Cup (unit)
The cup is a unit of measurement for volume, used in cooking to measure liquids (fluid measurement) and bulk foods such as granulated sugar (dry measurement). It is principally used in the United States and Liberia where it is a legally defined unit of measurement. Actual cups used in a household in any country may differ from the cup size used for recipes; standard measuring cups, often calibrated in fluid measure and weights of usual dry ingredients as well as in cups, are available.
Metric cup
Some countries in the Commonwealth of Nations, notably Australia and New Zealand, define a metric cup of 250 millilitres.[1] Units such as metric cups and metric feet are derived from the metric system but are not official metric units[2]
| 1 cup | = | 250 | millilitres |
| = | 162⁄3 | international tablespoons (15 ml each) | |
| = | 12.5 | Australian tablespoons (20 ml each) | |
| ≈ | 8.80 | imperial fluid ounces | |
| ≈ | 8.45 | U.S. customary fluid ounces |
A "coffee cup" is 1.5 dl or 150 millilitres or 5.07 US customary fluid ounces[citation needed], and is occasionally used in recipes. It is also used in the US to specify coffeemaker sizes (what can be referred to as a Tasse à café). A "12-cup" US coffeemaker makes 57.6 US customary fluid ounces of coffee[citation needed], or 6.8 metric cups of coffee.
United States customary cup
United States customary cup is defined as half a U.S. pint.
| 1 U.S. customary cup | = | 1⁄16 | U.S. customary gallon |
| = | 1⁄4 | U.S. customary quart | |
| = | 1⁄2 | U.S. customary pint | |
| = | 8 | U.S. customary fluid ounces | |
| = | 16 | U.S. customary tablespoons[nb 1] | |
| = | 48 | U.S. customary teaspoons | |
| ≡ | 236.5882365 | millilitres[nb 2] | |
| ≈ | 152⁄3 | international tablespoons | |
| ≈ | 11.75 | Australian tablespoons | |
| ≈ | 0.833 | imperial cups | |
| ≈ | 8.33 | imperial fluid ounces |
United States "legal" cup
The cup currently used in the United States for nutrition labelling is defined in United States law as 240 ml.[3][4][5]
| 1 U.S. "legal" cup | = | 240 | millilitres |
| = | 16 | international tablespoons | |
| = | 12 | Australian tablespoons | |
| ≈ | 8.12 | U.S. customary fluid ounces | |
| ≈ | 8.45 | imperial fluid ounces |
Imperial cup
The imperial cup is half an imperial pint. It is no longer in common use, but many recipe books still include it.[6][7][8]
| 1 imperial cup | = | 0.5 | imperial pints |
| = | 2 | imperial gills | |
| = | 10 | imperial fluid ounces | |
| ≈ | 284 | millilitres | |
| ≈ | 19 | international tablespoons[9][10] | |
| ≈ | 14.25 | Australian tablespoons[11] | |
| ≈ | 1.20 | U.S. customary cups | |
| ≈ | 9.61 | U.S. customary fluid ounces |
Canadian cup [12]
1 Canadian cup = 8 imperial fluid ounce = 1/20 imperial gallon = 227.3045 millilitres
1 tablespoon = 1/2 imperial fluid ounce
1 teaspoon = 1/6 imperial fluid ounce
It should be noted that many Canadian cups follow the standard metric unit of 250 millilitres.
Japanese cup
The Japanese cup is currently defined as 200 ml.
| 1 Japanese cup | = | 200 | millilitres |
| ≈ | 7.04 | imperial fluid ounces | |
| ≈ | 6.76 | U.S. customary fluid ounces |
Gō
The traditional Japanese cup, the gō, is approximately 180 ml. 10 gō make one shō, the traditional flask size, approximately 1.8 litres. Gō cups are typically used for measuring rice, and sake is typically sold by the cup (180 ml), the bottle (720 ml), and flask (1.8 litre) sizes. Note modern sake bottle sizes are almost the same as the 750 ml international standard for wine bottles, but are divisible into 4 gō.
