Long jump
| Athletics Long jump | |
|---|---|
 | |
| World records | |
| Men | Mike Powell 8.95 m (29 ft 4+1⁄4 in) (1991) |
| Women | Galina Chistyakova 7.52 m (24 ft 8 in) (1988) |
| Olympic records | |
| Men | Bob Beamon 8.90 m (29 ft 2+1⁄4 in) (1968) |
| Women | Jackie Joyner 7.40 m (24 ft 3+1⁄4 in) (1988) |
The long jump (historically called the broad jump) is a track and field event in which athletes combine speed, strength and agility in an attempt to leap as far as possible from a take off point. Along with the triple jump, the two events that measure jumping for distance as a group are referred to as the "horizontal jumps". This event has a history in the Ancient Olympic Games and has been a modern Olympic event for men since the first Olympics in 1896 and for women since 1948.
Rules
At the elite level, competitors run down a runway (usually coated with the same rubberized surface as running tracks, crumb rubber also vulcanized rubber—known generally as an all-weather track) and jump as far as they can from a wooden board 20 cm or 8 inches wide that is built flush with the runway into a pit filled with finely ground gravel or sand. If the competitor starts the leap with any part of the foot past the foul line, the jump is declared a foul and no distance is recorded. A layer of plasticine is placed immediately after the board to detect this occurrence. An official (similar to a referee) will also watch the jump and make the determination. The competitor can initiate the jump from any point behind the foul line; however, the distance measured will always be perpendicular to the foul line to the nearest break in the sand caused by any part of the body or uniform. Therefore, it is in the best interest of the competitor to get as close to the foul line as possible. Competitors are allowed to place two marks along the side of the runway in order to assist them to jump accurately. At a lesser meet and facilities, the plasticine will likely not exist, the runway might be a different surface or jumpers may initiate their jump from a painted or taped mark on the runway. At a smaller meet, the number of attempts might also be limited to four or three.
Each competitor has a set number of attempts. That would normally be three trials, with three additional jumps being awarded to the best 8 or 9 (depending on the number of lanes on the track at that facility, so the event is equatable to track events) competitors. All legal marks will be recorded but only the longest legal jump counts towards the results. The competitor with the longest legal jump (from either the trial or final rounds) at the end of competition is declared the winner. In the event of an exact tie, then comparing the next best jumps of the tied competitors will be used to determine place. In a large, multi-day elite competition (like the Olympics or World Championships), a set number of competitors will advance to the final round, determined in advance by the meet management. A set of 3 trial round jumps will be held in order to select those finalists. It is standard practice to allow at a minimum, one more competitor than the number of scoring positions to return to the final round, though 12 plus ties and automatic qualifying distances are also potential factors. (For specific rules and regulations in United States Track & Field see Rule 185).[1]
For record purposes, the maximum accepted wind assistance is two metres per second (m/s) (4.5 mph).
History
The long jump is the only known jumping event of Ancient Greece's original Olympics' pentathlon events. All events that occurred at the Olympic Games were initially supposed to act as a form of training for warfare. The long jump emerged probably because it mirrored the crossing of obstacles such as streams and ravines.[2] After investigating the surviving depictions of the ancient event it is believed that unlike the modern event, athletes were only allowed a short running start.[2] The athletes carried a weight in each hand, which were called halteres (between 1 and 4.5 kg). These weights were swung forward as the athlete jumped in order to increase momentum. It is commonly believed that the jumper would throw the weights behind him in midair to increase his forward momentum; however, halteres were held throughout the duration of the jump. Swinging them down and back at the end of the jump would change the athlete's center of gravity and allow the athlete to stretch his legs outward, increasing his distance. The jump itself was made from the bater ("that which is trod upon"). It was most likely a simple board placed on the stadium track which was removed after the event. The jumpers would land in what was called a skamma ("dug-up" area). The idea that this was a pit full of sand is wrong. Sand in the jumping pit is a modern invention.[3] The skamma was simply a temporary area dug up for that occasion and not something that remained over time. The long jump was considered one of the most difficult of the events held at the Games since a great deal of skill was required. Music was often played during the jump and Philostratus says that pipes at times would accompany the jump so as to provide a rhythm for the complex movements of the halteres by the athlete.[2] Philostratos is quoted as saying, "The rules regard jumping as the most difficult of the competitions, and they allow the jumper to be given advantages in rhythm by the use of the flute, and in weight by the use of the halter."[4] Most notable in the ancient sport was a man called Chionis, who in the 656BC Olympics staged a jump of 7.05 metres (23 feet and 1.7 inches).[5]
There has been some argument by modern scholars over the long jump. Some have attempted to recreate it as a triple jump. The images provide the only evidence for the action so it is more well received that it was much like today's long jump. The main reason some want to call it a triple jump is the presence of a source that claims there once was a fifty-five ancient foot jump done by a man named Phayllos.[6]
The long jump has been part of modern Olympic competition since the inception of the Games in 1896. In 1914, Dr. Harry Eaton Stewart recommended the "running broad jump" as a standardized track and field event for women.[7] However, it was not until 1948 that the women's long jump was added to the Olympic athletics programme.
