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Guntur
గుంటూరు
Garthapuri
City
Clockwise from Top Left: Guntur Municipal Corporation, Guntur Railway Station, ISKON-Guntur, Viswa-Nagar, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Uppalapadu Bird Sanctuary, One-Town-Center.
Clockwise from Top Left: Guntur Municipal Corporation, Guntur Railway Station, ISKON-Guntur, Viswa-Nagar, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Uppalapadu Bird Sanctuary, One-Town-Center.
Etymology: Garthapuri (Tank Village)
CountryIndia
StateAndhra Pradesh
DistrictGuntur
MandalGuntur
Founded18th century AD
Founded byFrench
Named forTank
Government
 • BodyGuntur Municipal Corporation[1]
 • MayorNone
 • Municipal CommissionerS.Nagalakhsmi
 • Member of ParliamentGalla Jayadev
Area
[2]
 • City
168.41 km2 (65.02 sq mi)
Elevation
30 m (100 ft)
Population
 (2011)[3]
 • City
743,354
 • Rank64th (India)
3rd (Andhra Pradesh)
 • Density4,400/km2 (11,000/sq mi)
 • Metro
[4]
1,028,667
DemonymGunturian
Languages
 • OfficialTelugu
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
522 xxx
Telephone code+91-863
Vehicle registrationAP 07; AP 08
Sex ratio1016[5] ♂/♀
Lok Sabha constituencyGuntur
Urban planning agencyAPCRDA
WebsiteGuntur Municipal Corporation

Guntur (pronunciationⓘ); is a city in the Guntur district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is a municipal corporation and the administrative headquarters of Guntur district.[6] It is also the mandal headquarters of Guntur mandal of Guntur revenue division.[7] It is the second largest city by area and third most populous in the state, with a population of 743,354.[3][4] The city is situated on the plains and located 40 miles (64 km) to north of the Bay of Bengal. It is surrounded by small hills and Perecherla Reserve Forest on the west. River Krishna is the main source of water for the city through channels and tributaries.[8]

The city is part of Andhra Pradesh Capital Region[9] and Vishakhapatnam-Guntur Industrial Region, a major industrial corridor in India.[10] The city is also the head quarters to many state departments and agencies.[11] It is renowned for education, business, e-commerce industry, and agriculture.[12] The city exports chilli pepper, cotton and tobacco and also it is the largest producer of chilies in India.[13] Guntur higher education consists of many colleges and universities.

Etymology

The earliest reference to Guntur was during the period of Ammaraja–I (922-929 CE), the Vengi Eastern Chalukyan King. It also has its appearance in another two inscriptions dated 1147 A.D and 1158 A.D.[14] In Sanskrit, the name of Guntur was referred as Garthapuri, which translates to Tank Village during the French occupation.[15]

History

Inscriptions at Sivalayam

The earliest recorded reference of Guntur comes from the Idern plates of Ammaraja I (922–929 CE), the Vengi Chalukyan king.[citation needed] French astronomer, Pierre Janssen observed the Solar eclipse of 18 August 1868 and discovered helium, from Guntur in Madras State, British India.[16][17] The inscriptions stones in the Agastyeshwara temple in 'Naga Lipi' (an ancient script) dates back to about 1100 CE. It is considered one of the most famous temples in the city. It is said that Agastya built the temple in the last Treta Yuga around the swayambhu linga and hence it has this name. The 'Nagas' were said to have ruled the region at that time. The region has been historically known for Buddhism and the first Kalachakra ceremony performed by Gautama Buddha himself.[18] The place of Sitanagaram and the Guttikonda caves are referred in the ancient texts (Vedic puranas) going back to the Treta Yuga and Dwapara Yuga (Traditional time scale: 1.7 to 0.5 million years ago, Ref).[19]

Medieval period

With the arrival of the Europeans the city attained national and international significance. The French shifted their headquarters from Kondavid Fort to here in 1752, probably because of the ample availability of water due to the two large tanks. This settlement formed the nucleus of the modern city. The Nizams and Hyder Ali also ruled the city until it came under the British in 1788. It was made the headquarters of a district named after it that was abolished in 1859, only to be reconstituted in 1904. The city rapidly became a major market for agricultural produce from the surrounding countryside due to the opening of the railway link in 1890. The expansion continued post independence as well and was concentrated in what is now called "New Guntur", with many urban areas such as Brodipet, Arundalpet and suburban areas like Pattabhipuram, Chandramouli Nagar, Sita Rama nagar, Brindavan Gardens, etc.

