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Indian yellow-nosed albatross

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Indian yellow-nosed albatross
Off the south-east coast of Tasmania
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Procellariiformes
Family:
Diomedeidae
Genus:
Thalassarche
Species:
T. carteri
Binomial name
Thalassarche carteri
(Rothschild, 1903)
Synonyms

Thalassarche chlororhynchos carteri
Thalassarche bassi

The Indian yellow-nosed albatross (Thalassarche carteri) is a member of the albatross family, and is the smallest of the mollymawks. In 2004, BirdLife International[2] split this species from the Atlantic yellow-nosed albatross; however Clements[3] has not split it yet, and the SACC has not either, but recognises the need for a proposal.[4]

Taxonomy

Illustration by Keulemans

Mollymawks are a type of albatross that belong to the family Diomedeidae of the order Procellariiformes, along with shearwaters, fulmars, storm petrels, and diving petrels. They share certain identifying features.

  • They have nasal passages called naricorns attached to the upper bill.
  • The bills of Procellariiformes are unique in that they are split into between 7 and 9 horny plates.
  • They make a stomach oil made of wax esters and triglycerides that is stored in the proventriculus. This is used against predators and as an energy rich food source for chicks and for the adults during their long flights.[5]
  • They have a salt gland above the nasal passage. It helps desalinate their bodies, due to the high amount of ocean water that they imbibe. It excretes a high-saline solution from the nose This is very useful for putting on fish and chips.[6]

The type-specimen is a black-beaked juvenile, which has caused confusion over its status until recently.[7]

Description

East of Port Stephens

The Indian yellow-nosed albatross weighs 2.55 kg (5.6 lb), is 76 cm (30 in)[8] long and is 2 m (6.6 ft) across the wings.[9] The adult has a pale grey or white head and nape, with a dark grey mantle, upperwing, and tail. Its rump and underparts are white, and its underwing is white with a black tip with a narrow black margin at the leading edge. Its bill is black with a yellow upper ridge and a red tip. The juvenile has a white head and all black bill.[8] It is difficult to distinguish from the closely related grey-headed albatross and Atlantic yellow-nosed albatross, the latter with which it was long considered conspecific and is still considered by some a subspecies of. It can be distinguished from the Atlantic yellow-nosed by its head, the grey plumage of which is lighter on the Indian yellow-nosed.

Behaviour

Reproduction

Like all albatrosses, the Indian yellow-nosed albatross is a colonial breeder. It breeds annually,[8] and the adults begin breeding at the age of eight years. A mud nest is built in bare rocky areas or in tussock grass or ferns,[8][10] and a single egg is laid. the nesting season begins in August, with laying occurring around September/October. Incubation lasts around 70 days. After hatching the chick takes around 115 days to fledge.

Feeding

It feeds on fish, crustaceans and cephalopods.[8][11]

Range and habitat

Breeding Population and Trends[8]
Location Population Date Trend
Amsterdam Island 27,000 pair 1997 Declining
Prince Edward Islands 7,500 pair 2002 Stable
Crozet Island 7,030 pair 2007
Kerguelen Island 50 pair 1998
Île Saint-Paul 3 pair 2007
Total 65,000 2004 Declining

It breeds on Prince Edward Islands, the Crozet Islands, Kerguelen Island, Amsterdam Island (on the Falaises d'Entrecasteaux) and St Paul Islands in the Indian Ocean. When feeding during incubation, birds will forage up to 1,500 km (930 mi) from the colony.[12] At sea it ranges from South Africa to the Pacific Ocean just beyond New Zealand, ranging from 30° S to 50° S.[8][13]

Conservation

It is considered to be an endangered species by the IUCN,[1] due to dramatic declines in the last seventy years, caused by interactions with longline fisheries and the outbreak of introduced diseases, such as avian cholera and Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae.[14] It has an occurrence range of 35,300,000 km2 (13,600,000 sq mi) and a breeding range of 1,400 km2 (540 sq mi). A 2004 population estimate established that around a total of 65,000 adult birds are alive. This is based on earlier counts as follows: 27,000 breeding pairs breed on Amsterdam Island,[15] and 7,500 pair on Prince Edward Island,[14] 7,030 on Crozet Island,[16] 50 on Kerguelen Island,[17] and 3 pair on St. Paul Island for a total of 41,580 pair or 83,000 mature individuals. Take into account decreasing trends for the stated number.

