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Methods
Multi Stage Flash Distillation
In this process, water is evaporated and separated from sea water through flash distillation [1]. Each subsequent flash process utilizes energy released from the condensation of the water vapor from the previous step [1].
Multiple Effect Distillation
MED works through a series of evaporators called “events”[1]. Incoming water comes through horizontally or vertically orientated pipes which is then heated to generate steam; the produced steam is then used to heat the next batch of incoming sea water [1]. (Horizontally orientated tends to be more common [1] [2]. Steam used to heat the sea water can also be taken from nearby power plants to make it more efficient [1]. Although seen as the most thermodynamically efficient, a few limitations exist such as a max temperature and max number of effects [2].
Vapor Compression Distillation
By using one of two methods: a mechanical compressor or a jet stream, vapor is compressed and then used to provide the heat needed for the evaporation of the sea water [1]. Although the system requires only power, it is more efficient if kept small scale [1].
Freezing
This process involves partially freezing the sea water and removing the ice to then clean them and melt them back down into sea water [1]. In the freezing process, water is separated from the salt in order for the water to crystalize properly [1].
Solar Evaporation
This process mimics the natural water cycle, in which the sun heats the sea water enough for evaporation to occur; after evaporation, the water vapor is condensed onto a cool surface [1].
Electro Dialysis/ Electro Dialysis Reversal
Instead of moving the water through membranes like reverse osmosis, electro dialysis requires the use of electric potential to move the salts through membranes [3].
Other Issues
Due to the nature of the process, there is a need to place the plants on approximately 25 acres of land on or near the shoreline[4]. In the case a plant is built inland, pipes will have to be set down to allow for easy intake and outtake [4]. If laid, however, the pipes will also have the probability of leaking into and contaminating nearby aquifers[4]. Aside from environmental risks, the noise generated by certain types of desalination plants can be loud[4].
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Khawaji, Akili D.; Kutubkhanah, Ibrahim K.; Wie, Jong-Mihn (March 2008). "Advances in seawater desalination technologies". Desalination. pp. 47–69. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.067.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|url=(help) - ^ a b Al-Shammiri, M.; Safar, M. (November 1999). "Multi-effect distillation plants: state of the art". Desalination. pp. 45–59. doi:10.1016/S0011-9164(99)00154-X.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|url=(help) - ^ Van der Bruggen, Bart; Vandecasteele, Carlo (June 2002). "Distillation vs. membrane filtration: overview of process evolutions in seawater desalination". Desalination. pp. 207–218. doi:10.1016/S0011-9164(02)00259-X.
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