Jump to content

Salafi movement

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Thunderflash28 (talk | contribs) at 23:07, 27 October 2016. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Not to be confused with Salaf.

Part of a series on
Sunni Islam
Beliefs
Five Pillars
Rightly-Guided Caliphs
Sunni schools of law

Others

Sunni schools of theology

In terms of Ihsan:

Contemporary movements
Holy sites
Lists
Islam portal
Salafi Masjidh in Payyanur, India.

The Salafi movement or Salafist movement or Salafism is an ultra-conservative[1] reform[2] movement within Sunni Islam[3] that developed in Arabia in the first half of the 18th century, against a background of European colonialism. It advocated a return to the traditions of the "devout ancestors" (the salaf). Some scholars define this movement as Modernist Salafism.

Some 21st-century scholars have suggested there was a medieval form of Salafism, but there is no consensus on this. Generally scholars believe the Modernist form has been superseded since the mid-20th century by what is called Purist Salafism.

The Salafist doctrine can be summed up as taking "a fundamentalist approach to Islam, emulating the Prophet Muhammad and his earliest followers – al-salaf al-salih, the 'pious forefathers'."[4] "They reject religious innovation, or bid'ah, and support the implementation of sharia (Islamic law)."[4] The movement is often divided into three categories: the largest group are the purists (or quietists), who avoid politics; the second largest group are the activists, who get involved in politics; and the smallest group are jihadists, who form a small minority.[4]

The Salafi movement is often described as being synonymous with Wahhabism, but Salafists consider the term "Wahhabi" to be derogatory.[5] At other times, Salafism has been described as a hybrid of Wahhabism and other post-1960s movements.[6] Salafism has become associated with literalist, strict and puritanical approaches to Islam. Particularly in the West it is associated with Salafi jihadists, who espouse jihad as a legitimate expression of Islam against those they deem to be enemies of Islam.[7][page needed] Traditional Salafism concentrated in Saudi Arabia is opposed to the newer groups calling themselves people of Salafism, such as the Freemason Muslim Brotherhood concentrated in Egypt, whose leaders such as Sayyed Qutub call for revolutions and secularism in deep contrast with Saudi Arabia historically.Traditional Salafism concentrated in Saudi Arabia is opposed to the newer groups calling themselves people of Salafism, such as the Freemason Muslim Brotherhood concentrated in Egypt, whose leaders such as Sayyed Qutub call for revolutions and less religious reform in favor of secularism in deep contrast with Saudi Arabia historically who says such movements such as the Muslim Brotherhood are unstable and is even band now in Saudi Arabia.

In legal matters, Salafis are divided between those who, in the name of independent legal judgement (ijtihad), reject strict adherence (taqlid) to the four Sunni schools of law (madhahib), and others who remain faithful to these.[8]

Etymology

Salafism takes its name from the Arabic term salaf ("predecessors", "ancestors") used to identify the earliest Muslims, who, its adherents believe, provide the epitome of Islamic practice.[9] They consider a hadith that quotes Muhammad saying, "The people of my own generation are the best, then those who come after them, and then those of the next generation," as a call to Muslims to follow the example of those first three generations, known collectively as the salaf.[10] or "pious Predecessors" (السلف الصالح as-Salaf as-Ṣāliḥ). The salaf are believed to include Muhammad himself,[11] the "Companions" (Sahabah), the "Followers" (Tabi‘un), and the "Followers of the Followers" (Tabi‘ al-Tabi‘in). Records of early hadith are narrated in the Sahih al-Bukhari of `Abd Allah ibn `Umar (a companion of Muhammad).[12][13]

Since the fifth Muslim generation or earlier, Sunni theologians have used the examples of the Salaf to understand the texts and tenets of Islam. At times they have referred to the hadith to differentiate the creed (Aqidah) of the first Muslims from subsequent variations in creed and methodology (see Madhab),[14] to oppose religious innovation (bid‘ah) and, conversely, to defend particular views and practices.[15][16]

Tenets

Part of a series on:
Salafi movement
Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque, Qatar
Theology and Influences
Founders and key figures
Notable universities
Related ideologies
Associated organizations

icon Politics portal

Islam portal

According to at least one scholar, "temporal proximity to the Prophet Muhammad is associated with the truest form of Islam" among many Sunni Muslims.[17]

Salafis view the Salaf as an eternal model for all succeeding Muslim generations in their beliefs, exegesis, method of worship, mannerisms, morality, piety and conduct: the Islam they practiced is seen as pure, unadulterated and, therefore, the ultimate authority for the interpretation of the Sunnah.[18]

Salafis believe that the Qur'an, the Hadith and the consensus (ijma) of approved scholarship (ulama), along with the understanding of the Salaf us-salih, are sufficient guidance for the individual Muslim. The Salafi da'wa is a methodology, but it is not a madh'hab in fiqh (jurisprudence) as is commonly misunderstood. Salafis may be influenced by the Maliki, Shafi'i, Hanbali or the Hanafi schools of Sunni fiqh.[19]

Salafis condemn certain common practices among Muslims such as polytheism (shirk) and tawassul of religious figures. In North African cultures for instance, historically there were practices to venerate the graves of Islamic prophets and saints, and to use amulets to seek protection.[citation needed]

Salafis place great emphasis on practicing actions in accordance with the known sunnah, not only in prayer but in every activity in daily life. For instance, many are careful always to use three fingers when eating,[20] to drink water in three pauses, and to hold it with the right hand while sitting.[21]

Views on Taqlid (scholarly authority)

In legal matters, Salafis are divided between those who, in the name of independent legal judgement (ijtihad), reject strict adherence (taqlid) to the four schools of law (madhahib) and others who remain faithful to these.[8][22] Salafi scholars from Saudi Arabia are generally bound by Hanbali fiqh and advocate following an Imam rather than having individuals try to interpret and understand scripture alone.[8][23]

But, other Salafi scholars believe that taqlid is unlawful. From their perspective, Muslims who follow a madhab without searching personally for direct evidence may be led astray.[24] The latter group of scholars include Rashid Rida,[25] al-Khajnadee, Muhammad Abduh,[26] Saleem al-Hilali and Nasir al-Din al-Albani.[27]

At the far end of the spectrum of belief, some Salafis hold that adhering to taqlid is an act of polytheism.[28]

Opposition to the use of kalam

Modern-day proponents of the Athari school of theology largely come from the Salafi (or Wahhabi) movement; they uphold the athari works of Ibn Taymiyyah.[29] For followers of the Salafi movement, the "clear" (i.e. zahir, apparent, exoteric or literal) meaning of the Qur'an, and especially the prophetic traditions, has sole authority in matters of belief. They believe that to engage in rational disputation (kalam), even if one arrives at the truth, is absolutely forbidden.[30]

Atharis engage in an amodal reading of the Qur'an, as opposed to one engaged in Ta'wil (metaphorical interpretation). They do not attempt to conceptualize the meanings of the Qur'an rationally, and believe that the "real" modality should be consigned to God alone (tafwid).[31] In essence, they accept the meaning without asking "how" or Bi-la kaifa. Salafi scholars strongly oppose the practice of kalam, dialectics, or speculative philosophy in theology. They believed that these practices are heretical innovations in Islam which oppose the fundamental aspiration to follow the original methodology of the Salaf us-Saliheen with regards to Aqidah.