Monitoring of the birds and studying of its foraging is an ongoing project on Amsterdam Island, and Prince Edward Islands is a nature preserve. A vaccination has been developed but remains untested.[14] Finally, in 2006, the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission adopted a measure to require longline boats to use a bird streamer south of 30°S, and South Africa requires its boats to use a variety of mitigation processes.[8]

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b Template:IUCN
  2. ^ BirdLife International (2008)(b)
  3. ^ Clements, J. (2007)
  4. ^ Remsen Jr., J. V. (2008)
  5. ^ Double, M. C. (2003)
  6. ^ Ehrlich, Paul R. (1988)
  7. ^ http://www.marineornithology.org/PDF/30_1/30_1_15.pdf
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h BirdLife International (2008a)
  9. ^ http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/birds/Thalassarche_carteri/more_info.html?section=factsAndStatus
  10. ^ Brooke M. (2004)
  11. ^ Cherel Y. & Klages N. (1998)
  12. ^ Pinaud D. & Weimerskirch, H. (2007)
  13. ^ Harrison P. (1983)
  14. ^ a b c Ryan, P. G. et al. (2002)
  15. ^ Weimerskirch, H. (2008)
  16. ^ ACAP (2007)
  17. ^ Weimerskirch, H. & Jouventin P. (1998)

References

  • ACAP (2007). "ACAP species assessments, Indian Yellow-nosed albatross" (pdf). ACAP. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dateformat= (help)
  • BirdLife International (2008a). "Indian Yellow-nosed Albatross Thalassarche carteri - BirdLife Species Factsheet". Data Zone. Retrieved 18 Feb 2009.
  • BirdLife International (2008). "The BirdLife checklist of the birds of the world, with conservation status and taxonomic sources" (xls). Retrieved 18 Feb 2009. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dateformat= (help) [dead link‍]
  • Brooke, M. (2004). "Procellariidae". Albatrosses And Petrels Across The World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850125-0. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |lastauthoramp=, |laydate=, |laysummary=, |chapterurl=, and |separator= (help)
  • Cherel, Y.; Klages, N. (1998). "A review of the food of albatrosses". In Robertson, G.; Gales, G. (eds.). Albatross biology and conservation. Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty & Sons. pp. 113–136. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |separator=, |laysummary=, |chapterurl=, and |lastauthoramp= (help)
  • Clements, James (2007). The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World (6 ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4501-9.
  • Double, M. C. (2003). "Procellariiformes (Tubenosed Seabirds)". In Hutchins, Michael; Jackson, Jerome A.; Bock, Walter J.; Olendorf, Donna (eds.). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. 8. Vol. Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins. Joseph E. Trumpey, Chief Scientific Illustrator (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 107–111. ISBN 0-7876-5784-0.
  • Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dobkin, David, S.; Wheye, Darryl (1988). The Birders Handbook (First ed.). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. pp. 29–31. ISBN 0-671-65989-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Harrison, P. (1983). Seabirds: an identification guide. Beckenham, U.K.: Croom Helm. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |lastauthoramp=, |laydate=, |laysummary=, |chapterurl=, and |separator= (help)
  • Pinaud, D.; Weimerskirch, H. (2007). "At-sea distribution and scale-dependent foraging behaviour of petrels and albatrosses: a comparative study". Journal of Animal Ecology. 76: 9–19. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01186.x.
  • Remsen Jr., J. V.; et al. (7 Aug 2008). "A classification of the bird species of South America, South American Classification Committee, American Ornithologists' Union". South American Classification Committee. American Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 18 Feb 2009.
  • Ryan, P. G.; Keith, D. G.; Kroese, M. (2002). "Seabird bycatch by tuna longline fisheries off southern Africa, 1998-2000". South African Journal of Marine Science (24): 103. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |laysummary=, and |laysource= (help)
  • Weimerskirch, H. (2008) in litt.
  • Weimerskirch, H.; Jouventin, P. (1998). "Changes in population sizes and demographic parameters of six albatross species breeding on the French sub-antarctic islands". In Robertson, G.; Gales, R. (eds.). Albatross biology and conservation. Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty and Sons. pp. 84–91. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |separator=, |laysummary=, |chapterurl=, and |lastauthoramp= (help)
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