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Hyperthermia therapy

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For other health treatments involving application of heat, see Heat therapy.
Hyperthermia therapy
Whole-body suit used in hyperthermia therapy.
ICD-10-PCS6A3
ICD-9-CM93.35, 99.85
MeSHD006979
OPS-301 code8-60

Hyperthermia therapy is a type of medical treatment in which body tissue is exposed to slightly higher temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anti-cancer drugs. Techniques that may bring local tissues to quite high temperatures, such as radio frequency ablation, are not usually what is meant by "hyperthermia."[1] When combined with radiation therapy, it is called thermoradiotherapy. Whole-body hyperthermia has also been found to be helpful for depression.[2] It is also used in the treatment of Lyme disease.[medical citation needed]

Local hyperthermia has shown to be effective when combined with chemotherapy or radiation therapy for cancers such as breast, cervical, prostate, head and neck, melanoma, soft-tissue sarcoma and rectal cancer, among others. Whole-body hyperthermia is generally considered to be a promising experimental cancer treatment, but requires close medical monitoring of the patient, as side effects can be serious.

Hyperthermia is considered the "fourth leg" of cancer treatment. It was historically reserved for the most severe or recurrent cases of cancer. However, there is more evidence to support its use as a primary treatment, as is the practice in parts of Europe, including the Netherlands, Germany, and Austria. Regional hyperthermia is currently becoming more utilized in the United States and elsewhere, as devices come to market (e.g. BSD-500, BSD-1000, Celsius42, EHY-2000plus, EHY-3010 ML, EHY-1020 IL, Sonotherm 1000, ThermoChem HT-1000, 8 Medical Hyperthermia Pump, Beaumont Hyperthermia Pump). Whole body hyperthermia, using radiant heat chambers (e.g. Iratherm 2000, Enthermics RHS 7500, Aquatherm, Heckel HT 3000) is almost always used as an adjuvant therapy.[3][4]

Definition

Hyperthermia is defined as supra-normal body temperatures. There is no consensus as to what is the safest or most effective target temperature for the whole body. During treatment the body temperature reaches a level between 39.5 and 40.5 °C (103.1 and 104.9 °F).[5] However, other researchers define hyperthermia between 41.8–42 °C (107.2–107.6 °F) (Europe, USA) to near 43–44 °C (109–111 °F) (Japan, Russia).[6]

Mechanism

Temperature and time are interrelated, with longer times at temperature meaning more cancer cell kill but also higher risk of toxicity. Hyperthermia may kill or weaken tumor cells, and is controlled to limit effects on healthy cells. Tumor cells, with a disorganized and compact vascular structure, have difficulty dissipating heat. Hyperthermia may therefore cause cancerous cells to undergo apoptosis in direct response to applied heat, while healthy tissues can more easily maintain a normal temperature.

Even if the cancerous cells do not die outright, they may become more susceptible to ionizing radiation therapy or to certain chemotherapy drugs. The heat with applied, local hyperthermia will dilate blood vessels to the tumor, increasing oxygenation of the tumor, thereby making radiation therapy more effective. Oxygen is a potent radiosensitizer, increasing the effectiveness of a given dose of radiation by forming DNA-damaging free radicals. Tumor cells in a hypoxic environment may be as much as 2 to 3 times more susceptible to radiation damage than those in a normal oxygen environment.[[7]]

Hyperthermia has also been proven to be effective when combined with chemotherapy. Published studies have shown an improvement of 10 year disease free survival in bladder cancer patients treated with combined hyperthermia and chemotherapy- 53% survival, versus those treated with chemotherapy alone, 15% survival after 10 years.[8]

Intense heating will cause denaturation and coagulation of cellular proteins, rapidly killing cells within a tumor. More prolonged moderate heating to temperatures just a few degrees above normal can cause more subtle changes. A mild heat treatment combined with other stresses can cause cell death by apoptosis. There are many biochemical consequences to the heat shock response within the cell, including slowed cell division and increased sensitivity to ionizing radiation therapy.