| 1 gō | = | 2401⁄13310 | litres[nb 3] |
| ≈ | 180 | millilitres | |
| ≈ | 6.35 | imperial fluid ounces | |
| ≈ | 6.10 | U.S. customary fluid ounces | |
| ≈ | 3/4 | metric cup |
Using volume measures to estimate mass
In Europe, cooking recipes normally state any liquid volume larger than a few tablespoons in millilitres, the scale found on most measuring cups worldwide. Non-liquid ingredients are normally weighed in grams instead, using a kitchen scale, rather than measured in cups. Most recipes in Europe use the millilitre or decilitre (1 dl = 100 ml) as a measure of volume. For example, where an American customary recipe might specify "1 cup of sugar and 2 cups of milk", a European recipe might specify "200 g sugar and 500 ml of milk" (or 0.5 litre or 5 decilitres). Conversion between the two measures must take into account the density of the ingredients. Many European measuring cups have additional scales for common bulk ingredients like sugar, flour, or rice to make the process easier.
| ingredient | density g/ml[nb 4] |
metric cup | imperial cup | U.S. customary cup | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| g | oz | g | oz | g | oz | ||
| water[13] | 1[nb 5] | 249–250 | 8.8 | 283–284 | 10 | 236.5882 | 8.3[nb 6] |
| granulated sugar | 0.8[14] | 200 | 7.0 | 230 | 8.0 | 190 | 6.7 |
| wheat flour | 0.5–0.6[14] | 120–150 | 4.4–5.3 | 140–170 | 5.0–6.0 | 120–140 | 4.2–5.0 |
| table salt | 1.2[14] | 300 | 10.6 | 340 | 12.0 | 280 | 10.0 |
Notes
- ^ 1 U.S. customary cup = 16 tablespoons exactly using the old U.S. customary tablespoon of 1⁄2 U.S. fl oz.
- ^ exactly
- ^ by 1891 definition
- ^ One gram per millilitre is very close to one avoirdupois ounce per fluid ounce: 1 g/ml ≈ 1.002 av oz/imp fl oz
This is not a numerical coincidence, but comes from the original definition of the kilogram as the mass of one litre of water, and the imperial gallon as the volume occupied by ten avoirdupois pounds of water. The slight difference is due to water at 4 °C (39 °F) being used for the kilogram, and at 62 °F (17 °C) for the imperial gallon. The U.S. fluid ounce is slightly larger.
- 1 g/ml ≈ 1.043 av oz/U.S. fl oz
- ^ The density of water ranges from about 0.96 to 1.00 g/ml dependent on temperature and pressure. The table above assumes a temperature range 0–30 °C (32–86 °F). The variation is too small to make any difference in cooking.
- ^ Since an imperial cup of water weighs approximately 10 avoirdupois ounces and five imperial cups are approximately equal to six U.S. cups, one U.S. cup of water weighs approximately 81⁄3 avoirdupois ounces.
References
- ^ "Standard Australian Cooking Measurements". Retrieved 2014-09-24.
- ^ "coherent units". BIPM. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
- ^ (21 CFR 101.9 (b) (5) (viii)
- ^ U.S. Government Printing Office—Electronic Code of Federal Regulations
- ^ U.S. Food and Drug Administration—Guidelines for Determining Metric Equivalents of Household Measures
- ^ Rosemary Hume and Muriel Downes, Penguin Cordon Bleu Cooking, Penguin Books, 1970
- ^ Stephanie Alexander, The cook's companion, Penguin Books, 2004
- ^ Jacqueline Gérard, « La cuisine », Larousse 1980
- ^ In the absence of measuring cups, tablespoons can be used for volume measurement.
- ^ The term international tablespoon as used in this article refers to the 15 ml (~0.5 fl oz) tablespoon used in most countries.
- ^ The Australia tablespoon is defined as 20 ml (~2⁄3 fl oz)
- ^ admin (2016-04-28). "How Many Tablespoons in a Cup - Easy Conversions". First Health Mag. Retrieved 2016-05-08.
- ^ 1 g/ml is a good rough guide for water-based liquids such as milk (the density of milk is about 1.03–1.04 g/ml).
- ^ a b c L. Fulton, E. Matthews, C. Davis: Average weight of a measured cup of various foods. Home Economics Research Report No. 41, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, 1977.