Statements of early Imams of the early Muslims support this view. For instance, Abū Ḥanīfa prohibited his students from engaging in kalam, stating that those who practice it are of the "regressing ones".[32] Malik ibn Anas referred to kalam in the Islamic religion as being "detested",[33] and said whoever "seeks the religion through kalam will deviate".[34] In addition, Shafi'i said that no knowledge of Islam can be gained from books of kalam, as kalam "is not from knowledge."[35][36] In addition, he said that "It is better for a man to spend his whole life doing whatever Allah has prohibited – besides shirk with Allah – rather than spending his whole life involved in kalam."[37] Ahmad ibn Hanbal also spoke strongly against kalam, saying that no-one looks into kalam unless there is "corruption in his heart."[38] He prohibited followers to sit with people practicing kalam, even if the latter were defending the Sunnah.[39] He instructed his students to warn against any person they saw practicing kalam.[40]

History

Historians and academics date the emergence of Salafism to late 19th-century Egypt.[41][42][43][44] Salafis believe that the label "Salafiyya" existed from the first few generations of Islam and that it is not a modern movement.[43] Salafis claim that historic figures such as Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Ibn Taymiyyah and Ibn al-Qayyim belonged to their movement.[citation needed]

Early examples of usage of the term

  • The term salafi has been used by 21st-century scholars to refer to the theological positions of particular scholars. Abo al-Hasan Ali ibn Umar al-Daraqutuni (d. 995 C.E., 385 A.H.) was described by al-Dhahabi as: "Never having entered into rhetoric or polemics, instead he was salafi."[45]
  • Also, al-Dhahabi described Ibn al-Salah, a prominent 12th-century hadith specialist, as: "Firm in his religiosity, salafi in his generality and correct in his denomination. [He] refrained from falling into common pitfalls, believed in Allah and in what Allah has informed us of from His names and description."[46]
  • In Tadhkirat al-huffaz, al-Dhahabi said of Ibn al-Salah: "I say: He was salafi, of sound creed, abstaining from the interpretations of the scholars of rhetoric, believing in what has been textually established, without recourse to unjustified interpretation or elaboration.[47]
  • In Tabsir al-Muntabih, Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani noted the ascription al-Salafi and named Abd al-Rahman ibn Abdillah ibn Ahmad Al-Sarkhasi al-Salafi as an example of its usage. Ibn Hajar also said: "And, likewise, the one ascribing to the salaf."[48]
  • Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani also used the term, salafi in describing imam Muhammad ibn al-Qaasim ibn Sufyan al-Misri al-Maliki (d. 966 C.E., 355 A.H.) He said that al-Malaiki was: "Salafi al-madh'hab – salafi in his school of thought."[49]
  • In the book Al-Ansaab by Abu Sa'd Abd al-Kareem as-Sama'ni, who died in the year 1166 (562 of the Islamic calendar), under the entry for the ascription al-Salafi, he mentions examples of people woh were so described in his time.[50] In commenting upon as-Sama'ni, Ibn al-Athir wrote: "And a group were known by this epithet."

Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab

Main article: Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab

Modern Salafists consider the 18th-century scholar Muhammed bin 'Abd al-Wahhab and many of his students to have been Salafis.[51] He started a revivalist movement in the remote, sparsely populated region of Najd.[52] He advocated purging practices such as the popular "cult of saints", and shrine and tomb visitation, which were widespread among Muslims. 'Abd al-Wahhab considered this practice to be idolatry, representative of impurities and inappropriate innovations in Islam.[19][53] He evangelized in areas in the Arabian Peninsula during the 18th century, calling for a return to the practices of the early Muslims. His works, especially Kitab at-Tawhid, are still widely read by Salafis around the world today. The majority of Salafi scholars still cite them frequently.[54]

Part of a series on
Islamism
Fundamentals
Ideologies
Islamic fundamentalism
Concepts
Influences
Movements
Scholastic

Political

Militant

Key texts
Heads of state
Key ideologues
Criticism of Islamism
Related topics

Islam portal

icon Politics portal

Some who have observed trends in the Salafist movement have divided Salafis into three groups – purists, activists, and jihadis.[55][56] Purists focus on education and missionary work to solidify the tawhid; activists focus on political reform and re-establishing a caliphate through the means of evolution, but not violence (sometimes called Salafist activism); and jihadists share similar political goals as the politicians, but engage in violent Jihad (sometimes called Salafi jihadism and/or Qutbism).[55]

Purists

"Purists" are Salafists who focus on non-violent da'wah (preaching of Islam), education, and "purification of religious beliefs and practices". They dismiss politics as "a diversion or even innovation that leads people away from Islam".[57]

They never oppose rulers. Madkhalism, as an example, is a strain of Salafists viewed as supportive of authoritarian regimes in the Middle East.[58][59][60] Taking its name from the controversial Saudi Arabian cleric Rabee al-Madkhali, the movement lost its support in Saudi Arabia proper when several members of the Permanent Committee (the country's clerical body) denounced Madkhali personally.[61] Influence of both the movement and its figureheads have waned so much within the Muslim world that analysts have declared it to be a largely European phenomenon.[61]

Activists

Activists are another strain of the global Salafi movement, but different from the Salafi jihadists in that they eschew violence and different from Salafi purists in that they engage in modern political processes.[62] Due to numerical superiority, the movement has been referred to as the mainstream of the Salafist movement at times.[60] This trend, who some call "politicos", see politics as "yet another field in which the Salafi creed has to be applied" in order to safeguard justice and "guarantee that the political rule is based upon the Shari'a".[57] Al–Sahwa Al-Islamiyya (Islamic Awakening), as example, has been involved in peaceful political reform. Safar Al-Hawali and Salman al-Ouda are representatives of this trend. Because of being active on social media they have earned some support among more educated youth.[63][64]

It’s very simple. We want sharia. Sharia in economy, in politics, in judiciary, in our borders and our foreign relations.

— Mohammed Abdel-Rahman, the son of Omar Abdel-Rahman, Time magazine. October 8, 2012[65]

Salafi jihadists

Main article: Salafi jihadism

"Salafi Jihadism" was a term coined by Gilles Kepel[66][67] to describe those self-claiming Salafi groups who began developing an interest in (armed) jihad during the mid-1990s. Practitioners are often referred to as "Salafi jihadis" or "Salafi jihadists". Journalist Bruce Livesey estimates Salafi jihadists constitute less than 0.5 percent of the world's 1.9 billion Muslims (i.e., less than 10 million).[66]

Another definition of Salafi jihadism, offered by Mohammed M. Hafez, is an "extreme form of Sunni Islamism that rejects democracy and Shia rule." Hafez distinguished them from apolitical and conservative Salafi scholars (such as Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani, Muhammad ibn al Uthaymeen, Abd al-Aziz ibn Abd Allah ibn Baaz and Abdul-Azeez ibn Abdullaah Aal ash-Shaikh), but also from the sahwa movement associated with Salman al-Ouda or Safar Al-Hawali.[68]

An analysis of the Caucasus Emirate, a Salafi jihadist group, was made in 2014 by Darion Rhodes.[69] It analyzes the group's strict observance of tawhid and its rejection of shirk, taqlid, ijtihad and bid‘ah, while believing that jihad is the only way to advance the cause of Allah on the earth.[69]

Despite some similarities, the different contemporary self-proclaimed Salafist groups often strongly disapprove of one another and deny the other's Islamic character.[70]

Views on extremism

In recent years, Salafi methodology has come to be associated with the jihad of extremist groups that advocate the killing of innocent civilians. The Saudi scholar, Muhammad ibn al Uthaymeen considered suicide bombing to be unlawful[71][72] and the scholar Abdul Muhsin al-Abbad wrote a treatise entitled: According to which intellect and Religion is Suicide bombings and destruction considered Jihad?.[73] Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani stated that "History repeats itself. Everybody claims that the Prophet is their role model. Our Prophet spent the first half of his message making dawah, and he did not start it with jihad".[74]

Some Salafi scholars appear to support extremism and acts of violence. The Egyptian Salafi cleric Mahmoud Shaaban "appeared on a religious television channel calling for the deaths of main opposition figures Mohammed ElBaradei – a Nobel Peace Prize laureate – and former presidential candidate Hamdeen Sabahi."[75][76] The popular salafi preacher Zakir Naik speaking of Osama bin Laden, said that he would not criticise bin Laden because he had not met him and did not know him personally. He added that, "If bin Laden is fighting enemies of Islam, I am for him," and that "If he is terrorizing America – the terrorist, biggest terrorist – I am with him. Every Muslim should be a terrorist. The thing is that if he is terrorizing the terrorist, he is following Islam. Whether he is or not, I don’t know, but you as Muslims know that, without checking up, laying allegations is also wrong."[77]

Salafism is sponsored globally by Saudi Arabia and this ideology is used to justify the violent acts of Jihadi Salafi groups that include Al-Qaeda, ISIS, Boko Haram, and the Al-Shabaab.[78][79] In addition, Saudi Arabia prints textbooks for schools and universities to teach Salafism as well as recruit international students from Egypt, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Africa and the Balkans to help spreading Salafisim in their local communities.[78][79]

Some other Islamic groups, particularly some Sufis, have also complained about extremism among some Salafi. It has been noted that the Western association of Salafi ideology with violence stems from writings "through the prism of security studies" that were published in the late 20th century and that continue to persist.[80]

Regional groups and movements

Saudi Arabia (Wahhabism)

Main article: Wahhabism

Wahhabism is a more strict, Saudi form of Salafism,[81][82] according to Mark Durie, who states that Saudi leaders "are active and diligent" using their considerable financial resources "in funding and promoting Salafism all around the world."[83] Ahmad Moussalli tends to agree with the view that Wahhabism is a subset of Salafism, saying "As a rule, all Wahhabis are salafists, but not all salafists are Wahhabis".[84]