Hyperthermia can kill cells directly, but its more important use is in combination with other treatments for cancer.[9] Hyperthermia increases blood flow to the warmed area, perhaps doubling perfusion in tumors, while increasing perfusion in normal tissue by ten times or even more.[9] This enhances the delivery of medications. Hyperthermia also increases oxygen delivery to the area, which may make radiation more likely to damage and kill cells, as well as preventing cells from repairing the damage induced during the radiation session.[10]

Cancerous cells are not inherently more susceptible to the effects of heat.[9] When compared in in vitro studies, normal cells and cancer cells show the same responses to heat. However, the vascular disorganization of a solid tumor results in an unfavorable microenvironment inside tumors. Consequently, the tumor cells are already stressed by low oxygen, higher than normal acid concentrations, and insufficient nutrients, and are thus significantly less able to tolerate the added stress of heat than a healthy cell in normal tissue.[9]

Mild hyperthermia, which provides temperatures equal to that of a naturally high fever, may stimulate natural immunological attacks against the tumor. However it is also induces a natural physiological response called thermotolerance, which tends to protect the treated tumor.[9]

Moderate hyperthermia, which heats cells in the range of 40 to 42 °C (104 to 108 °F), damages cells directly, in addition to making the cells radiosensitive and increasing the pore size to improve delivery of large-molecule chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic agents (molecular weight greater than 1,000 Daltons), such as monoclonal antibodies and liposome-encapsulated drugs.[9] Cellular uptake of certain small molecule drugs is also increased.[9] Most local and regional cancer treatments are in this temperature range.

Very high temperatures, above 50 °C (122 °F), are used for ablation (direct destruction) of some tumors.[10] This generally involves inserting a metal tube directly into the tumor, and heating the tip until the tissue next to the tube has been killed.

Heat sources

There are many techniques by which heat may be delivered. Some of the most common involve the use of focused ultrasound (FUS or HIFU), infrared sauna, microwave heating, induction heating, magnetic hyperthermia, infusion of warmed liquids, or direct application of heat such as through sitting in a hot room or wrapping a patient in hot blankets.

Types

Patient is undergoing local hyperthermia treatment for head and neck cancer.
The computer-controlled short waves are bundled in the tumor or the tumor bed and heated to between 42 °C (108 °F) and a maximum of 44 °C (111 °F).
  • Local hyperthermia heats a very small area and is typically used for cancers near or on the skin or near natural openings in the body (e.g., the mouth).[11] In some instances, the goal is to kill the tumor by heating it, without damaging anything else. The heat may be created with microwave, radiofrequency, ultrasound energy or using magnetic hyperthermia(or named magnetic fluid hyperthermia [12][13][14]). Depending on the location of the tumor, the heat may be applied to the surface of the body, inside normal body cavities, or deep in tissue through the use of needles or probes. One relatively common type is radiofrequency ablation of small tumors.[4] This is easiest to achieve when the tumor is on a superficial part of the body, which is called superficial hyperthermia, or when needles or probes are inserted directly into the tumor, which is called interstitial hyperthermia.
  • Regional hyperthermia heats a larger part of the body, such as an entire organ or limb. Usually, the goal is to weaken cancer cells so that they are more likely to be killed by radiation and chemotherapeutic medications. This may use the same techniques as local hyperthermia treatment, or it may rely on blood perfusion.[11] In blood perfusion, the patient's blood is removed from the body, heated up, and returned to blood vessels that lead directly through the desired body part. Normally, chemotherapy drugs are infused at the same time. One specialized type of this approach is continuous hyperthermic peritoneal perfusion (CHPP), which is used to treat difficult cancers within the peritoneal cavity (the abdomen), including primary peritoneal mesothelioma and stomach cancer. Hot chemotherapy drugs are pumped directly into the peritoneal cavity to kill the cancer cells.[4]
  • Whole-body hyperthermia heats the entire body to temperatures of about 39 to 43 °C (102 to 109 °F), with some advocating even higher temperatures. It is typically used to treat metastatic cancer (cancer that spread to many parts of the body).[11] Techniques include infrared hyperthermia domes which include the whole body or the body apart from the head, putting the patient in a very hot room/chamber, or wrapping the patient in hot, wet blankets or a water tubing suit.[4][11] Others have submerged patients in wax. Methods of pumping the blood outside of the body through heating elements have also been applied.

Treatment

Moderate hyperthermia treatments usually maintain the temperature for approximately an hour.[10]

The schedule for treatments has varied between study centers, as nobody knows what is most effective and treatment schedules have been made based on cell culture or animal studies, or simply been built around a course of planned chemotherapy. After being heated, cells develop resistance to heat, which persists for about three days and reduces the likelihood that they will die from direct cytotoxic effects of the heat.[9] Some even suggest maximum treatment schedule of twice a week.[10] Japanese researchers treated patients with "cycles" up to four times a week apart.[15] Radiosensitivity may be achieved with hyperthermia, and using heat with every radiation treatment may drive the treatment schedule.[9]

