' histoire publiés par l' École Française de Rome 20 (1900), pp. 235-250.
- ^ Baluze (1693) I, p. 874 [ed. Mollat II, p. 383].
- ^ "Iter Italicum Urbani V Romani Pontificis," in Baluze, II, pp. 767-775 [ed. Mollat, IV, pp. 131-137].
- ^ M. Chaillan, Le bienheureux Urbain V (Paris 1911), pp. 164-165.
- ^ Baronio (ed. Theiner), Tomus 26, under the year 1367, § 14, p. 147.
- ^ Alfons Huber (1877). Regesta Imperii unter Kaiser Karl IV, 1346-1378. Additamentum Primum ad J. Bohmer, Regesta Imperii VIII (in German). Vol. Erstes Erganzungsheft. Innsbruck: Wagner'sche Universitäts-Buchhandlung. p. 757.
- ^ Baluze (1708), p. 127.
- ^ Chaillan, pp. 190-192. "Iter Italicum Urbani V Romani Pontificis," in Baluze, II, pp. 767-775, at pp. 772-773 [ed. Mollat, IV, pp. 131-137].
- ^ François Arbellot (Abbé) (1883). Cathédrale de Limoges: Histoire et description (in French). Paris: Rene Haton. p. 150.
Bibliography
- Baluze [Baluzius], Etienne [Stephanus] (1693). Vitae paparum Avenionensium, hoc est, Historia pontificum romanorum qui in Gallia sederunt ab anno Christi MCCCV. usque ad annum MCCCXCIV (in Latin). Vol. Tomus primus. Paris: apud Franciscum Muguet.
- Baluze, Etienne (1693). Vitae Paparum Avenionensium, Hoc est Historia Pontificum Romanorum qui in Gallia sederunt ab anno Christi MCCCV usque ad annum MCCCXCIV (in Latin). Vol. Tomus secundus. Paris: Muguet.
- Baronio, Cesare (1872). Augustinus Theiner (ed.). Annales ecclesiastici: A. D. 1-1571 denuo excusi et ad nostra usque tempora perducti ab Augustino Theiner (in Latin). Vol. Tomus vigesimus quintus (25). Barri-Ducis: Typis et sumptibus Ludovici Guerin.
- Chaillan, Marius (Abbé) (1911). Le Bienheureux Urbain V (1310-1370) (second ed.). Paris: Victor Lecoffre. pp. 190–192.
- Eubel, Konrad (1898). Hierarchia catholica medii aevi: sive Summorum pontificum, S.R.E. cardinalium, ecclesiarum antistitum series ab anno 1198 usque ad annum [1605] perducta e documentis tabularii praesertim Vaticani collecta, digesta (in Latin). Vol. Vol. I. Münster: sumptibus et typis librariae Regensbergianae.
{{cite book}}:|volume=has extra text (help) - Guillemain, Bernard (1962). La cour pontificale d'Avignon: (1309-1376) (in French). Paris: E. De Boccard.