However, many scholars and critics distinguish between the old form of Saudi Salafism (termed as Wahhabism) and the new Salafism in Saudi Arabia. Stéphane Lacroix, a fellow and lecturer at Sciences Po in Paris, also affirmed a distinction between the two: "As opposed to Wahhabism, Salafism refers […] to all the hybridations that have taken place since the 1960s between the teachings of Muhammad bin ‘Abd al-Wahhab and other Islamic schools of thought". Hamid Algar and Khaled Abou El Fadl believe, during the 1960s and 70s, Wahhabism rebranded itself as Salafism knowing it could not "spread in the modern Muslim world" as Wahhabism.[85][86]

Its largesse funded an estimated "90% of the expenses of the entire faith", throughout the Muslim World, according to journalist Dawood al-Shirian.[87] It extended to young and old, from children's madrasas to high-level scholarship.[88] "Books, scholarships, fellowships, mosques" (for example, "more than 1,500 mosques were built from Saudi public funds over the last 50 years") were paid for.[89] It rewarded journalists and academics, who followed it and built satellite campuses around Egypt for Al Azhar, the oldest and most influential Islamic university.[90] Yahya Birt counts spending on "1,500 mosques, 210 Islamic centres and dozens of Muslim academies and schools" [91] at a cost of around $2–3bn annually since 1975.[92] To put the number into perspective, the propaganda budget of the Soviet Union was about $1bn per annum.[92]

This spending has done much to overwhelm less strict local interpretations of Islam, according to observers like Dawood al-Shirian and Lee Kuan Yew,[87] and has caused the Saudi interpretation (sometimes called "petro-Islam"[93]) to be perceived as the correct interpretation – or the "gold standard" of Islam – in many Muslims' minds.[94][95]

Salafis are often called Wahhabis, which they consider to be a derogatory term.[96][97][98]

Indian subcontinent (Ahl-i Hadith movement)

Main article: Ahl-i Hadith

Ahl-i Hadith is a religious movement that emerged in Northern India in the mid-nineteenth century.[99] Adherents of Ahl-i-Hadith regard the Quran, sunnah, and hadith as the sole sources of religious authority and oppose everything introduced in Islam after the earliest times.[100] In particular, they reject taqlid (following legal precedent) and favor ijtihad (independent legal reasoning) based on the scriptures.[99] The movement's followers call themselves Salafi, while others refer to them as Wahhabi,[101] or consider them a variation on the Wahhabi movement.[102][103] In recent decades the movement has expanded its presence in Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan.[99][100]

Syed Nazeer Husain from Delhi and Siddiq Hasan Khan of Bhopal are regarded as the founder of the movement. Folk Islam and Sufism, commonly popular with the poor and working class in the region, are anathema to Ahl-i Hadith beliefs and practices. This attitude toward Sufism has brought the movement into conflict with the rival Barelvi movement even more so than the Barelvis' rivals, the Deobandis.[104] Ahl-i Hadith followers identify with the Zahiri madhhab.[105] The movement draws both inspiration and financial support from Saudi Arabia.[106][107]

Egypt

There are 5 to 6 million Salafis in Egypt.[108] Salafis in Egypt are not united under a single banner or unified leadership. The main Salafi trends in Egypt are Al-Sunna Al-Muhammadeyya Society, The Salafist Calling, al-Madkhaliyya Salafism, Activist Salafism, and al-Gam’eyya Al-Shar’eyya.[109] Since 2015 the Egyptian government has banned books associated with the Salafi movement.[110]

Al-Sunna Al-Muhammadeyya Society, also known as Ansar Al-Sunna, was founded in 1926 by Sheikh Mohamed Hamed El-Fiqi (d.), a 1916 graduate of Al-Azhar and a student of the famed Muslim reformer Muhammed Abduh. It is considered the main Salafi group in Egypt. El-Fiqi’s ideas were resentful of Sufism. But unlike Muhammed Abduh, Ansar Al-Sunna follows the tawhid as preached by Ibn Taymiyyah.[109]

Salafist Call is another influential Salafist organisation. It is the outcome of student activism during the 1970s. While many of the activists joined the Muslim Brotherhood, a faction led by Mohammad Ismail al-Muqaddim, influenced by Salafists of Saudi Arabia established the Salafist Calling between 1972 and 1977.[111]

Salafist Call created the Al-Nour Party after the 2011 Egyptian Revolution. It has an ultra-conservative Islamist ideology, which believes in implementing strict Sharia law.[112] In the 2011–12 Egypt parliamentary elections, the Islamist Bloc led by Al‑Nour party received 7,534,266 votes out of a total 27,065,135 correct votes (28%). The Islamist Bloc gained 127 of the 498 parliamentary seats contested,[113] second-place after the Muslim Brotherhood's Freedom and Justice Party. Al‑Nour Party itself won 111 of the 127 seats. From January 2013 the party gradually distanced itself from Mohammad Morsi's Brotherhood government, and came to join the opposition in the July 2013 coup which ousted Morsi.[114] A lawsuit against the party was dismissed on 22 September 2014 because the court indicated it had no jurisdiction.[115] A case on the dissolution of the party was adjourned until 17 January 2015.[116] Another court case that was brought forth to dissolve the party[117] was dismissed after the Alexandria Urgent Matters Court ruled on 26 November 2014 that it lacked jurisdiction.[118]

According to Ammar Ali Hassan of al-Ahram, while Salafis and the Muslim Brotherhood agree on many issues such as the need to "Islamize" society and restricting private property rights by legally requiring all Muslims to give alms, the former has nevertheless rejected the flexibility of the latter on the issue of whether women and Christians should be entitled to serve in high office, as well as its relatively tolerant attitude towards Shia Iran.[119]

France

In France, in 2015 police say that salafism is represented in 90 out of 2500 investigated religious communities, which is double the number compared to five years earlier.[120]

Germany

Salafism is a growing movement in Germany and estimates by German security police show that it grew from 3800 members in 2011 to 7500 members in 2015.[121] In Germany, most of the recruitment to the movement is done on the Internet and also on the streets,[121] a propaganda drive which mostly attracts youth.[121] There are two ideological camps, one advocates political salafism and directs its recruitment efforts towards non-Muslims and non-salafist Muslims to gain influence in society.[121] The other and minority movement, the jihadist salafism, advocates gaining influence by the use of violence and nearly all identified terrorist cells in Germany came from salafist circles.[121]
In 2015, Sigmar Gabriel, Vice-Chancellor of Germany, spoke out, saying "We need Saudi Arabia to solve the regional conflicts, but we must at the same time make clear that the time to look away is past. Wahhabi mosques are financed all over the world by Saudi Arabia. In Germany, many dangerous Islamists come from these communities."[122]

China

Main article: Sailaifengye

Salafism is opposed by a number of Hui Muslims Sects in China such as by the Gedimu, Sufi Khafiya and Jahriyya, to the extent that even the fundamentalist Yihewani (Ikhwan) Chinese sect, founded by Ma Wanfu after Salafi inspiration, condemned Ma Debao and Ma Zhengqing as heretics when they attempted to introduce Salafism as the main form of Islam. Ma Debao established a Salafi school, called the Sailaifengye (Salafi), in Lanzhou and Linxia. It is completely separate from other Muslim sects in China.[123] Muslim Hui avoid Salafis, even if they are family members.[124] The number of Salafis in China are not included on percentage lists of Muslim sects in China.[125] The Kuomintang Sufi Muslim General Ma Bufang, who backed the Yihewani (Ikhwan) Muslims, persecuted the Salafis and forced them into hiding. They were not allowed to move or worship openly. The Yihewani had become secular and Chinese nationalists; they considered the Salafiyya to be "heterodox" (xie jiao) and people who followed foreigners' teachings (waidao). After the Communists took power, Salafis were allowed to worship openly again.[126]

Vietnam

An attempt at Salafist expansion among the Muslim Chams in Vietnam has been halted by Vietnamese government controls, however, the loss of the Salafis among Chams has been to be benefit of Tablighi Jamaat.[127]

Sweden

Representatives from the mosque in Gävle are promoting this variant of Islam, which in Sweden is considered extreme. According to researcher Aje Carlbom at Malmö University. The organisation behind the missionary work is Swedish United Dawah Center, abbreviated SUDC.[128] SUDC is characterised as a salafist group by a researcher of religious history at Stockholm University and it has many links to British Muslim Abdur Raheem Green.[128] According to professor Mohammed Fazlhashemi, salafists are opposed to rational theology and hate shia Muslims above all.[128] Further Fazlhashemi states that salafism requires women to be relegated to second class citizens as they would be forbidden from leaving the home without a male companion as well as being excluded from education and the workplace.[128] Three Muslim community organisations in Malmö invited reportedly antisemitic and homophobic salafist lecturers such as Salman al-Ouda. One of the organisations, Alhambra which is a student society Malmö University, was reported to have been taken over by salafists in 2016.[129][undue weight? – discuss].

