Cronheim
Cronheim | |
|---|---|
 | |
 Coat of arms | |
Location of Cronheim  | |
  Cronheim  Cronheim | |
| Coordinates: 49°05′48″N 10°39′50″E / 49.09667°N 10.66389°E | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Bavaria |
| Admin. region | Mittelfranken |
| District | Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen |
| Town | Gunzenhausen |
| Population | |
• Total | 526 |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Website | www.gunzenhausen.de |
Cronheim is a village in the municipality of Gunzenhausen in the Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen district which forms part of the Bavarian Government district (in German: Regierungbezirk) of Mittelfranken. The hamlet of Filchenhard forms part of Cronheim.
Location
Cronheim is situated in the Franconian Lake District (in German: Fränkisches Seenland), approximately seven kilometres west of Gunzenhausen. Bavarian state road 2218 lies north of the village.
History
Prehistoric and Protohistoric Time
The area around Cronheim was already populated in prehistoric and protohistoric time, proven by a circular earthwork in the north and two grave mounts in the south.
Hallstatt culture ca. 600 BC to 100 AC
The human population that occupied the region during around 600 BC and 100 AC belonged to the Celtic Hallstatt culture. By the 6th century BC, the Hallstatt culture had expanded to include wide territories, falling into two zones, east and west, between them covering much of western and central Europe down to the Alps, and extending into northern Italy.
Romans 90 to 259
In the year 90 the Romans expelled the Celts, occupied the inhabited areas north of the Donau River and expanded into the area. To protect and getting control over the boarders, the Roman started back in 138 to extend the roman boundary wall, Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes, and also included now the area north of Cronheim. Thanks to dendrochronological investigations of the wood used for the construction for the part of the Limes passing Cronheim, we now now that it was cut in 162. In the second century two Roman military roads crossed at the location where Cronheim is now situated.
Alemanni 259 to 496
After occupying the region for over 150 years, the German tribe Alemanni invaded the area and destroyed the fortress in nearby Gunzenhausen in 241. Between the year 259 and 260 the Alemmani finally overran the Limes and occupied the land. In 496, the Alemanni were conquered by Clovis, leader of the German tribe Franks and incorporated into his dominions.
Middle Ages 5th to 15th century
The location was mentioned for the first time in the year 800 as the foundation of a man named “Cracho.” In medieval times Cronheim was a free and independent manor. That included the full authority over the village including the ordinary jurisdiction.[1] A stone with the coat of arms of the knights of Kronheim that used to be in the old castle is dated 1111 that indicates the time when the first castle was built. If the knights of Cronheim were constructing the Castle Cronheim and named it after themselves or the other way around isn't documented. The construction of the castle has been changed and enlarged various times until it finally burned down in 1403.
In a document dated June 9, 1272 a Ludwig von Craigenheim (Cronheim) was mentioned. He exchanged the churches St. Peter and St. Walburg in the village Stetten for properties in Norsteten (Nordstetten (Gunzenhausen)) with bishop Hildebrand of Möhren[2] Hans von Cronheim († around 1427) was a helper of the at the 15th of Mai 1381 executed robber-knight Eppelein von Gailingen,[3] who had his hide-out in Wald.
Most likely due to the fire at the castle in Cronheim in 1403 Hans von Cronheim and his wife Anna were selling four properties in Aha to the Teutonic Order in Nuremberg[4] along with a grange in Sachsenhofen to Kuntz von Eschenbach zu Obern-Eschenbach and Margretha, his wife.[5]
In 1406 they sold their part of the castle Burleswagen near Crailsheim that they were previously buying from Weiprecht of Wolmershausen, to Jörg Lankwarter.[6] A Jakob of Kronheim was married with Anna von Habsberg.[7] A Wilhelm of Cronheim (†1485) was a member of the brotherhood Prämonstratenser-Order St. Marien auf dem Harlunger Berg.[8] That might be seen as an indicator of an allegiance with Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg. A Hans Georg of Kronheim is mentioned May 11, 1551 as a witness in a shepherd contract between the shepherds in the district of the knights of Absperg.[9]
With Hans Georg of Kronheim the dynasty of the Cronheims ended in the male line. His daughter Barbara, she was married to the caretaker of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Eichstätt, Matthias of Leonrod, so the manor went 1560 to the knights of Leonrod. Barbara is buried in the Church of Herrieden. The knights of Leonrod began 1564 with the construction of today's Water castle in Cronheim where the reeve was located. Another daughter of Hans Georg of Kronheim, Ester, was married with Ernst of Rechenberg, who's common daughter got married to Sebastian Neustädter genannt Stürmer son of Elisabeth of Wolmershausen. If also Walpurg von Kronheim, who was married with the marshal Hugo Vogt of Alten-Sumerau zu Prasberg, a daughter of Hans Georg was is unclear. If so, Hans Georg's wife was Maria Jacobe of Schinen.[10]> Cronheim has been a catholic community. That changed 1560 with the implementation of the Brandanburgian Church Order (Lutheran). Georg Hass, who was parson at Cronheim at this time, got married with the housekeeper already 1558 under the protection of the dukes of Brandenburg-Onolzbach.[11]
In 1580 the manor Cronheim went to Sir Sebastian Neustädter genannt Stürmer, before he sold it 1595 for 47.000 Guilder to his brother in law Sir Friedrich von Eyb zu Eybburg, including the prebendary in Cronheim that he bought back in 1592.[12] Sir Veit Erasmus von Eyb sold the manor 1617 to Sir Johann Phillipp von Bimbach. When 1626 the German Emperor Ferdiand II. called out the imperial ban on Sir Johann Phillipp von Bimbach the manor went to the emperor who than handed it over to Duke Nikolaus Fugger under the condition that the village has to be catholic "forever". Already in 1630 Duke Nikolaus Fugger sold the manor to the The Prince-Bishop of Eichstätt, Johann Christoph von Westerstetten, with the nickname "Witch Bishop", who than forced the community to become catholic again and banished the Jewish of the village. The protestant priest, Johann Boeckler, father of Johann Heinrich and Georg Andreas who both later became famous academics, was forced 1628 to resign from his position as priest and finally banished in 1634. Both sons of him were born in the previous priest house of Cronheim that has been re-built in 1749 and today is a listed historic monument, next to other buildings in Cronheim. From 1629, other sources refer to 1634, the community in Cronheim again was catholic.
