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1930s

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Africa

Hertzog of South Africa, whose National Party had won the 1929 election alone, after splitting with the Labour Party, received much of the blame for the devastating economic impact of the depression.

Americas

Asia

Mohandas Gandhi on the Salt March in 1930.

Australia

Economics

CCC workers constructing road, 1933. Over 3 million unemployed young men were taken out of the cities and placed into 2600+ work camps managed by the CCC.[1]
  • The Great Depression is considered to have begun with the stock market crash on September 4, 1929, and lasted through much of the 1930s.
  • The entire decade is marked by widespread unemployment and poverty, although deflation (i.e. falling prices) was limited to 1930-32 and 1938-39. Prices fell 7.02% in 1930, 10.06% in 1931, 9.79% in 1932, 1.41% in 1938 and 0.71% in 1939.[2]
  • Economic interventionist policies increase in popularity as a result of the Great Depression in both authoritarian and democratic countries. In the Western world, Keynesianism replaces classical economic theory.
  • In an effort to reduce unemployment, the United States government created work projects such as the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) which was a public work relief program that operated from 1933 to 1942 to maintain National Parks and build roads. Other major U.S. government work projects included Hoover Dam which was constructed between 1931 and 1936.
  • Rapid industrialization takes place in the Soviet Union.
  • Prohibition in the United States ended in 1933. On December 5, 1933, the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment repealed the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
  • Drought conditions in Oklahoma and Texas caused the Dust Bowl which forced tens of thousands of families to abandon their farms and seek employment elsewhere.

Technology

Many technological advances occurred in the 1930s, including:

Radio

  • Radio becomes dominant mass media in industrial nations.

Music

Main article: 1930s in music

Film

Main article: 1930s in film

In the art of film making, the Golden Age of Hollywood entered a whole decade, after the advent of talking pictures ("talkies") in 1927 and full-color films in 1930: more than 50 classic films were made in the 1930s: most notable were Gone With The Wind and The Wizard of Oz.

Sports

Architecture

See also: Category:1930s architecture
The Empire State Building became the world's tallest building when completed in 1931.

Literature and art

Visual arts

See also: Social Realism and History of painting

Social Realism became an important art movement during the Great Depression in the United States in the 1930s. Social realism generally portrayed imagery with socio-political meaning. Other related American artistic movements of the 1930s were American scene painting and Regionalism which were generally depictions of rural America, and historical images drawn from American history. Precisionism with its depictions of industrial America was also a popular art movement during the 1930s in the USA. During the Great Depression the art of photography played an important role in the Social Realist movement. The work of Dorothea Lange, Walker Evans, Margaret Bourke-White, Lewis Hine, Edward Steichen, Gordon Parks, Arthur Rothstein, Marion Post Wolcott, Doris Ulmann, Berenice Abbott, Aaron Siskind, Russell Lee, Ben Shahn (as a photographer) among several others were particularly influential.

The Works Progress Administration part of the Roosevelt Administration's New Deal sponsored the Federal Art Project, the Public Works of Art Project, and the Section of Painting and Sculpture which employed many American artists and helped them to make a living during the Great Depression.

Mexican muralism was a Mexican art movement that took place primarily in the 1930s. The movement stands out historically because of its political undertones, the majority of which of a Marxist nature, or related to a social and political situation of post-revolutionary Mexico. Also in Latin America Symbolism and Magic Realism were important movements.

In Europe during the 1930s and the Great Depression, Surrealism, late Cubism, the Bauhaus, De Stijl, Dada, German Expressionism, Symbolist and modernist painting in various guises characterized the art scene in Paris and elsewhere.

Fashion

Main article: 1930–45 in fashion

People

World leaders

Emperor Hirohito in 1935. He was the last divine Emperor of Japan
Adolf Hitler wins a popular election and then establishes a dictatorship in Germany whose expansionist ambitions lead to the outbreak of World War II in Europe.
Franklin D. Roosevelt, as President of the United States initiates major economic reform in the United States.
Benito Mussolini, Duce of Fascist Italy from 1922 to 1943.
Joseph Stalin, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
Neville Chamberlain, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