Statistics

Worldwide there are roughly 50 million Salafists,[130] including roughly 20 to 30 million Salafis in India,[131] 5 to 6 million Salafis in Egypt,[108] 27.5 million Salafis in Bangladesh[citation needed] and 1.6 million Salafis in Sudan.[132] Salafi communities are smaller elsewhere, including roughly 10,000 in Tunisia, 17,000 in Morocco, 7,000 in Jordan, 17,000 in France and 5,000 in Germany.[133]

It is often reported from various sources, including the German domestic intelligence service (Bundesnachrichtendienst), that Salafism is the fastest-growing Islamic movement in the world.[134][135][136][137]

Other usage

Modernist Salafism

Part of a series on
Aqidah
Silhouette of a mosque
Sunni
Six Articles of Iman
Five Pillars of Islam
Schools of theology
Shi'a
Basic Tenets of Faith
Theology of the Twelvers4, 5
Theology of the Ismailis6
Theology of the Zaydis
Muhakkima
Theology of the Ibadis
Other variants

Including:

Islam portal
Main article: Islamic modernism

As opposed to the traditionalist Salafism discussed throughout this article, academics and historians have used the term "Salafism" to denote modernists, "a school of thought which surfaced in the second half of the 19th century as a reaction to the spread of European ideas" and "sought to expose the roots of modernity within Muslim civilization."[138][139] They are also known as Modernist Salafis.[140][141][142][143] However contemporary Salafis follow "literal, traditional […] injunctions of the sacred texts", looking to Ibn Taymiyyah rather than the "somewhat freewheeling interpretation" of 19th-century figures Muhammad Abduh, Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, and Rashid Rida.[144][145]

The origins of contemporary Salafism in the modernist "Salafi Movement" of Jamal al-Din al-Afghani and Muhammad Abduh is noted by some,[146][147] while others say Islamic Modernism only influenced contemporary Salafism.[148][149] However, the former notion has been rejected by majority.[150][151][152][153][154] According to Quintan Wiktorowicz:

There has been some confusion in recent years because both the Islamic modernists and the contemporary Salafis refer (referred) to themselves as al-salafiyya, leading some observers to erroneously conclude a common ideological lineage. The earlier salafiyya (modernists), however, were predominantly rationalist Asharis.[55]

Inspired by Islamic modernists, groups like Muslim Brotherhood, Jamaat-e-Islami etc. are called Salafis in this context.[155] Muslim Brotherhood include the term salafi in the "About Us" section of its website.[156]

In this context "in terms of their respective formation, Wahhabism and Salafism were quite distinct. Wahhabism was a pared-down Islam that rejected modern influences, while Salafism sought to reconcile Islam with modernism. What they had in common is that both rejected traditional teachings on Islam in favor of direct, ‘fundamentalist’ reinterpretation. Although Salafism and Wahhabism began as two distinct movements, Faisal's embrace of Salafi (Muslim Brotherhood) pan-Islamism resulted in cross-pollination between ibn Abd al-Wahhab’s teachings on tawhid, shirk and bid‘ah and Salafi interpretations of ahadith (the sayings of Muhammad). Some Salafis nominated ibn Abd al-Wahhab as one of the Salaf (retrospectively bringing Wahhabism into the fold of Salafism), and the Muwahideen began calling themselves Salafis."[157]

In the broadest sense

In a broad sense, Salafi (follower of Salaf) means any reform movement that calls for resurrection of Islam by going back to its origin. In line with Wahhabism, Muslim Brotherhood,[158] reformism of Muhammad Abduh, Muhammad Iqbal[152] and even the Islamism of Taliban is totally irrelevant when Salafism is considered. [clarification needed]

Criticism

Scholars from Al-Azhar University of Cairo produced a work of religious opinions entitled al-Radd (The Response) to refute the views of the Salafi movement.[159] Al-Radd singles out numerous Salafi aberrations – in terms of ritual prayer alone it targets for criticism the following Salafi claims:[160]

  • The claim that it is prohibited to recite God's name during the minor ablution [Fatwa 50]
  • The claim that it is obligatory for men and women to perform the major ablution on Friday [Fatwa 63]
  • The claim that it is prohibited to own a dog for reasons other than hunting [Fatwa 134]
  • The claim that it is prohibited to use alcohol for perfumes [Fatwa 85].

One of the authors of al-Radd, the Professor of Law Anas Abu Shady states that, "they [the Salafis] want to be everything to everyone. They're interested not only in the evident (al-zahir), although most of their law goes back to the Muhalla [of the Ẓāhirī scholar Ibn Hazm], but they also are convinced that they alone understand the hidden (al-batin)!"[161]

The Syrian scholar Mohamed Said Ramadan Al-Bouti wrote a number of works refuting Salafism including Al-La Madhhabiyya (Abandoning the Madhhabs) is the most dangerous Bid‘ah Threatening the Islamic Shari'a (Damascus: Dar al-Farabi 2010) and Al-Salafiyya was a blessed epoch, not a school of thought (Damascus: Dar al-Fikr, 1990).[159] The latter is perhaps the most famous refutation of Salafism in the twentieth century.[162]

Numerous academic rebuttals of Salafism have been produced in the English language by Khaled Abou El Fadl of the UCLA School of Law, Timothy Winter of Cambridge University and G.F. Haddad.[159] El Fadl argues that fanatical groups such as al-Qaeda "derive their theological premises from the intolerant Puritanism of the Wahhabi and Salafi creeds".[163] He also suggests that the extreme intolerance and even endorsement of terrorism manifest in Wahhabism and Salafism represents a deviation from Muslim historical traditions.[163] El-Fadl also argues that the Salafi methodology "drifted into stifling apologetics" by the mid-20th century, a reaction against "anxiety" to "render Islam compatible with modernity," by its leaders earlier in the century.[164]

According to the As-Sunnah Foundation of America, the Salafi and Wahhabi movements are strongly opposed by a long list of Sunni scholars.[clarification needed (like whom?)] [165] The Saudi government has been criticised for damaging Islamic heritage of thousands of years in Saudi Arabia. For example, there has been some controversy that the expansion projects of the mosque and Mecca itself are causing harm to early Islamic heritage. Many ancient buildings, some more than a thousand years old, have been demolished to make room not only for the expansion of the Masjid al-Haram, but for new malls and hotels.[166][167][168][169][170] Though some Salafis who attended a lecture by the The City Circle in the UK, were equally as opposed to it as other Muslims.[171] The Salafi movement has been linked by Marc Sageman to some terrorist groups around the world, like Al-Qaeda.[172]

German government's statement on Salafism

German government officials[173] have stated that Salafism has a strong link to terrorism but have clarified that not all Salafists are terrorists. The statements by German government officials criticizing Salafism were televised by Deutsche Welle during April 2012.[174][175]