Technique
 |
There are five main components of the long jump: the approach run, the last two strides, takeoff, action in the air, and landing. Speed in the run-up, or approach, and a high leap off the board are the fundamentals of success. Because speed is such an important factor of the approach, it is not surprising that many long jumpers also compete successfully in sprints. A classic example of this long jump / sprint doubling are performances by Carl Lewis.
The approach
The objective of the approach is to gradually accelerate to a maximum controlled speed at takeoff. The most important factor for the distance travelled by an object is its velocity at takeoff – both the speed and angle. Elite jumpers usually leave the ground at an angle of twenty degrees or less; therefore, it is more beneficial for a jumper to focus on the speed component of the jump. The greater the speed at takeoff, the longer the trajectory of the center of mass will be. The importance of a takeoff speed is a factor in the success of sprinters in this event.
The length of the approach is usually consistent distance for an athlete. Approaches can vary between 12 and 19 strides on the novice and intermediate levels, while at the elite level they are closer to between 20 and 22 strides. The exact distance and number of strides in an approach depends on the jumper's experience, sprinting technique, and conditioning level. Consistency in the approach is important as it is the competitor's objective to get as close to the front of the takeoff board as possible without crossing the line with any part of the foot.
Inconsistent approaches are a common problem in the event. As a result, the approach is usually practiced by athletes about 6–8 times per jumping session (see Training below).
The last two strides
The objective of the last two strides is to prepare the body for takeoff while conserving as much speed as possible.
The penultimate stride is longer than the last stride. The competitor begins to lower his or her center of gravity to prepare the body for the vertical impulse. The final stride is shorter because the body is beginning to raise the center of gravity in preparation for takeoff.
The last two strides are extremely important because they determine the velocity with which the competitor will enter the jump; the greater the velocity, the better the jump.
Takeoff
The objective of the takeoff is to create a vertical impulse through the athlete's center of gravity while maintaining balance and control.
This phase is one of the most technical parts of the long jump. Jumpers must be conscious to place the foot flat on the ground, because jumping off either the heels or the toes negatively affects the jump. Taking off from the board heel-first has a braking effect, which decreases velocity and strains the joints. Jumping off the toes decreases stability, putting the leg at risk of buckling or collapsing from underneath the jumper. While concentrating on foot placement, the athlete must also work to maintain proper body position, keeping the torso upright and moving the hips forward and up to achieve the maximum distance from board contact to foot release.the takeoff board is 1m away from the landing pit
There are four main styles of takeoff: the kick style, double-arm style, sprint takeoff, and the power sprint or bounding takeoff.
Kick
The kick style takeoff is where the athlete actively cycles the leg before a full impulse has been directed into the board then landing into the pit. This requires great strength in the hamstrings. This causes the jumper to jump to large distances.
Double-arm
The double-arm style of takeoff works by moving both arms in a vertical direction as the competitor takes off. This produces a high hip height and a large vertical impulse.
Sprint
The sprint takeoff is the style most widely instructed by coaching staff. This is a classic single-arm action that resembles a jumper in full stride. It is an efficient takeoff style for maintaining velocity through takeoff.
Power sprint or bounding
The power sprint takeoff, or bounding takeoff, is one of the more common elite styles. Very similar to the sprint style, the body resembles a sprinter in full stride. However, there is one major difference. The arm that pushes back on takeoff (the arm on the side of the takeoff leg) fully extends backward, rather than remaining at a bent position. This additional extension increases the impulse at takeoff.