Geography

Guntur Region from a Satellite

Guntur Plains: Guntur is located at 16°17′N 80°26′E / 16.29°N 80.43°E / 16.29; 80.43.[20] It has an average elevation of 33 m (108 ft) and is situated on the plains. There are a few hills in the surrounding suburban areas. The city is located around 40 miles (64 km) to the west of the Bay of Bengal on the east coast of India. The Krishna delta lies partly in the Guntur district. There are other smaller rivers and channels in the region such as Guntur Channel, Chandravanka, Naagileru, Guntur Branch Canal[21] etc.

As quoted in NASA's website "it is typical of the wider deltas along the southeast coast of India (known as the Coromandel Coast).[22] The braided stream channels, broad floodplain, and extensive sandbars suggest that this part of the Krishna River flows through relatively flat terrain and carries a substantial amount of sediment, especially during the monsoon season." Image Website of NASA of the Guntur City and District/Region of India. With the ocean on the top portion of the image, the actual location of the city is on the bottom right side portion of the image.

The City of Guntur consists of the following regions: Guntur East, Guntur West and Guntur North. Neighborhoods in Guntur are Gorantla, Nallapadu, Lam, New Guntur, Pedakakani, Palakalur, Perecherla, Takkelapadu, Ankireddy Palem, Vatticherukur, prathipadu, Reddy Palem.

Climate

As per Köppen-Geiger climate classification system the climate in Guntur is tropical (Aw). The average temperature is warm to hot year round. The summer season (especially during May/June) has the highest temperatures, but these are usually followed by summer monsoon rains. The winter season (from October to February) is the most enjoyable with a pleasant climate. Winter months may feature more rainfall than summer but there are dry spells during the winter season. The wettest month is July. The average annual temperature is 28.5 C and annual rain fall is about 905 mm. Rain storms and hurricanes are common in the region during the rainy season, which starts with the monsoons in early June. Hurricanes may occur any time of the year, but occur more commonly between May and November.

Climate data for Guntur City
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 29.8
(85.6) 		32.2
(90.0) 		34.7
(94.5) 		36.8
(98.2) 		39.3
(102.7) 		37.5
(99.5) 		33.3
(91.9) 		32.9
(91.2) 		32.8
(91.0) 		31.7
(89.1) 		30.3
(86.5) 		29.2
(84.6) 		33.4
(92.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 24.4
(75.9) 		26.2
(79.2) 		28.7
(83.7) 		31.4
(88.5) 		33.6
(92.5) 		32.6
(90.7) 		29.5
(85.1) 		29.2
(84.6) 		29
(84) 		28
(82) 		25.7
(78.3) 		24.1
(75.4) 		28.5
(83.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 19
(66) 		20.3
(68.5) 		22.8
(73.0) 		25.8
(78.4) 		28
(82) 		27.7
(81.9) 		25.7
(78.3) 		25.5
(77.9) 		25.3
(77.5) 		24.2
(75.6) 		21.1
(70.0) 		19
(66) 		23.7
(74.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 1
(0.0) 		4
(0.2) 		6
(0.2) 		14
(0.6) 		56
(2.2) 		115
(4.5) 		171
(6.7) 		161
(6.3) 		151
(5.9) 		159
(6.3) 		58
(2.3) 		10
(0.4) 		906
(35.6)
Source: Climate-Data.org (altitude: 26 m)[23]

Demographics

In the 1961 census, Guntur had a population of 187,122 and increased to 516,461 in 2001, which shows a considerable growth during the last 5 decades. As of 2011[needs update] census, the city had a population of 651,382. It then increased to 7,43,354 after expansion, constituting 371,727 males and 3,71,612 females —a sex ratio of approximately 1000 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 940 per 1000.[3][24] The urban agglomeration population of the city is projected to be approximately, 1,028,667.[4]

Telugu is the main language of communication in the city. One of the earlier forms of Telugu language can be noticed in this region.[25] Most of the Muslims in the city speak Urdu as their mother tongue.[26] One of the purportedly lost tribes of Israel called Bene Ephraim, has its presence in Guntur, with a Jewish synagogue as well.[27][28] Traditional drama and theatrical events also have their presence in the city.[29]

Governance

The Collectorate complex of Guntur
City Court
File:GntLumbini.jpg
Lumbinivanam
Sanakara Eye Hospital