Prominent Salafis

See also

References

  1. ^ Naylor, Phillip (15 January 2015). North Africa Revised. University of Texas Press. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
  2. ^ Esposito, John (2004). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 275. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
  3. ^ Bernard Haykel (2009). "Salafī Groups". In John L. Esposito (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ a b c "Salafism: Politics and the puritanical". The Economist. 27 June 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  5. ^ For example, the Ahl-i Hadith which "have been active since the nineteenth century on the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan ... though designated as Wahhabis by their adversaries ... prefer to call themselves 'Salafis.'" (from The Failure of Political Islam, by Olivier Roy, translated by Carol Volk, Harvard University Press, 1994, pp. 118–19)
  6. ^ a b Stephane Lacroix, "Al-Albani's Revolutionary Approach to Hadith". Leiden University's ISIM Review, Spring 2008, #21
  7. ^ Abdul-Haqq Baker, Extremists in Our Midst: Confronting Terror, Palgrave Macmillan, 2011,
  8. ^ a b c Al-Yaqoubi, Muhammad (2015). Refuting ISIS: A Rebuttal Of Its Religious And Ideological Foundations. Sacred Knowledge. p. xiii. ISBN 978-1908224125. {{cite book}}: Check |first= value (help)
  9. ^ Ghazali And The Poetics Of Imagination, by Ebrahim Moosa ISBN 0-8078-5612-6, p. 21
  10. ^ Lacey, Robert (2009). Inside the Kingdom, Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia. New York: Viking. p. 9.
  11. ^ "What ISIS really wants", The Atlantic, February 2015
  12. ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, 8:76:437
  13. ^ "Why the Word Salafee?". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 4 March 2008. Retrieved 18 April 2010.
  14. ^ Shaikh Saleh al-Fawzan (24 May 2004). "أعزاءنا زوار وأعضاء الساحة العربية، ("Salafiyyah is not a sect amongst sects")". alasha.com. Retrieved 19 May 2013.[dead link‍]
  15. ^ "The way of the Sufis is the way of the Salaf, the Scholars among the Sahaba, Tabi’in and Tabi’ at-Tabi’in. Its origin is to worship Allah and to leave the ornaments of this world and its pleasures." (Ibn Khaldun (733–808 H/1332–1406 CE) Muqaddimat ibn Khaldan, p. 328, quoted in PAHARY SHEIK MOHAMMAD YASSER, SUFISM: ORIGIN, DEVELOPMENT AND EMERGENCE OF SUFI ORDERS, retrieved March 2012
  16. ^ Aydin Der Unterschied zwischen salafīya und as salaf as s ā lih, Wien 2009, retrieved March 2012
  17. ^ Haykel, Bernard (2009). "Chapter 1: On the Nature of Salafi Thought and Action". In Meijer, Roel (ed.). Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement. Columbia University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-231-15420-8.
  18. ^ Sharh Usool, "I'tiqaad Ahl as-Sunnah wal-Jama'ah, al-Laalika'ee, tahqeeq of Nash'at Kamaal Misree," 1/7-9
  19. ^ a b GlobalSecurity.org "Salafi Islam", Global Security website
  20. ^ Shaykh al-Albaani (10 October 2014). "Islamic Knowledge – Islam, Sunnah, Salafiyyah. Eating with Three Fingers". abdurrahman.org. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
  21. ^ Roy, Olivier. Globalized Islam: The Search for a New Ummah. Columbia University Press. p. 266. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
  22. ^ The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, p. 484
  23. ^ Stephane Lacroix; George Holoch (2011). Awakening Islam. Harvard University Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-674-04964-2.
  24. ^ Miriam Cooke, Bruce B. Lawrence, Muslim Networks from Hajj to Hip Hop, p. 213
  25. ^ "Thus he [Rida] opposed Taqlid and called for and practiced absolute ijtihad." Clinton Bennett, The Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies, p. 174. See also, Richard Gauvain, Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God, Introduction, p. 9
  26. ^ "Abduh's statement of purpose was: To liberate thought from the shackles of Taqlid and understand religion as it was understood by the Salaf." Bennett, The Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies, p. 168.
  27. ^ "From there he [Albani] learned to oppose taqlid in a madhab." Bennett, The Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies, p. 174. "Al-Albani had denounced Wahhabi attachment to the Hanbali school." Stephane Lacroix, George Holoch, Awakening Islam, p. 85
  28. ^ "For many Salafis, both modernist and conservative, "worship" of created beings includes practicing taqlid within a madhab of fiqh." Bennett, The Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies, p. 165
  29. ^ Halverson, Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam, 2010: 38–48
  30. ^ Halverson, Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam, 2010: 36
  31. ^ Halverson, Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam, 2010: 36–7
  32. ^ al-Makkee, Manaaqib Abee Haneefah, pp. 183–84
  33. ^ Dhammul-Kalaam (B/194)
  34. ^ Dhammul-Kalaam (Q/173/A)
  35. ^ Dhammul-Kalaam (Q/213)
  36. ^ Dhahabi, as-Siyar (10/30)
  37. ^ Ibn Abi Hatim, Manaaqibush-Shaafi'ee, p. 182
  38. ^ Jaami' Bayaanul-'Ilm wa Fadlihi (2/95)
  39. ^ Manaqib al-Imam Ahmad (or Manaaqibul-Imaam Ahmad), by Abu'l-Faraj ibn al-Jawzi, p. 205.
  40. ^ Ibn Battah, al-Ibaanah (2/540)
  41. ^ Mahmood, Saba (23 October 2011). Politics of Piety: The Islamic Revival and the Feminist Subject. Princeton University Press. p. 61. ISBN 0691149801. The Salafi movement emerged at the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth
  42. ^ Esposito, John L.; Shahin, Emad El-Din (1 November 2013). The Oxford Handbook of Islam and Politics. OUP USA. p. 38. ISBN 9780195395891.
  43. ^ a b Curtis, Edward E. (1 January 2010). Encyclopedia of Muslim-American History. Infobase Publishing. p. 499. ISBN 9781438130408.
  44. ^ Campo, Juan Eduardo (1 January 2009). Encyclopedia of Islam. Infobase Publishing. p. 601. ISBN 9781438126968.
  45. ^ Siyar 'Alam al-Nubula, by al-Dhahbi, vol. 16, p. 457, no. 332, Mua'ssash al-Risalah, Beirut, 11th edition, 2001.
  46. ^ Siyar 'Alam al-Nubala, vol. 23, pp. 142–43, by al-Dhahabi, Muassah al-Risalah, Beirut, 11th Edition, 2001.
  47. ^ Tadhkirah al-huffaz, vol. 4, p. 1431, Da'irah al-Ma'arif al-'Uthmaniyyah, India.
  48. ^ Tabsir al-Muntabih Bitahrir al-Mushtabih, vol. 2, p. 738, published by: Al-Mu'assasah al-Misriyyah al-'Ammah Lil-Talif wa Al-Anba' wa al-Nashr, edited by: Ali al-Bajawi, no additional information.
  49. ^ Lisan al-Mizan, by Ibn Hajar, vol. 5, p. 348, no. 1143, Dar al-Kitab al-Islami, no additional information; it is apparently a reprint of the original Indian edition. The quoted segment of Ibn Hajar's biography for al-Misri originated from Ibn Hajar, as this was not included in al-Dhahabi's biography of the same individual (who is named 'ibn Sha'ban' instead of ibn Sufyan).
  50. ^ Al-Ansab, by Abu Sa'd Abd al-Kareem Al-Sama'ni, vol. 7, p. 168, photocopied from the Da'iah Al-Ma'arif Al-Uthmaniyah edition by the Al-Faruq publishing company of Egypt, no date provided. The verifier said there were no names given in any of the manuscript copies of the book; he obtained them by means of cross referencing.
  51. ^ "The Principles of Salafiyyah". Salafipublications.com. Retrieved 18 April 2010.
  52. ^ Commins, David (2006). The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia. I.B.Tauris. p. 7. ISBN 9780857731357. The Wahhabi religious reform movement arose in Najd, the vast, thinly populated heart of Central Arabia.
  53. ^ Esposito 2003, p. 333
  54. ^ Shaikh Muhammad Ibn Abdul-Wahhab: His Salafi Creed, Reformist Movement and Scholars' Praise of Him, 4th ed. by Judge Ahmad Ibn 'Hajar Ibn Muhammad al-Butami al-Bin Ali, Ad-Dar as-Salafiyyah, Kuwait, 1983, pp. 108–64
  55. ^ a b c Anatomy of the Salafi Movement by QUINTAN WIKTOROWICZ, Washington, D.C.
  56. ^ Natana J. DeLong-Bas, in Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad,
  57. ^ a b Whatever Happened to the Islamists? edited by Olivier Roy and Amel Boubekeur, Columbia University Press, 2012
  58. ^ Richard Gauvain, Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God, p. 41. New York: Routledge, 2013.
  59. ^ a b Roel Meijer, Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement, p. 49. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009.
  60. ^ a b George Joffé, Islamist Radicalisation in Europe and the Middle East: Reassessing the Causes of Terrorism, p. 317. London: I.B. Tauris, 2013.
  61. ^ a b The Transmission and Dynamics of the Textual Sources of Islam: Essays in Honour of Harald Motzki, eds. Nicolet Boekhoff-van der Voort, Kees Versteegh and Joas Wagemakers, p. 382. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2011.
  62. ^ Meijer, p. 48.
  63. ^ On Salafism By Yasir Qadhi | page-7
  64. ^ Saudi Arabia’s Muslim Brotherhood predicament washingtonpost.com
  65. ^ Ghosh, Bobby (8 October 2012). "The Rise Of The Salafis". Time. 180 (15). Retrieved 6 May 2014.