The "correct" style of takeoff will vary from athlete to athlete.
Action in the air and landing
There are three major flight techniques for the long jump: the hang, the sail, and the hitch-kick. Each technique is to combat the forward rotation experienced from take-off but is basically down to preference from the athlete. It is important to note that once the body is airborne, there is nothing that the athlete can do to change the direction they are traveling and consequently where they are going to land in the pit. However, it can be argued that certain techniques influence an athlete's landing, which can affect the distance measured. For example, if an athlete lands feet first but falls back because they are not correctly balanced, a lower distance will be measured.
In the 1970s some jumpers used a forward somersault, including John Delamere who used it at the 1974 NCAA Championships, and who matched the jump of the current Olympic champion Randy Williams. The somersault jump has potential to produce longer jumps than other techniques because in the flip, no power is lost countering forward momentum, and it reduces wind resistance in the air.[8] The front flip jump was subsequently banned due to fear of it being unsafe.
Training
The long jump generally requires training in a variety of areas. These areas include: speed work, jumping, over distance running, weight training, plyometric training.
Speed work
Speed work is essentially short distance speed training where the athlete would be running at top or near top speeds. The distances for this type of work would vary between indoor and outdoor season but are usually around 30–60 m for indoors and up to 100 m for outdoors.
Jumping
Long Jumpers tend to practice jumping 1–2 times a week. Approaches, or run-throughs, are repeated sometimes up to 6–8 times per session. Short approach jumps are common for jumpers to do, as it allows for them to work on specific technical aspects of their jumps in a controlled environment. Using equipment such as low hurdles and other obstacles are common in long jump training, as it helps the jumper maintain and hold phases of their jump. As a common rule, it is important for the jumper to engage in full approach jumps at least once a week, as it will prepare the jumper for competition.
Over-distance running
Over-distance running workouts helps the athlete jump a further distance than their set goal. For example, having a 100 m runner practice by running 200 m repeats on a track. This is specifically concentrated in the season when athletes are working on building endurance. Specific over-distance running workouts are performed 1–2 times a week. This is great for building sprint endurance, which is required in competitions where the athlete is sprinting down the runway 3–6 times. Typical workouts would include 5×150 m. Preseason workouts may be longer, including workouts like 6×300 m
Weight training
During pre-season training and early in the competition season weight training tends to play a major role in the sport. It is customary for a long jumper to weight train up to 4 times a week, focusing mainly on quick movements involving the legs and trunk. Some athletes perform Olympic lifts in training. Athletes use low repetition and emphasize speed to maximize the strength increase while minimizing adding additional weight to their frame. Important lifts for a long jumper include the back squat, front squat, power cleans and hang cleans. The emphasis on these lifts should be on speed and explosive as those are crucial in the long jump take off phase.
Plyometrics
Plyometrics, including running up and down stairs and hurdle bounding, can be incorporated into workouts, generally twice a week. This allows an athlete to work on agility and explosiveness. Other plyometric workouts that are common for long jumpers are box jumps. Boxes of various heights are set up spaced evenly apart and jumpers can proceed jumping onto them and off moving in a forward direction. They can vary the jumps from both legs to single jumps. Alternatively, they can set up the boxes in front of a high jump mat if allowed, and jump over a high jump bar onto the mat mimicking a landing phase of the jump. These plyometric workouts are typically performed at the end of a workout.
Bounding
Bounding is any sort of continuous jumping or leaping. Bounding drills usually require single leg bounding, double-leg bounding, or some variation of the two. The focus of bounding drills is usually to spend as little time on the ground as possible and working on technical accuracy, fluidity, and jumping endurance and strength. Technically, bounding is part of plyometrics, as a form of a running exercise such as high knees and butt kicks.
Flexibility
Flexibility is an often forgotten[citation needed] tool for long jumpers. Effective flexibility prevents injury, which can be important for high-impact events such as the long jump. It also helps the athlete sprint down the runway. Hip and groin injuries are common for long jumpers who may neglect proper warm-up and stretching.