Civic administration

In 1866, Guntur was made a municipality with a population of about 25,000. It was upgraded to III (1891), I Grade (1917), special grade (1952) and selection grade in 1960. Later, in 1994 it was made a "Municipal Corporation". In 1995, the first election of the Municipal Corporation was conducted.[30] In the year 2012, the city limits were expanded by merging ten surrounding villages into the Guntur Municipal Corporation.[31] The present Mayor is S.Nagalakhsmi.[32]

The city is one among the 31 cities in the state to be a part of water supply and sewerage services mission known as Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT).[33] In 2015, as per the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan of the Ministry of Urban Development, Guntur Municipal Corporation was ranked 70th in the country.[34]

The High Court was in Guntur after the separation from the erstwhile Madras State,[35] which was later moved to Hyderabad after the formation of Andhra Pradesh.[36][37] Guntur Urban and Rural police offices oversees the law and order for the city and the rural areas surrounding it.[38] The city is also the headquarters for Agricultural Marketing Department,[11] NCC Group[38] and also hosts one of the Indian Army recruitment and training centers.[39]

Healthcare

Main article: Healthcare in Guntur

The region of Guntur is one of the medical hubs in India. It offers wide access to top medical care at reasonable prices and has a variety of charity hospitals that serve as a safety net for the destitute. It boasts major medical facilities (super speciality hospitals) and related research institutions. The General Hospital provides free health care to people across the coastal districts. The Sankar Eye Hospital,[40] Kugler Hospital, and St. Joseph Hospital are just a few of the many premier hospitals in the region. A new medical facility VIMS [1] is established at Viswanagar to serve the people in the rural areas that are to the south and west of the city.

Economy

Agro exports

Main market

Guntur is a major commercial centre for exports of Cotton, tobacco and chilli to different parts of the world. The city hosts the largest Asian market[41] for red chillies. The Tobacco Board, India, a part of the Government of India, is headquartered in Guntur. The chilies that are grown in this region are the spiciest.[42] One of the first of its kind, a global 'Spice Park' is currently being set up in the area.[43] Cotton produced is used in making some of the finest sarees in India.[44]

Industrialization

The industrial development in the Guntur Region is of medium scale. On a positive note, the region has minimal industrial and related pollution as compared to other major cities in the country. It has a large skilled and educated workforce. Some of the industries in the area are: textile mills, silk, dairy, cement, chemical and Biotechnology, fertilizers, jute, granite, diamond and other ore processing (Hindustan Zinc Limited). There are many small to medium scale industries such as Bharathi Soap Works, Tulasi Seeds, Crane Group, Nuziveedu Seeds Limited(NSL), Textiles with spinning mills at Edlapadu, Ginning mills at Gurazla and Garmenting at Budampadu. Eastern Condiments has Chillies processing centre at Narakoduru. Textile Hub is being developed on the southwestern side of the city,[45] and the government is also encouraging the setting up of new industries. Another ongoing project is an 8.50 billion IT park in Guntur outskirts.[46]

Port trade

Guntur Container Terminal near Marripalem is an Inland Container Depot, facilitating port operations in Guntur Region.[47]

Culture

South Indian Breakfast

The city residents are referred as Gunturians.[48] The lifestyle of the city has a mixture of both urban and rural with some cosmopolitan element. Guntur's residents wear both Indian style and Western style clothing. The common traditional clothing for women is a Saree, Salwar and for men formally, a Dhoti.

The culture is vibrant with many festivals (that have been celebrated over thousands of years). Those festivals observed in Guntur with great pomp and splendour are: Deepavali, Krishna-Ashtami, Rama Navami, Sankranti, Sivaratri, Ugadi, Vijaya Dasami, Vinayaka-Chaviti, Ekadasi, Karthika Purnima. Also, noticeable are festivals of Muslims and Christians including Christmas, Eid ul-Fitr, Eid ul-Juha. The 30th International Kalachakra festival was held at Amaravati near Guntur.

Local cuisine

Local cuisine includes typical south Indian style varieties such as, Idli, dosa, vada etc. Andhra style meals includes, other varieties like, Gongura pickle, Mango pickle, mirchi bajji.[49] The common masala stands, jilebi push-carts, and sugar cane juice sellers can be noticed in every corner of the city. Locally famous fruits and vegetables include Sapodilla, Mango, Custard apple, and Cucumber.