  66. ^ a b The Salafist movement by Bruce Livesey
  67. ^ Coming to Terms: Fundamentalists or Islamists?, Martin Kramer, Middle East Quarterly, Spring 2003, pp. 65–77.
  68. ^ Suicide Bombers in Iraq By Mohammed M. Hafez
  69. ^ a b Darion Rhodes, Salafist-Takfiri Jihadism: the Ideology of the Caucasus Emirate, International Institute for Counter-terrorism, March 2014
  70. ^ Abou El Fadl, Khaled, The Great Theft Harper San Francisco, 2005, pp. 62–8
  71. ^ Gabriel G. Tabarani, Jihad's New Heartlands: Why the West Has Failed to Contain Islamic Fundamentalism, p. 26.
  72. ^ Richard Gauvain, Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God, p. 331
  73. ^ Gabriel G. Tabarani, Jihad's New Heartlands: Why the West Has Failed to Contain Islamic Fundamentalism, p. 26.
  74. ^ Quintan Wiktorowicz, Anatomy of the Salafi Movement, p. 217.
  75. ^ The Observer, Violent tide of Salafism threatens the Arab spring, by Peter Beaumont and Patrick Kingsley, 10 February 2013.
  76. ^ Reuters, Egypt orders cleric held over ElBaradei death call, by Marwa Awad, edited by Paul Taylor and Jon Hemming, 11 February 2013.
  77. ^ Von Drehle, David; Ghosh, Bobby: "An Enemy Within: The Making of Najibullah Zazi". Time. p. 2. 1 October 2009. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
  78. ^ a b Husain, Ed (22 August 2014). "ISIS Atrocities Started With Saudi Support for Salafi Hate". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  79. ^ a b Friedman, Thomas L. (2 September 2015). "Our Radical Islamic BFF, Saudi Arabia". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  80. ^ Meijer, Roel (2009). "Introduction". In Meijer, Roel (ed.). Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement. Columbia University Presss. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-231-15420-8.
  81. ^ Murphy, Caryle (5 September 2006). "For Conservative Muslims, Goal of Isolation a Challenge". Washington Post. The kind of Islam practiced at Dar-us-Salaam, known as Salafism, once had a significant foothold among area Muslims, in large part because of an aggressive missionary effort by the government of Saudi Arabia. Salafism and its strict Saudi version, known as Wahhabism, struck a chord with many Muslim immigrants who took a dim view of the United States' sexually saturated pop culture and who were ambivalent about participating in a secular political system.
  82. ^ Lewis, Bernard (27 April 2006). "Islam and the West: A Conversation with Bernard Lewis (transcript)". pewforum.org. Pew. Retrieved 5 August 2014. There are others, the so-called Salafia. It's run along parallel lines to the Wahhabis, but they are less violent and less extreme – still violent and extreme but less so than the Wahhabis.
  83. ^ Mark Durie (6 June 2013). "Salafis and the Muslim Brotherhood: What is the difference?". Middle East Forum. What is called Wahhabism – the official religious ideology of the Saudi state – is a form of Salafism. Strictly speaking, 'Wahhabism' is not a movement, but a label used mainly by non-Muslims to refer to Saudi Salafism, referencing the name of an influential 18th-century Salafi teacher, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. ... The continuing impact of Salafi dogma in Saudi Arabia means that Saudi leaders are active and diligent in funding and promoting Salafism all around the world. If there is a mosque receiving Saudi funding in your city today, in every likelihood it is a Salafi mosque. Saudi money has also leveraged Salafi teachings through TV stations, websites and publications.
  84. ^ Moussalli, Ahmad (30 January 2009). Wahhabism, Salafism and Islamism: Who Is The Enemy? (PDF). A Conflicts Forum Monograph. p. 3.
  85. ^ Dillon, Michael R. "WAHHABISM: IS IT A FACTOR IN THE SPREAD OF GLOBAL TERRORISM?" (PDF). September 2009. Naval Post-Graduate School. pp. 3–4. Retrieved 2 April 2014. Hamid Algar […] emphasizes the strong influence of the Saudi petrodollar in the propagation of Wahhabism, but also attributes the political situation of the Arab world at the time as a contributing factor that led to the co-opting of Salafism. […] Khaled Abou El Fadl, […] expresses the opinion that Wahhabism would not have been able to spread in the modern Muslim world […] it would have to be spread under the banner of Salafism.8 This attachment of Wahhabism to Salafism was needed as Salafism was a much more 'credible paradigm in Islam'; making it an ideal medium for Wahhabism. […] The co-opting of Salafism by Wahhabism was not completed until the 1970s when the Wahhabis stripped away some of their extreme intolerance and co-opted the symbolism and language of Salafism; making them practically indistinguishable.
  86. ^ Abou El Fadl, Khaled (2005). The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists. p. 75.
  87. ^ a b Dawood al-Shirian, 'What Is Saudi Arabia Going to Do?' Al-Hayat, May 19, 2003
  88. ^ Abou al Fadl, Khaled, The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists, Harper SanFrancisco, 2005, pp. 48–64
  89. ^ Kepel, p. 72
  90. ^ Murphy, Caryle, Passion for Islam – Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience, Simon & Schuster, 2002 p. 32
  91. ^ Coolsaet, Rik. "Cycles of Revolutionary Terrorism, Chapter 7". In Rik Coolsaet (ed.). Jihadi Terrorism and the Radicalisation Challenge: European and American. Ashgate Publishing Ltd. The proliferation of brochures, free qurans and new Islamic centres in Malaga, Madrid, Milat, Mantes-la-Jolie, Edinburgh, Brussels, Lisbon, Zagreb, Washington, Chicago, and Toronto; the financing of Islamic Studies chairs in American universities; the growth of Internet sites: all of these elements have facilitated access to Wahhabi teachings and the promotion of Wahhabism as the sole legitimate guardian of Islamic thought.
  92. ^ a b "Wahhabism: A deadly scripture". The Independent. 1 November 2007. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
  93. ^ Kepel 2002, pp. 69–75
  94. ^ "Radical Islam in Central Asia". Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  95. ^ Kuan Yew Lee; Ali Wyne. Lee Kuan Yew: The Grand Master's Insights on China, the United States, and . MIT Press. But over the last 30-odd years, since the oil crisis and the petrodollars became a major factor in the Muslim world, the extremists have been proleytizing, building mosques, religious schools where they teach Wahhabism […] sending out preachers, and having conferences. Globalizing, networking. And slowly they have convinced the Southeast Asian Muslims, and indeed Muslims throughout the world, that the gold standard is Saudi Arabia, that that is the real good Muslim.
  96. ^ What is a Salafi and What is Salafism? Archived 2007-05-28 at the Wayback Machine
  97. ^ The Wahhabi Myth: Dispelling Prevalent Fallacies and the Fictitious Link with Bin Laden, by Haneef James Oliver, pub T.R.O.I.D. Publications, 2004, ISBN 978-0968905852.[page needed]
  98. ^ Laurent Bonnefoy, Salafism in Yemen. Transnationalism and Religious Identity, Columbia University Press/Hurst, 2011, ISBN 978-1-84904-131-7, p. 245.
  99. ^ a b c John L. Esposito, ed. (2014). "Ahl-i Hadith". The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  100. ^ a b Olivier, Roy; Sfeir, Antoine, eds. (2007). The Columbia World Dictionary of Islamism. Columbia University Press. p. 27.
  101. ^ Rabasa, Angel M. The Muslim World After 9/11 By Angel M. Rabasa, p. 275
  102. ^ Alex Strick Van Linschoten and Felix Kuehn, An Enemy We Created: The Myth of the Taliban-Al Qaeda Merger in Afghanistan, p. 427. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. ISBN 9780199927319
  103. ^ Lieven, Anatol (2011). Pakistan: A Hard Country. New York: PublicAffairs. p. 128. ISBN 978-1-61039-023-1. Ahl-e-Hadith ... a branch of the international Salafi ... tradition, heavily influenced by Wahabism.
  104. ^ Arthur F Buehler, Sufi Heirs of the Prophet: the Indian Naqshbandiyya and the Rise of the Mediating Sufi Shaykh, p. 179. Part of the Studies in Comparative Religion series. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1998. ISBN 9781570032011
  105. ^ Daniel W. Brown, Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought: Vol. 5 of Cambridge Middle East Studies, p. 32. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. ISBN 9780521653947. Quote: "Ahl-i-Hadith [...] consciously identified themselves with Zahiri doctrine."
  106. ^ Rubin, p. 348
  107. ^ Sushant Sareen, The Jihad Factory: Pakistan's Islamic Revolution in the Making, p. 282. New Delhi: Har Anand Publications, 2005.
  108. ^ a b What is Salafism and should we be worried?
  109. ^ a b Salafi Groups in Egypt
  110. ^ DOA http://www.doamuslims.org/?p=3861. Retrieved 6 January 2016. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  111. ^ Al-Nour Party Jadaliyya. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