Hurdle mobility drills are a common way that jumpers improve flexibility. Common hurdle drills include setting up about 5–7 hurdles at appropriate heights and having athletes walk over them in a continuous fashion. Other variations of hurdle mobility drills are used as well, including hurdle skips. This is a crucial part of a jumper's training since they perform most exercises for a very short period of time and often aren't aware of their form and technique. A common tool in many long jump workouts is the use of video taping. This enables the athlete to go back and watch their own progress as well as letting the athlete compare their own footage to that of some of the world-class jumpers.
Training styles, duration, and intensity vary immensely from athlete to athlete and are based on the experience and strength of the athlete as well as on their coaching style.
Culture
Track and field events have been selected as a main motif in numerous collectors' coins. One of the recent samples is the €10 Greek Long Jump commemorative coin, minted in 2003 to commemorate the 2004 Summer Olympics. The obverse of the coin portrays a modern athlete at the moment he is touching the ground, while the ancient athlete in the background is shown while starting off his jump, as he is seen on a black-figure vase of the 5th century BC.
Records
Jesse Owens set a long jump world record at the 1936 Summer Olympics of 8.13 m (26 ft 8 in) that was not broken for 25 years and 2 months, until 1960 by Ralph Boston. At the 1968 Summer Olympics Bob Beamon jumped 8.90 m (29 ft 2+1⁄4 in) at an altitude of 7,349 feet (2,240 m), a jump not exceeded for 23 years, and which remains the second longest legal jump of all time. On 30 August 1991 Mike Powell of the United States set the current men's world record at the World Championships in Tokyo. It was in a well-known show down against Carl Lewis, who also beat Beamon's record that day but with an aiding wind (thus not legal for record purposes). Powell's record 8.95 m (29 ft 4+1⁄4 in) has now stood for almost 25 years; Beamon's Olympic record through the next 12 Olympiads.
Some jumps over 8.95 m (29 ft 4+1⁄4 in) have been officially recorded. 8.99 m (29 ft 5+3⁄4 in) was recorded by Mike Powell himself (wind-aided +4.4) set at high altitude in Sestriere, Italy in 1992. A potential world record of 8.96 m (29 ft 4+3⁄4 in) was recorded by Iván Pedroso,[9] with a "legal" wind reading also at Sestriere, but the jump was not validated because videotape revealed someone was standing in front of the wind gauge, invalidating the reading (and costing Pedroso a Ferrari valued at $130,000—the prize for breaking the record at that meet).[10][11] Lewis himself jumped 8.91m moments before Powell's record-breaking jump with the wind exceeding the maximum allowed. This jump remains the longest ever not to win an Olympic or World Championship gold medal, or any competition in general.
The current world record for women is held by Galina Chistyakova of the former Soviet Union who leapt 7.52 m (24 ft 8 in) in Leningrad on 11 June 1988, a mark that has stood for 28 years.
All-time top 25 athletes
Men
| Rank | Mark | Wind (m/s) | Athlete | Date | Place | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8.95 m (29 ft 4+1⁄4 in) | 0.3 |  Mike Powell (USA) |
30 August 1991 | Tokyo | |