Controlling temperatures

One of the challenges in thermal therapy is delivering the appropriate amount of heat to the correct part of the patient's body. For this technique to be effective, the temperatures must be high enough, and the temperatures must be sustained long enough, to damage or kill the cancer cells. However, if the temperatures are too high, or if they are kept elevated for too long, then serious side effects, including death, can result. The smaller the place that is heated, and the shorter the treatment time, the lower the side effects. Conversely, tumor treated too slowly or at too low a temperature will not achieve therapeutic goals. The human body is a collection of tissues with differing heat capacities, all connected by a dynamic circulatory system with variable relationship to skin or lung surfaces designed to shed heat energy. All methods of inducing higher temperature in the body are countered by the thermo-regulatory mechanisms of the body. The body as a whole relies mostly on simple radiation of energy to the surrounding air from the skin (50% of heat lost this way) which is augmented by convection (blood shunting) and vaporization through sweat and respiration. Regional methods of heating may be more or less difficult based on the anatomic relationships, and tissue components of the particular body part being treated. Measuring temperatures in various parts of the body may be very difficult, and temperatures may locally vary even within a region of the body.

To minimize damage to healthy tissue and other adverse effects, attempts are made to monitor temperatures.[4] The goal is to keep local temperatures in tumor bearing tissue under 44 °C (111 °F) to avoid damage to surrounding tissues. These temperatures have been derived from cell culture and animal studies. The body keeps itself normal human body temperature, near 37.6 °C (99.7 °F). Unless a needle probe can be placed with accuracy in every tumor site amenable to measurement, there is an inherent technical difficulty in how to actually reach whatever a treating center defines as an "adequate" thermal dose. Since there is also no consensus as to what parts of the body need to be monitored (common clinically measured sites are ear drums, oral, skin, rectal, bladder, esophagus, blood probes, or even tissue needles). Clinicians have advocated various combinations for these measurements. These issues complicate the ability of comparing different studies and coming up with a definition of exactly what a thermal dose actually should be for tumor, and what dose is toxic to what tissues in human beings. Clinicians may be able to apply advanced imaging techniques, instead of probes, to monitor heat treatments in real time; heat-induced changes in tissue are sometimes perceptible using these imaging instruments.

There is the further difficulty inherent in the devices delivering energy. Regional devices may not uniformly heat a target area, even without taking into account compensatory mechanisms of the body. A great deal of current research focuses on how one might precisely position heat-delivery devices (catheters, microwave and ultrasound applicators, etc.) using ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging, as well as developing new types of nanoparticles that can more evenly distribute heat within a target tissue.

Research example of temperature monitoring

The thermoacoustic (TA) effect refers to the generation of acoustic waves by electromagnetic (EM) irradiation, such as optical or microwave/radio frequency waves. In the past ten years, thermoacoustic tomography (TAT) using pulsed EM excitation has undergone tremendous growth. Energy deposition inside biological tissue through the absorption of incident EM pulses will create a transient temperature rise on the order of 10 mK. In the thermoelastic mechanism of acoustic generation, a sound or stress wave is produced as a consequence of the expansion induced by the temperature variation. Thermoacoustic signals are temperature dependent, which is an ideal characteristic for use in monitoring biological tissue temperature. The thermoacoustic pressure has the following expression[16]

P = µaHβc2/cp,

where µa is the microwave absorption coefficient, H is the heating function and can be written as the product of a spatial absorption function and a temporal illumination function, β is the isobaric volume expansion coefficient, c0 is the speed of sound, cp is the heat capacity. The thermal expansion coefficient defines the fractional changes in the volume of a material with temperature; normally, its value increases almost linearly with temperature except for the lowest temperatures. Thus, the thermoacoustic pressure can be written in the following form:

P = (A+BT)*P0

where A and B is a constant, which can be gotten by the linearship between temperature and thermal expansion coefficient. T is the temperature, P0 is the thermoacoustic pressure at baseline temperature. The equation demonstrates that the thermoacoustic pressure is directly proportional to temperature where its variation is the reaction of sample thermodynamic parameter changes with heat.

This characteristic of thermoacoustic signals that give us a new method to monitor thermotherapy temperature, has the potential to be developed into a viable alternative to current clinical temperature monitoring device for microwave thermotherapy.

Adverse effects

External application of heat may cause surface burns.[10] Tissue damage to a target organ with a regional treatment will vary with what tissue is heated (e.g. brain treated directly may injure the brain, lung tissue treated directly may cause pulmonary problems) Whole body hyperthermia can cause swelling, blood clots, and bleeding.[9] Systemic shock, may result, but is highly dependent upon method difference in achieving it. It may also cause cardiovascular toxicity.[4] All techniques are often combined with radiation or chemotherapy, muddying how much toxicity is the result of those treatments versus the temperature elevation achieved.