  112. ^ Omar Ashour (6 January 2012). "The unexpected rise of Salafists has complicated Egyptian politics". The Daily Star. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
  113. ^ Salafis and Sufis in Egypt, Jonathan Brown, Carnegie Paper, December 2011.
  114. ^ Patrick Kingsley (7 July 2013). "Egypt's Salafist al-Nour party wields new influence on post-Morsi coalition | World news". London: theguardian.com. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
  115. ^ "Egypt court says it has no power to dissolve Nour Party". Ahram Online. 22 September 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  116. ^ "Cairo court adjourns case on dissolution of Islamist Nour Party". Ahram Online. 15 November 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
  117. ^ Auf, Yussef (25 November 2014). "Political Islam's Fate in Egypt Lies in the Hands of the Courts". Atlantic Council. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  118. ^ "Court claims no jurisdiction over religiously affiliated parties". Daily News Egypt. 26 November 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  119. ^ Hassan, Ammar Ali. "Muslim Brothers and Salafis". 06-12-2012. Al Ahram. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
  120. ^ "Le salafisme gagne du terrain chez les musulmans". Le Monde. 1 April 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
  121. ^ a b c d e "(de) Salafistische Bestrebungen - Inhalte und Ziele salafistischer Ideologie". Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz. Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
  122. ^ Reuters, 6 December 2015, German Vice Chancellor warns Saudi Arabia over Islamist funding.
    Deutsche Welle, 6 December 2015, German vice chancellor warns Saudi Arabia over Islamist funding in Germany
  123. ^ Michael Dillon (1999). China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects. Richmond: Curzon Press. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-7007-1026-3. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  124. ^ Maris Boyd Gillette (2000). Between Mecca and Beijing: modernization and consumption among urban Chinese Muslims. Stanford University Press. p. 81. ISBN 0-8047-3694-4. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  125. ^ John L. Esposito (1999). The Oxford History of Islam. Oxford University Press US. p. 749. ISBN 0-19-510799-3. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  126. ^ BARRY RUBIN (2000). Guide to Islamist Movements. M.E. Sharpe. p. 800. ISBN 0-7656-1747-1. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  127. ^ Féo, Agnès De. "Les musulmans de Châu Đốc (Vietnam) à l'épreuve du salafisme". Recherches en sciences sociales sur l'Asie du Sud-Est. moussons: 359–372.
  128. ^ a b c d "(sv) Gävles moské vill sprida extrem tolkning av islam". Gefle Dagblad. 7 September 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2015.
  129. ^ "Tre olika Malmöföreningar ville lyssna på bin Ladins förra mentor". Sydsvenskan. 29 April 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
  130. ^ Global Strategic Assessment 2009: America's Security Role in a Changing World, p. 138, Patrick M. Cronin
  131. ^ "Why India's 'Muslim Rage' Is Different from the Middle East's". Time. 1 October 2012.
  132. ^ http://studies.aljazeera.net/en/reports/2012/07/20127395530326675.htm
  133. ^ http://pomeps.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/POMEPS_Studies2_Salafi.pdf
  134. ^ Barby Grant. "Center wins NEH grant to study Salafism". Arizona State University. Retrieved 9 June 2014. It also reveals that Salafism was cited in 2010 as the fastest growing Islamic movement on the planet.
  135. ^ Simon Shuster (3 August 2013). "Comment: Underground Islam in Russia". Slate. Retrieved 9 June 2014. It is the fastest-growing movement within the fastest-growing religion in the world.
  136. ^ CHRISTIAN CARYL (12 September 2012). "The Salafi Moment". FP. Retrieved 9 June 2014. Though solid numbers are hard to come by, they're routinely described as the fastest-growing movement in modern-day Islam.
  137. ^ "Uproar in Germany Over Salafi Drive to Hand Out Millions of Qurans". AFP. 16 April 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2014. The service [German domestic intelligence service] said in its most recent annual report dating from 2010 that Salafism was the fastest growing Islamic movement in the world…
  138. ^ Kepel, Gilles (2006). Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9781845112578. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
  139. ^ For example: "Salafism originated in the mid to late 19th-century as an intellectual movement at al-Azhar University, led by Muhammad Abduh (1849–1905), Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (1839–1897) and Rashid Rida (1865–1935)." from Understanding the Origins of Wahhabism and Salafism, by Trevor Stanley. Terrorism Monitor Volume 3, Issue 14. July 15, 2005
  140. ^ SE Asian Muslims caught between iPad and Salafism
  141. ^ Salafism Modernist Salafism from the 20th Century to the Present
  142. ^ Salafism
  143. ^ Salafism Tony Blair Faith Foundation
  144. ^ Jihad By Gilles Kepel, Anthony F. Roberts. Books.google.com. 24 February 2006. ISBN 978-1-84511-257-8. Retrieved 18 April 2010.
  145. ^ Haykel, Bernard. "Sufism and Salafism in Syria". 11 May 2007. Syria Comment. Retrieved 22 May 2013. The Salafis of the Muhammad Abduh variety no longer exist, as far as I can tell, and certainly are not thought of by others as Salafis since this term has been appropriated/co-opted fully by Salafis of the Ahl al-Hadith/Wahhabi variety.
  146. ^ Understanding the Origins of Wahhabism and Salafism| Terrorism Monitor| Volume 3 Issue: 14| July 15, 2005| by: Trevor Stanley
  147. ^ Dillon, Michael R (page-33)
  148. ^ On Salafi Islam | IV Conclusion| Yasir Qadhi April 22, 2014
  149. ^ The Salafi Movement In Global Context Theology Religion Essay (no autor given)
  150. ^ Anatomy of the Salafi Movement By QUINTAN WIKTOROWICZ, Washington, D.C. p. 212
  151. ^ The Salafi Movement In Global Context Theology Religion Essay (no author given)]
  152. ^ a b Wahhabism, Salafismm and Islamism Who Is The Enemy? By Pfr. Ahmad Mousali | American University of Beirut | p. 11
  153. ^ Historical Development of the Methodologies of al-Ikhwaan al-Muslimeen And Their Effect and Influence Upon Contemporary Salafee Dawah salafipublications.com
  154. ^ "‘Abduh clearly did not claim to be a Salafi nor identified his followers as Salafis. He simply referred al-Salafiyyin in the context of theological debates as Sunni Muslims who differed from Ash’arites based on their strict adherence to ‘aqidat al-salaf (the creed of the forefather) (Lauziere, 2010)"
  155. ^ The split between Qatar and the GCC won’t be permanent "However, the intra-Sunni divides have not been so clear to foreign observers. Those divides include the following: purist Salafism (which many call "Wahhabism"), modernist Salafism (which is the main intellectual ancestor of the Muslim Brotherhood) and classical Sunnism (which is the mainstream of Islamic religious institutions in the region historically"
  156. ^ ikhwanonline.net Archived 2014-11-29 at the Wayback Machine
  157. ^ Understandin/ref> al-Khajnadee, Muhammad Abduh,g the Origins of Wahhabism and Salafism www.jamestown.org
  158. ^ Wahhābis and the Development of Salafism by Sadashi Fukuda| p. 4
  159. ^ a b c Gauvain, Richard (12 December 2012). Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God. Routledge. p. 268. ISBN 9781136446931.
  160. ^ Gauvain, Richard (12 December 2012). Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God. Routledge. p. 318. ISBN 9781136446931.
  161. ^ Gauvain, Richard (12 December 2012). Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God. Routledge. p. 4. ISBN 9781136446931.
  162. ^ Lauzire, Henri (8 December 2015). The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231540179.
  163. ^ a b Fish, M. Steven (9 February 2011). Are Muslims Distinctive?: A Look at the Evidence. Oxford University Press, US. p. 132. ISBN 9780199769209.
  164. ^ Abou El Fadl, Khaled, The Great Theft, Harper San Francisco, 2005, p. 77
  165. ^ As-Sunnah Foundation of America, Wahhabism: Understanding the Roots and Role Models of Islamic Extremism by Zubair Qamar, condensed and edited by ASFA staff. This article lists 65 Sunni scholars from different time periods, whom the article claims were opposed to either the Salafi or the Wahhabi movements. The article claims that the Wahhabi movement is the same thing as the Salafi movement.
  166. ^ Laessing, Ulf (18 November 2010). "Mecca goes Upmarket". Reuters. Retrieved 1 December 2010.
  167. ^ Taylor, Jerome (24 September 2011). "Mecca for the rich: Islam's holiest site turning into Vegas". The Independent. London.