| 2 | 8.90 m (29 ft 2+1⁄4 in) A | 2.0 | Bob Beamon (USA) |
18 October 1968 | Mexico City | |
| 3 | 8.87 m (29 ft 1 in) | −0.2 | Carl Lewis (USA) |
30 August 1991 | Tokyo | |
| 4 | 8.86 m (29 ft 3⁄4 in) A | 1.9 |  Robert Emmiyan (URS) |
22 May 1987 | Tsakhkadzor | |
| 5 | 8.74 m (28 ft 8 in) | 1.4 | Larry Myricks (USA) |
18 July 1988 | Indianapolis | |
| 8.74 m (28 ft 8 in) A | 2.0 | Erick Walder (USA) |
2 April 1994 | El Paso | ||
| 8.74 m (28 ft 8 in) | −1.2 | Dwight Phillips (USA) |
7 June 2009 | Eugene | ||
| 8 | 8.73 m (28 ft 7+1⁄2 in) | 1.2 |  Irving Saladino (PAN) |
24 May 2008 | Hengelo | |
| 9 | 8.71 m (28 ft 6+3⁄4 in) | 1.9 |  Iván Pedroso (CUB) |
18 July 1995 | Salamanca | |
| 8.71 m (28 ft 6+3⁄4 in) | indoor |  Sebastian Bayer (GER) |
8 March 2009 | Torino | ||
| 11 | 8.66 m (28 ft 4+3⁄4 in) | 1.6 |  Louis Tsatoumas (GRE) |
2 June 2007 | Kalamata | |
| 12 | 8.63 m (28 ft 3+3⁄4 in) | 0.5 | Kareem Streete-Thompson (USA) |
4 June 1994 | Linz | |
| 13 | 8.62 m (28 ft 3+1⁄4 in) | 0.7 |  James Beckford (JAM) |
5 April 1997 | Orlando | |
| 8.62 m (28 ft 3+1⁄4 in) A | 1.2 |  Luvo Manyonga (RSA)
|
17 March 2017 | Pretoria | [14] | |
| 15 | 8.59 m (28 ft 2 in) | indoor | Miguel Pate (USA) |
4 March 2002 | New York City | |
| 16 | 8.58 m (28 ft 1+3⁄4 in) | 1.8 | Jarrion Lawson (USA)
|
3 July 2016 | Eugene | [15] |
| 17 | 8.56 m (28 ft 1 in) | 1.3 |  Yago Lamela (ESP) |
24 June 1999 | Torino | |
| 8.56 m (28 ft 1 in) | 0.2 |  Aleksandr Menkov (RUS) |
16 August 2013 | Moscow | ||
| 19 | 8.54 m (28 ft 0 in) | 0.9 |  Lutz Dombrowski (GDR) |
28 July 1980 | Moscow | |
| 8.54 m (28 ft 0 in) | 1.7 |  Mitchell Watt (AUS) |
29 July 2011 | Stockholm | ||
| 21 | 8.53 m (27 ft 11+3⁄4 in) | 1.2 | Jaime Jefferson (CUB) |
12 May 1990 | Havana | |
| 22 | 8.52 m (27 ft 11+1⁄4 in) | 0.7 | Savanté Stringfellow (USA) |
21 June 2002 | Palo Alto | |
| 8.52 m (27 ft 11+1⁄4 in) | 1.8 | Jeff Henderson (USA) |
22 July 2015 | Toronto | ||
| 24 | 8.51 m (27 ft 11 in) | 1.7 | Roland McGhee (USA) |
14 May 1995 | São Paulo | |
| 8.51 m (27 ft 11 in) | 1.7 |  Greg Rutherford (GBR) |
24 April 2014 | Chula Vista |
Notes
Below is a list of all other legal jumps equal or superior to 8.75.
- Carl Lewis jumped 8.84 (1991 ancillary jump), 8.79 (1983), 8.79 (1984 indoors), 8.76 (1982), 8.76 (1988), 8.75 (1987).
Assisted jumps
- Mike Powell (USA) jumped 8.99 m (+4.4) at altitude in Sestriere, Italy on 21 July 1992.
- Iván Pedroso (CUB) jumped 8.96 m (+1.2) at altitude in Sestriere, Italy on 29 July 1995. The jump was ruled invalid due to an obstructed wind-gauge.
- Carl Lewis (USA) jumped 8.91 (+3.0) and 8.83 (+2.3) on 30 August 1991 at the World Championships in Tokyo, Japan.
- Fabrice Lapierre (AUS) jumped 8.78 (+3.1) on 18 April 2010 in Perth, Australia.
- James Beckford (JAM) jumped 8.68 (+4.9) on 20 May 1995 in Odessa, Ukraine.
- Marquis Dendy (USA) jumped 8.68 (+3.7) on 25 June 2015 in Eugene, Oregon.
- Joe Greene (USA) jumped 8.68 (+4.0) at altitude on 21 July 1995 in Sestriere, Italy.
- Kareem Streete-Thompson (USA) jumped 8.64 (+3.5) on 18 June 1995 in Knoxville, Tennessee.
- Mike Conley (USA) jumped 8.63 (+3.9) on 20 June 1986 in Eugene, Oregon.
- Jeff Henderson (USA) jumped 8.59 (+2.9) on 3 July 2016 in Eugene, Oregon.
- Jason Grimes (USA) jumped 8.57 (+5.2) on 27 June 1982 in Durham, North Carolina.