In 1635, during the Thirty Years' War, the only buildings in Cronheim still standing were the Church, the priest-house, the house of the blacksmith and a tile house. The majority of the surrounding farms were destroyed. After the Peace of Westphalia in 1652 the Diocese of Eichstätt had to return the manor to its initial owners, the Sirs of Fuchs von Bimmbach. The protest of the Prince-Bishop Marquard II. Schenk von Castell got rejected and so the manor went to Karl Fuchs as his brother had died in the meantime. The prebendary in Cronheim remained with the Diocese of Eichstätt. When Karl Fuchs was selling the manor to Duke Johann Heinrich Notthafft, the Prince-Bishop of Eichstätt managed to get the preemption right on the manor. From 1658 onwards the new owner, Duke Johann Heinrich, allowed the Jewish community to return. After only ten years of ownership, 1661, he offered the manor to the Teutonic Order in Nuremberg. However, the deal got delayed so finally Prince-Bishop Marquard II. Schenk von Castell stepped into the contract and bought the manor Cronheim on August 2, 1661 for the Diocese. The new owner began 1666 with the extension of the church, renovated it and added a new top on the church tower. He continued and even expanded the Jewish immigration politics of the previous owner. He offered Jewish to settle down in Cronheim under the condition that they re-build the houses and re-activate the farming business. This politics led into an investment boom. 55 new houses and 30 barns were built. The Jewish were allowed to build a school and a synagogue. Further they were allowed to nominate a speaker who had the authority to negotiate with the local government. Back in 1658 Cronheim was the only community in the territory of the Diocese Eichstätt that allowed Jewish to settle. In 1816 the Jewish community built a new synagogue in Cronheim further the Nördlingen–Gunzenhausen railway was built in 1848 and Cronheim got a railway station.
The flourishing Jewish community in Cronheim ended in October 1938 with the housebreaking into the synagogue where the interior got destroyed. The building was sold shortly afterwards and the Jewish sanctuaries got handed over to Jewish community in Munich where they got destroyed during Kristallnacht.
In 1961 504 residents lived in 103 houses plus 57 residents in the neighbor village Filchenhard in 14 houses.
On April 1, 1971 Cronheim lost its independence status and became part of the community in Gunzenhausen. November 29, 1985 the german railway, Deutsche Bundesbahn, discontinued the railway service in Cronheim. However, currently there are plans to re-activate it as the area of the "Fränkisches Seenland" becomes more and more attractive for tourists due to its close location to the Altmühlsee.
References
- ^ Kreisverband der Arbeiterwohlfahrt Roth-Schwabach: Mikrokosmos Cronheim: ein Dorf, drei Religionen, 2000, S. 38
- ^ . Ein Dorf zwischen Altmühl und Hahnenkamm, Hrsg. Obst- u. Gartenbauverein Stetten-Maicha, von H. Schlund 1983
- ^ Historische Nachricht von dem Ursprunge und Wachsthum des Heil. Röm. Reichsfreier Stadt Nürnberg, S. 173, Frankfurt und Leipzig, 1752
- ^ StArchiv-N, Rep. 205-0 Ritterorden Urkunden, Nr. 3100
- ^ StArchiv-N, Rep. 205-0 Ritterorden Urkunden, Nr. 3099
- ^ Württembergische Oberamtsbeschreibungen, Crailsheim, 1884, S
- ^ Kindler von Knobloch, Julius ; Badische Historische Kommission [Hrsg.] Oberbadisches Geschlechterbuch (Band 1): A - Ha — Heidelberg, 1898, S. 501
- ^ Johann David Köhler: Gesellschafft Unser Lieben Frauen auf den Berg bey Alt-Brandenburg
- ^ Charter: Nürnberg: Heilig-Geist-Spital, Urkunden 719 - http://monasterium.net/mom/DE-StAN/hlgeistspital/719/charter
- ^ Kindler von Knobloch, Julius ; Badische Historische Kommission [Hrsg.]: Oberbadisches Geschlechterbuch (Band 1): A - Ha — Heidelberg, 1898, S. 369
- ^ Martin von Schaumberg: Fürstbischof von Eichstätt 1560-1590, und die Trienter Reform, Aschendorff, 1965, S. 29,
- ^ Karl Heinrich von Lang: Historisches Netz des Rezatkreises: das ist: die Stadtgebäude, Land- und Herrschaftsgerichte des Rezatkreises, Nürnberg 1834, S. 31
External links
- Der Ort auf www.gunzenhausen.de (in German)
- Das Schloss (in German)
- The Synagogue (in German)
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