  168. ^ Abou-Ragheb, Laith (12 July 2005). "Dr.Sami Angawi on Wahhabi Desecration of Makkah". Center for Islamic Pluralism. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  169. ^ The Independent, The photos Saudi Arabia doesn't want seen – and proof Islam's most holy relics are being demolished in Mecca , by Jerome Taylor, 15 March 2013. The article says that the Saudis are dismantling some old parts the Grand Mosque at Mecca, as part of work to make the mosque larger, and that the sites of other very old buildings in Mecca and Medina have been redevloped over the past twenty years. The article claims that many senior Wahhabis believe that preserving historic relics for their own sake is undesirable because it encourages idolatry (shirq).
  170. ^ Saudi's Destruction Of The Islamic Heritage, by AhleSunnaTV on YouTube
  171. ^ The Independent, Why don't more Muslims speak out against the wanton destruction of Mecca's holy sites?, by Jerome Taylor, 28 October 2012.
  172. ^ Third public hearing of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, Statement of Marc Sageman to the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, 9 July 2003
  173. ^ Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz) 7/18/2012: latest 2011 report on Islamic Salafist extremism in Germany (English)
  174. ^ Deutsche Welle, May 8, 2012, regarding Salafism and its adherents' activities in Germany (English)
  175. ^ Template:De icon Online "Pipeline" German news agency article from July 17, 2012, on the German government's view of Salafist extremism
  176. ^ Caryle Murphy (15 July 2010). "A Kingdom Divided". GlobalPost. Retrieved 6 May 2014. As Grand Mufti, the late Bin Baz was the most prominent proponent of Saudi Arabia's ultraconservative strain of Salafi Islam, sometimes known as Wahhabism
  177. ^ Lewis, Philip (12 February 2008). Young, British and Muslim. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 192. ISBN 9780826497291. Two other Wahhabi/ Salafi individuals are worth mentioning. The first is Sheikh Abdullah el-Faisal, who merited a full front-page article in The Times in February 2002
  178. ^ Janson, Marloes (28 October 2013). Islam, Youth and Modernity in the Gambia: The Tablighi Jama'at. Cambridge University Press. p. 244. ISBN 9781107040571.
  179. ^ Bowen, Innes Medina in Birmingham, Najaf in Brent: Inside British Islam, Quote: "He remained a Salafi but became a popular speaker at events organised by a wide range of Islamic organizations"
  180. ^ "The Tsarnaev Trial and the Blind Spots in "Countering Violent Extremism"". The Intercept. 5 March 2015. Among ultra-conservative Salafi Muslims, religious figures have often expressed fear about broaching topics of conflict and radical politics even when feeling pressure to engage on these issues by their followers. In 2011, Abu Eesa Niamatullah and Yasir Qadhi, two influential Salafis, shelved a potential course discussing the fiqh (jurisprudence) of warfare in Islam in response to repeated questions posed to them by students of their religious institute. Explaining the decision at the time, Niamatullah said, "Picture two bearded guys talking about the fiqh of jihad. We would be dead. We would be absolutely finished."
  181. ^ "'I'm a Muslim woman, here's why I don't wear a veil'". walesonline. Retrieved 25 December 2015.
  182. ^ "Jordanian cleric Abu Qatada acquitted of terror charges". america.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  183. ^ Cesari, Jocelyne (25 July 2013). Why the West Fears Islam: An Exploration of Muslims in Liberal Democracies. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781137258205.
  184. ^ Bowen, Innes (15 August 2014). Medina in Birmingham, Najaf in Brent: Inside British Islam. Hurst. ISBN 9781849045308.
  185. ^ MARGARET COKER and JENNY GROSS, "Islamic Preacher Anjem Choudary Charged in U.K. With Inviting Support of Terror", Wall Street Journal, 5 August 2015 |Quote="Mr. Choudary supports the fundamentalist strain of Islamic teaching known as Salafism and believes that Muslims can only attain a state of purity by living in a nation that is based on religious law, known as Shariah."
  186. ^ The Guardian: "Anjem Choudary: the British extremist who backs the caliphate" by Andrew Anthony 6 September 2014 |"Although that was an event that radicalised a generation of Muslim activists, the former friend suggests it might have been Choudary's failure to land a job with a big legal firm upon graduating that set him off on his path to Salafi righteousness."
  187. ^ Rabasa, Angel; Benard, Cheryl (27 October 2014). Eurojihad: Patterns of Islamist Radicalization and Terrorism in Europe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781316062685.
  188. ^ Aridi, Sara. "Islamic preacher charged with promoting ISIS in UK". Christian Science Monitor. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
  189. ^ Richey, Warren. "To turn tables on ISIS at home, start asking unsettling questions, expert says". Christian Science Monitor. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
  190. ^ The Globe and Mail: "Controversial imam Bilal Philips says banning him won’t stop his message" September 15, 2014 |"If Salafi means that you’re a traditionalist that follows the scripture according to the early traditions, then yeah. I’m not a modernist. I’m not a person who makes his own individual interpretations according to the times."
  191. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/21/us/boston-marathon-bombings.html?pagewanted=all. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  192. ^ Bowen, Innes (15 August 2014). Medina in Birmingham, Najaf in Brent: Inside British Islam. Hurst. ISBN 9781849045308.
  193. ^ Al Jazeera Studies: "Arab World Journalism in a Post-Beheading Era" by Thembisa Fakude 2013 |"Al-Munajjid is considered one of the respected scholars of the Salafist movement, an Islamic school of thought whose teachings are said to inspire radical movements in the Arab world, including al-Qaeda and a group called al-Dawla al-Islamiya fil Iraq wal Sham (also known as the Islamic State, IS or Daesh)."
  194. ^ Caryle Murphy (15 July 2010). "A Kingdom Divided". GlobalPost. Retrieved 6 May 2014. First, there is the void created by the 1999 death of the elder Bin Baz and that of another senior scholar, Muhammad Salih al Uthaymin, two years later. Both were regarded as giants in conservative Salafi Islam and are still revered by its adherents. Since their passing, no one "has emerged with that degree of authority in the Saudi religious establishment," said David Dean Commins, history professor at Dickinson College and author of The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia.
  195. ^ Dowd, Robert A. (1 July 2015). Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa. Oxford University Press. p. 102. ISBN 9780190225216.
  196. ^ Scheuer, Michael (20 January 2011). Osama Bin Laden. Oxford University Press. p. 247. ISBN 9780199753277.
  197. ^ Moghadam, Assaf (1 May 2011). The Globalization of Martyrdom: Al Qaeda, Salafi Jihad, and the Diffusion of Suicide Attacks. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 45. ISBN 9781421401447. Salafi Jihadist preachers such as Abu Hamza al-Masri and Omar Bakri Muhammad help inspire thousands of Muslim youth to develop a cultlike relationship to martyrdom in mosques
  198. ^ Fair, C. Christine; Watson, Sarah J. (18 February 2015). Pakistan's Enduring Challenges. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 246. ISBN 9780812246902. Osama bin Laden was a hard-core Salafi who openly espoused violence against the United States in order to achieve Salafi goals.
  199. ^ Brown, Amy Benson; Poremski, Karen M. (18 December 2014). Roads to Reconciliation: Conflict and Dialogue in the Twenty-first Century. Routledge. p. 81. ISBN 9781317460763.
  200. ^ "Profile: Sheikh Rabi' Ibn Haadi 'Umayr Al Madkhali". The Muslim 500: The World's Most Influential Muslims. The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre (MABDA المركز الملكي للبحوث و الدراسات الإسلامية ), see Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought. Archived from the original on 22 March 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  201. ^ Omayma Abdel-Latif, "Trends in Salafism." Taken from Islamist Radicalisation: The Challenge for Euro-Mediterranean Relations, p. 74. Eds. Michael Emerson, Kristina Kausch and Richard Youngs. Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies, 2009. ISBN 9789290798651
  202. ^ Elliot, Andrea (April 17, 2011). "Why Yasir Qadhi Wants to Talk About Jihad", New York Times.
  203. ^ Swami, Praveen (2011). "Islamist terrorism in India". In Warikoo, Kulbhushan (ed.). Religion and Security in South and Central Asia. London, England: Taylor & Francis. p. 61. ISBN 9780415575904. To examine this infrastructure, it is useful to consider the case of Zakir Naik, perhaps the most influential Salafi ideologue in India.

Bibliography

  • Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014. ISBN 1610691776
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Salafi_movement&oldid=746524346"