- Kevin Dilworth (USA) jumped 8.53(+4.9) on 27 April 2002 in Fort-de-France, Martinique.
Women
| Rank | Mark | Wind (m/s) | Athlete | Date | Place | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7.52 m (24 ft 8 in) | 1.4 | Galina Chistyakova (URS) |
11 June 1988 | Leningrad | |
| 2 | 7.49 m (24 ft 6+3⁄4 in) | 1.3 | Jackie Joyner-Kersee (USA) |
22 May 1994 | New York City | |
| 3 | 7.48 m (24 ft 6+1⁄4 in) | 1.2 | Heike Drechsler (GDR) |
9 July 1988 | Neubrandenburg | |
| 4 | 7.43 m (24 ft 4+1⁄2 in) | 1.4 |  Anişoara Cuşmir (ROM) |
4 June 1983 | Bucharest | |
| 5 | 7.42 m (24 ft 4 in) | 2.0 | Tatyana Kotova (RUS) |
23 June 2002 | Annecy | |
| 6 | 7.39 m (24 ft 2+3⁄4 in) | 0.5 | Yelena Belevskaya (URS) |
18 July 1987 | Bryansk | |
| 7 | 7.37 m (24 ft 2 in) | N/A |  Inessa Kravets (UKR) |
13 June 1992 | Kiev | |
| 8 | 7.33 m (24 ft 1⁄2 in) | 0.4 | Tatyana Lebedeva (RUS) |
31 July 2004 | Tula | |
| 9 | 7.31 m (23 ft 11+3⁄4 in) | 1.5 | Olena Khlopotnova (URS) |
12 September 1985 | Alma Ata | |
| 7.31 m (23 ft 11+3⁄4 in) | −0.1 | Marion Jones (USA) |
12 August 1998 | Zürich | ||
| 7.31 m (23 ft 11+3⁄4 in) | 1.7 | Brittney Reese (USA)
|
2 July 2016 | Eugene | [16] | |
| 12 | 7.27 m (23 ft 10 in) | −0.4 | Irina Meleshina (RUS) |
31 July 2004 | Tula | |
| 13 | 7.26 m (23 ft 9+3⁄4 in) A | 1.8 |  Maurren Higa Maggi (BRA) |
26 July 1999 | Bogotá | |
| 14 | 7.24 m (23 ft 9 in) | 1.0 | Larisa Berezhnaya (URS) |
25 May 1991 | Granada | |
| indoor |  Ivana Španović (SRB)
|
5 March 2017 | Belgrade | [17] | ||
| 16 | 7.21 m (23 ft 7+3⁄4 in) | 1.6 | Helga Radtke (GDR) |
26 July 1984 | Dresden | |
| 7.21 m (23 ft 7+3⁄4 in) | 1.9 | Lyudmila Kolchanova (RUS) |
27 May 2007 | Sochi | ||
| 18 | 7.20 m (23 ft 7+1⁄4 in) | −0.5 |  Vali Ionescu-Constantin (ROU) |
11 August 1982 | Bucharest | |
| 7.20 m (23 ft 7+1⁄4 in) | 2.0 | Irena Ozenko (URS) |
12 September 1986 | Budapest | ||
| 7.20 m (23 ft 7+1⁄4 in) | 0.8 | Yelena Sinchukova (URS) |
20 June 1991 | Budapest | ||
| 7.20 m (23 ft 7+1⁄4 in) | 0.7 | Irina Mushailova (RUS) |
14 July 1994 | Saint Petersburg | ||
| 22 | 7.17 m (23 ft 6+1⁄4 in) | 1.8 | Irina Valyukevich (URS) |
18 July 1987 | Bryansk | |
| 7.17 m (23 ft 6+1⁄4 in) | 0.6 | Tianna Bartoletta (USA)
|
17 August 2016 | Rio de Janeiro | [18] | |
| 24 | 7.16 m (23 ft 5+3⁄4 in) | N/A | Iolanda Chen (URS) |
30 July 1988 | Moscow | |
| 7.16 m (23 ft 5+3⁄4 in) A | −0.1 | Elva Goulbourne (JAM) |
22 May 2004 | Mexico City | ||
| 7.16 m (23 ft 5+3⁄4 in) | 1.6 | Sosthene Moguenara (GER)
|
28 May 2016 | Weinheim | [19] |
Notes
Below is a list of all other legal jumps equal or superior to 7.40.