Cityscape

File:Gsunny.JPG
Lakshimipuram Mian Road
Archaeological Museum

The major commercial and residential areas in the city include the Arundelpet, Lakshmipuram and Brodipet. Navabharath Nagar, Pattabhipuram, Shyamla Nagar and Vidya Nagar etc., are some of the other areas in the city.[50] Autonagar, Gorantla, Peda Palakaluru, Nallapadu etc. are some of the other areas of the city.[51]

The city has many parks, museums, temples, nature conservation sites, forts, resorts and caves. The Jinnah Tower is one of the iconic structure on Mahatma Gandhi Road, one of the important centre of the city.[52] There are seventeen parks in the city with some of them maintained by the municipal corporation.[53]

Transport

NTR Bus Terminus
Guntur Junction Railway Station
Main article: Transport in Guntur

Public Transport

APSRTC operates buses to various destinations from NTR bus station of the city. It has also introduced city bus services from the city to the nearby destinations of Pedakakani, Namburu, Yanamadala and Chebrolu.[54] Other local transport of the city are private mini buses and auto-rickshaws.[55]

Roadways

The city is well connected to the major destinations through various national and state highways. National Highway 16 bypasses the city, which is also a part of Asian Highway 45 and Golden Quadrilateral.[56] The highway is connected with the Mahatma Gandhi Inner Ring Road, encircling the city.[57] The State Highway 2 connects the city with Macherla and State Highway 48 with Bapatla and Chirala.[58][59] It has a total road length of 853.00 km (530.03 mi).[60]

Railways

Guntur Junction and New Guntur are classified as an A and E category stations respectively in the Guntur railway division of South Central Railway zone.[61] These two railway stations of the city are used for rail transport.[62] Nallapadu and Perecherla are the other two satellite stations.[63] Rail Vikas Bhavan in the city is the headquarters of Guntur railway division.[64][65]

Education and research

File:GntMedC.jpg
The Campus of a medical institute in the city
Main article: Education in Guntur

Guntur has public schools or government run schools are under the administration of the School Education Department of the state.[66] There are around 99 municipal schools and over 12,000 pupils enrolled in them.[67] There are also many private schools which include international schools as well.[68] The Central Board of Secondary Education, Secondary School Certificate or the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education are the different types of syllabus followed by different schools. The medium of instruction include English, Telugu and Urdu.[67][69]

Major educational establishments in the city include, Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur Medical College, Guntur Engineering College, Loyola Institute of Technology and Management, Vasireddy Venkatadri Institute of Technology, RVR & JC College of Engineering. Some other notable colleges are, Andhra-Christian College, Hindu College, Andhra Muslim College, JKC College.

There are also research centres related to different fields such as, Regional AGMARK laboratory,[70] Agricultural Research Station at Lam, Regional Station of Central Tobacco Research Institute of Indian Council of Agricultural Research.