Effectiveness

By itself, hyperthermia alone has demonstrated the ability to treat cancer.[10] It is known that it significantly increases the effectiveness of other treatments.[10]

When combined with radiation, hyperthermia is particularly effective at increasing the damage to acidic, poorly oxygenated parts of a tumor,[9] and cells that are preparing to divide.[10] Hyperthermia treatment is most effective when provided at the same time, or within an hour, of the radiation.[10]

In the past decade hyperthermia treatments in conjunction with radiation have been used with curative intent in patients with early stage cancers of the breast, head and neck, and prostate. According to peer-reviewed scientific publications, hyperthermia treatment has shown an improvement of 38% (53% vs. 15%) in bladder cancer [8] when combined with Chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone. In breast cancer patients, an article by Vernon et al. in 1996[17] showed an improved response of 18% (59% vs. 41%) when radiation treatment was combined with hyperthermia, and a 41% response in patients treated with radiation alone. Other cancer types that show a significant clinical response have been: melanoma and skin cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, bladder, cervical, prostate, rectal, axilla and chest wall as well as recurrent or previously irradiated cancers.

Whole-body hyperthermia has yet to be practically combined with radiation,[9] but it may be useful for chemotherapy and immunotherapy.[10]

A body of research postulates that overheating the tumor cells is meant to create a lack of oxygen so that the heated tumor cells become overacidified, which leads to a lack of nutrients in the tumor. This in turn disrupts the metabolism of the cells so that cell death (apoptosis) can set in. In certain cases chemotherapy or radiation that has previously not had any effect can be made effective. Because Hyperthermia alters the cell walls by means of so-called heat shock proteins, cancer cells then react very much more effectively to the cytostatics and radiation. If hyperthermia is used conscientiously it has no serious side effects. However whole body hyperthermia or local hyperthermia has better results when associated with infusion therapies (like Vitamin C, mandelonitrile (B17), Oxygen) and can be combined with an insulin potentiation therapy as a way to administrate a low dose chemotherapy [dubious – discuss].[5]

Research in Russia has shown interesting results with extreme hyperthermia (body temperatures of 43.5 to 44 °C (110.3 to 111.2 °F)) where hyperthermia is used in cancer therapy, HIV therapy and Virus and Immune system illnesses. In a clinical trial, 30 patients received 4 extreme hyperthermia sessions within 70 days and 200 days later. All 30 patients showed less viruses (1,76 logs) and an increase in CAD4+ (45%), which is 20 times higher when compared with the HAART Therapy.[18]

History

The application of heat to treat certain conditions, including possible tumors, has a long history. Ancient Greeks, Romans, and Egyptians used heat to treat breast masses; this is still a recommended self-care treatment for breast engorgement. Medical practitioners in ancient India used regional and whole-body hyperthermia as treatments.[19]

During the 19th century, tumor shrinkage after a high fever due to infection had been reported in a small number of cases.[10] Typically, the reports documented the rare regression of a soft tissue sarcoma after erysipelas (an acute streptococcus bacterial infection of the skin; a different presentation of an infection by "flesh-eating bacteria") was noted. Efforts to deliberately recreate this effect led to the development of Coley's toxin.[19] A sustained high fever after induction of illness was considered critical to treatment success.[19] This treatment is generally considered both less effective than modern treatments and, when it includes live bacteria, inappropriately dangerous.

Around the same period Westermark used localized hyperthermia to produce tumor regression in patients.[20] Encouraging results were also reported by Warren when he treated patients with advanced cancer of various types with a combination of heat, induced with pyrogenic substance, and x-ray therapy. Out of 32 patients, 29 improved for 1 to 6 months.[21]

Properly controlled clinical trials on deliberately induced hyperthermia began in the 1970s.[10]

Future directions

External, localized hyperthermia treatments sensitize tumors to radiation and chemotherapy, making those treatments more effective. This device uses ultrasound technology to create heat at superficial and deep tumor sites.