Politics

  • Henri, comte de Baillet-Latour, President International Olympic Committee
  • M.A. Crommelin, Secretary-general Permanent Court of Arbitration
  • Oskar Dressler, Secretary-general International Criminal Police Organization
  • Sir Herbert William Emerson, Director of Intergovernmental Committee on Refugees-High Commissioner for Refugees under the Protection of the League of Nations
  • Max Huber, President International Committee of the Red Cross
  • Thomas Frank Johnson, Secretary-general Nansen International Office for Refugees
  • Gilbert Murray, Chairman International Commission on Intellectual Co-operation
  • Fridtjof Wedel-Jarlsberg Nansen, League of Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
  • Leo S. Rowe, Director-general Organization of American States

Sports figures

Global

Joe Louis American world heavyweight boxing champion.
Joe DiMaggio, center fielder for the New York Yankees
File:Jesse Owens3.jpg
Jesse Owens shook racial stereotypes both with Nazis and segregationists in the USA at the 1936 Berlin Olympics.
Barney Ross

United States

See also: History of baseball in the United States

Entertainers

Publicity photo of Greta Garbo in Anna Karenina (1935)
Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale in The Wizard of Oz (1939)
Clark Gable as Rhett Butler in the trailer for Gone with the Wind (1939)
Walt Disney introduces each of the Seven Dwarfs in a scene from the original 1937 Snow White

Musicians

  • George Gershwin, composer and pianist in 1937, the year of his death
    George Gershwin, composer and pianist in 1937, the year of his death
  • Carl Van Vechten, Bessie Smith, 1936. She was an early blues singer, known as The Empress of the Blues and credited for her powerful voice.
    Carl Van Vechten, Bessie Smith, 1936. She was an early blues singer, known as The Empress of the Blues and credited for her powerful voice.
  • Lead Belly, folk and blues legend and his wife Martha Promise Ledbetter in Wilton, Conn., February 1935. On January 20 of the same year, the two were married at Mary Elizabeth Barnicle's Wilton farmhouse, and on the same day Lead Belly made the first recording of "Alberta" there for John Lomax and the Library of Congress.
    Lead Belly, folk and blues legend and his wife Martha Promise Ledbetter in Wilton, Conn., February 1935. On January 20 of the same year, the two were married at Mary Elizabeth Barnicle's Wilton farmhouse, and on the same day Lead Belly made the first recording of "Alberta" there for John Lomax and the Library of Congress.
  • Composer and jazz pianist Fats Waller in 1938
    Composer and jazz pianist Fats Waller in 1938
  • Bill "Bojangles" Robinson, 1934
    Bill "Bojangles" Robinson, 1934

Influential artists

  • Patrick Henry Bruce, Painting, oil on canvas, 233⁄4 × 363⁄8" (60.3 × 92.4 cm), c. 1929–1930
    Patrick Henry Bruce, Painting, oil on canvas, 233⁄4 × 363⁄8" (60.3 × 92.4 cm), c. 1929–1930
  • Paul Klee Arab Song, 1932, oil on burlap
    Paul Klee Arab Song, 1932, oil on burlap
  • Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Violet House and Snowy Mountain, 1938
    Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Violet House and Snowy Mountain, 1938

Painters and sculptors

Muralists

Photography

See also

Timeline

The following articles contain brief timelines which list the most prominent events of the decade:

1930 • 1931 • 1932 • 1933 • 1934 • 1935 • 1936 • 1937 • 1938 • 1939

References

  1. ^ "National Park History: "The Spirit of the Civilian Conservation Corps"". Nationalparkstraveler.com. Archived from the original on 5 September 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-04. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ "Inflation and CPI Consumer Price Index 1930-1939".
  3. ^ Robert Johnson Biography. Allmusic
  4. ^ Del Barco, Mandalit. Revolutionary Mural To Return To L.A. After 80 Years. npr. October 26, 2010. Retrieved June 19, 2015.
  5. ^ Rondeau, Ginette La América Tropical Olvera Street Website Accessed 14 November 2014
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1930s.
  • The Dirty Thirties — Images of the Great Depression in Canada
  • America in the 1930s Extensive library of projects on America in the Great Depression from American Studies at the University of Virginia
  • The 1930s Timeline year by year timeline of events in science and technology, politics and society, culture and international events with embedded audio and video. AS@UVA
  • Gardiner, Juliet, The Thirties: An Intimate History. London, Harper Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-00-724076-0
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