Sports

Parade Ground

The city has hosted several national and international level sporting events for various sports. Some of major sports include, Cricket, Kabbadi, Volleyball, Basketball, Tennis, Badminton and Table Tennis. It is one of the places in India to host the International Grandmaster Chess tournaments. Certain sports stadiums in and around the city include, Brahmananda Reddy Stadium, Prakasam Stadium, NTR Stadium, Krishna Cricket Academy, ACA International Cricket Stadium, ACA Women Cricket Academy.[71]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Governing body". Guntur Municipal Corporation. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  2. ^ "The Case of Guntur, India" (PDF). DReAMS – Development of Resources and Access to Municipal Services. p. 1. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  3. ^ a b c "Guntur city population is 7,43,354 as per 2011 Census". The Hindu. Guntur. 26 May 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
  4. ^ a b c "Demography". National Informatics Centre. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
  5. ^ "Sex Ratio" (PDF). 4 September 2007.
  6. ^ "Adminsistrative divisions of Guntur district" (PDF). guntur.nic.in. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  7. ^ "Guntur District Mandals" (PDF). Census of India. pp. 83, 110. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  8. ^ "Guntur Water source" (PDF). 7 July 2016.
  9. ^ "AP Capital Region Development Authority comes into being". The Hindu. Hyderabad. 31 December 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  10. ^ "Industrial Corridor". Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  11. ^ a b "Departments moving to new Capital Region". The Hindu. 16 June 2016.
  12. ^ "Guntur region listed a major E-Commerce hub in the country". Deccan Chronicle. 16 August 2013.
  13. ^ "Chilli Production,Business Standard". Mumbai. 11 January 2011.
  14. ^ "Guntur History". National Informatics Centre. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
  15. ^ "About Guntur". VGTMUDA. Capital Region Development Authority. Archived from the original on 21 August 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  16. ^ Leggett, Hadley (18 August 2009), Aug. 18, 1868: Helium Discovered During Total Solar Eclipse, wired.com, retrieved 18 March 2010
  17. ^ "Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences", C. R. Hebd. Acad. Sci. Paris, 67: 836–41, 1868
  18. ^ "Kālacakra history". kalacakra.org.
  19. ^ ":::- WELCOME TO GUNTUR DISTRICT OFFICIAL WEBSITE -:::".
  20. ^ "Falling Rain Genomics-Guntur". Falling Rain Genomics Inc.
  21. ^ "Guntur irrigation". Government of India.
  22. ^ "KRISHNA R/DELTA, COAST". Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  23. ^ "Climate: Guntur – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
  24. ^ "Sex Ratio". The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
  25. ^ "Old poetry about the city" (PDF). Old Poetry. 27 August 2012.
  26. ^ "Language in India". languageinindia.com.
  27. ^ Sadok Yacobi. "Bene Ephraim of Andhra Pradesh, South India". kulanu.org. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
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  33. ^ Vadlapatla, Sribala (11 August 2015). "Amaravati among 31 AP cities selected for Amruth development". The Times of India. Hyderabad. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
  34. ^ Sandeep Kumar, S (10 August 2015). "Small towns fare better in Swachh Bharat rankings". The Hindu. Vijayawada. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
  35. ^ "Former High Court July 06, 1954". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 6 July 2004.
  36. ^ "High Court bench requirement". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 25 February 2006.
  37. ^ "Telangana advocates nudge CJI on HC bifurcation". Deccan Chronicle. Hyderabad. 10 April 2016.
  38. ^ a b "Celebrations a big hit in Guntur". The Hindu. 22 June 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
  39. ^ "Army recruitment rally". The Hindu. Guntur. 17 January 2008. Retrieved 17 January 2008.
  40. ^ "Sankara Eye Hospital goes hi-tech". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 1 March 2007.
  41. ^ "Chillies lose sting, exports & Guntur markets only hope". Online edition of the Economic Times. The Economic Times. 17 May 2007. Retrieved 21 June 2007.
  42. ^ "Guntur Chillies". Online edition of Outlook magazine-free registration required. Retrieved 1 August 2007.
  43. ^ "`Spices Park' to come up in Guntur". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 4 February 2007.
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  49. ^ "Guntur Cuisine". Online edition of Outlook magazine-free registration required. Retrieved 1 August 2007.
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  52. ^ "Blog: Finding Kamala Nehru in Pakistan, Jinnah in Guntur". NDTV. 20 May 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  53. ^ "Other parks in Guntur city !!". Guntur Municipal Corporation. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  54. ^ "New fleet of city buses in Guntur". The Hindu. Guntur. 20 August 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
  55. ^ "RTC to introduce bus services in Guntur city". Deccan Chronicle. 26 November 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
  56. ^ "NHAI Under Pressure to Lay Another Bypass Road". The New Indian Express. 25 August 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
  57. ^ "Guntur Inner Ring Road Inaugurated by Kiran". The New Indian Express. 17 February 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
  58. ^ Samuel Jonathan, P (8 October 2015). "Nizampatnam backwaters beckon adventure geeks". The Hindu. Guntur. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
  59. ^ "Road Maps". Roads and Buildings Department. Government of Andhra Pradesh. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
  60. ^ "Details of Roads in each ULB of Andhra Pradesh". Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
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  63. ^ "Guntur misses metro rail project". Deccan Chronicle. 22 September 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2016.
  64. ^ "Guntur Division". gunturdivision.blogspot.in. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  65. ^ "Rediff On The NeT: Paswan to inaugurate new railway division at Guntur".
  66. ^ "Constitution of Working Groups" (PDF). School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  67. ^ a b "74 GMC schools switch to English medium - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  68. ^ "Schools, colleges brace for rush". The Hans India. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  69. ^ Mallikarjun, Y. (29 February 2016). "Classrooms in State-run schools set to go digital". The Hindu. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  70. ^ "Addresses of the Central Agmark Laboratory and Regional Agmark Laboratories". AGMARK. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
  71. ^ "Coaching at Women Cricket Academy". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 25 April 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
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