Hyperthermia may be combined with gene therapy, particularly using the heat shock protein 70 promoter.[9]

Two major technological challenges make hyperthermia therapy complicated: the ability to achieve a uniform temperature in a tumor, and the ability to precisely monitor the temperatures of both the tumor and the surrounding tissue.[9] Advances in devices to deliver uniform levels of the precise amount of heat desired, and devices to measure the total dose of heat received, are hoped for.[9]

In locally advanced adenocarcinoma of middle and lower rectum, regional hyperthermia added to chemoradiotherapy achieved good results in terms of rate of sphincter sparing surgery.[22]

See also

References

  1. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from Dictionary of Cancer Terms. U.S. National Cancer Institute.: Hyperthermia therapy entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms
  2. ^ Hanusch KU, Janssen CH, Billheimer D, et al. (July 2013). "Whole-body hyperthermia for the treatment of major depression: associations with thermoregulatory cooling". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 170 (7): 802–4. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12111395. PMID 23820835.
  3. ^ Current Procedural Terminology 2012, America Medical Association. Page 392
  4. ^ a b c d e f Information from the U.S. National Cancer Institute
  5. ^ a b Wolf, Peter (2008). Innovations in biological cancer therapy, a guide for patients and their relatives. Hannover: Naturasanitas. pp. 31–3. ISBN 978-3-9812416-1-7.
  6. ^ "Hyperthermia in Cancer Treatment: A Primer". Medical Intelligence Unit. 2006. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-33441-7. ISBN 978-0-387-33440-0. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)[page needed]
  7. ^ Harrison LB, Chadha M, Hill RJ, Hu K, Shasha D (2002). "Impact of tumor hypoxia and anemia on radiation therapy outcomes". The Oncologist. 7 (6): 492–508. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.7-6-492. PMID 12490737.
  8. ^ a b Colombo R, Salonia A, Leib Z, Pavone-Macaluso M, Engelstein D (March 2011). "Long-term outcomes of a randomized controlled trial comparing thermochemotherapy with mitomycin-C alone as adjuvant treatment for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC)". BJU International. 107 (6): 912–8. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09654.x. PMID 21029314.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Carolyn Freeman; Halperin, Edward C.; Brady, Luther W.; David E. Wazer (2008). Perez and Brady's Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 637–644. ISBN 0-7817-6369-X.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Dollinger, Malin (2008). Everyone's Guide to Cancer Therapy; Revised 5th Edition: How Cancer Is Diagnosed, Treated, and Managed Day to Day. Kansas City, MO: Andrews McMeel Publishing. pp. 98–100. ISBN 0-7407-6857-3.
  11. ^ a b c d Mallory M, Gogineni E, Jones GC, Greer L, Simone CB 2nd (August 2015). "Therapeutic hyperthermia: The old, the new, and the upcoming". Crit Reviews Oncol Hematol. S1040-8428 (15): 30018–4. doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.08.003. PMID 26315383.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/02656736.2014.988661
  13. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4289522/
  14. ^ http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0219519415500888
  15. ^ Maeta M, Koga S, Wada J, et al. (March 1987). "Clinical evaluation of total-body hyperthermia combined with anticancer chemotherapy for far-advanced miscellaneous cancer in Japan". Cancer. 59 (6): 1101–6. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19870315)59:6<1101::AID-CNCR2820590610>3.0.CO;2-G. PMID 3815283.
  16. ^ Lou C, Xing D (2010). "Temperature monitoring utilising thermoacoustic signals during pulsed microwave thermotherapy: a feasibility study". International Journal of Hyperthermia. 26 (4): 338–46. doi:10.3109/02656731003592035. PMID 20345268.
  17. ^ Vernon CC, Hand JW, Field SB, et al. (July 1996). "Radiotherapy with or without hyperthermia in the treatment of superficial localized breast cancer: results from five randomized controlled trials. International Collaborative Hyperthermia Group". International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 35 (4): 731–44. doi:10.1016/0360-3016(96)00154-X. PMID 8690639.
  18. ^ Suvernev, Alexei; Ivanov, Georgia. "Extremganzkörperhyperthermie in der Onkologie und Immunologie - Potentiale und Perspektiven". Die Naturheilkunde. 88: 38–9. ISSN 1613-3943.
  19. ^ a b c Gian F. Baronzio (2006). "Introduction". Hyperthermia In Cancer Treatment: A Primer. Medical Intelligence Unit. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 0-387-33440-8.[page needed]
  20. ^ Westermark F (1898). "Uber die Behandlung des Ulcerirended Cervixcarcinoms. Mittel Konstanter Warme". Zbl Gynakol. 22: 1335.
  21. ^ Warren SL (1935). "Preliminary study of the effect of artificial fever upon hopeless tumor cases". Am J Roentgenol. 33: 75.
  22. ^ Maluta S, Romano M, Dall'oglio S, et al. (2010). "Regional hyperthermia added to intensified preoperative chemo-radiation in locally advanced adenocarcinoma of middle and lower rectum". International Journal of Hyperthermia. 26 (2): 108–17. doi:10.3109/02656730903333958. PMID 20146565.

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