- Jackie Joyner-Kersee jumped 7.49 (1994 at altitude), 7.45 (1987), 7.40 (1988).
- Heike Drechsler jumped 7.48 (1992), 7.45 (June 1986), 7.45 (July 1986), 7.44 (1985), 7.40 (1984), 7.40 (1987).
- Galina Chistyakova jumped 7.45 (June 1988 ancillary jump during world record competition), 7.45 (August 1988).
Assisted jumps
- Heike Drechsler (GER) jumped 7.63 (+2.1) and 7.47 (+3.1) on 21 July 1992 at altitude in Sestriere.
- Jackie Joyner-Kersee (USA) jumped 7.45 (+2.6) on 23 July 1988.
Olympic medalists
Men
Medal table
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  United States (USA) | 22 | 15 | 10 | 47 |
| 2 | Great Britain (GBR) | 2 | 0 | 2 | 4 |
| 3 | Greece (GRE) | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 4 | East Germany (GDR) | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
| 5 | Cuba (CUB) | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
| 6 |  Sweden (SWE) | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
| 7 | Panama (PAN) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 8 | Australia (AUS) | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 9 | Germany (GER) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Jamaica (JAM) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | |
| South Africa (RSA) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | |
| 12 |  Canada (CAN) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 13 |  Haiti (HAI) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 14 | Soviet Union (URS) | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 15 |  Italy (ITA) | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
 Japan (JPN) | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | |
| 17 |  Finland (FIN) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
 Hungary (HUN) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
 Norway (NOR) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| Spain (ESP) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| Ukraine (UKR) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| Totals (21 entries) | 30 | 30 | 30 | 90 | |
Women
Medal table
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States (USA) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 12 |
| 2 | Germany (GER) | 4 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| 3 | Soviet Union (URS) | 2 | 1 | 6 | 9 |
| 4 | Romania (ROU) | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
| 5 | Russia (RUS) | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 |
| 6 | East Germany (GDR) | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
| 7 |  Poland (POL) | 1 | 2 | 0 | 3 |
| 8 | Great Britain (GBR) | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
| 9 |  Nigeria (NGR) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 10 | Brazil (BRA) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Hungary (HUN) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
 New Zealand (NZL) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
| 13 | Italy (ITA) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 14 |  Argentina (ARG) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
 Bulgaria (BUL) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| Ukraine (UKR) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| 17 |  Czechoslovakia (TCH) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Jamaica (JAM) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| Serbia (SRB) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| Sweden (SWE) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| Totals (20 entries) | 20 | 20 | 20 | 60 | |
World Championships medalists
Men
Medal table
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States (USA) | 8 | 6 | 5 | 19 |
| 2 | Cuba (CUB) | 4 | 0 | 1 | 5 |
| 3 | Jamaica (JAM) | 1 | 3 | 1 | 5 |
| 4 | Russia (RUS) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| South Africa (RSA) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | |
| 6 | Greece (GRE) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 7 |  China (CHN) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 8 | Great Britain (GBR) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Panama (PAN) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
| 10 | Australia (AUS) | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 11 | Spain (ESP) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 12 |  Ghana (GHA) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Italy (ITA) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
 Netherlands (NED) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| Soviet Union (URS) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| 16 | Finland (FIN) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
 Mexico (MEX) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
 Portugal (POR) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
 Slovenia (SLO) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
 Switzerland (SUI) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| Ukraine (UKR) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
 Zimbabwe (ZIM) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| Totals (22 entries) | 19 | 19 | 19 | 57 | |
Women
Medal table
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States (USA) | 8 | 1 | 3 | 12 |
| 2 | Germany (GER) | 3 | 1 | 0 | 4 |
| 3 | Russia (RUS) | 2 | 3 | 2 | 7 |
| 4 | Italy (ITA) | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| 5 |  France (FRA) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 6 | Serbia (SRB) | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
| 7 | East Germany (GDR) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| Spain (ESP) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | |
| 9 | Nigeria (NGR) | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 10 | Ukraine (UKR) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 11 | Cuba (CUB) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Romania (ROU) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
| Soviet Union (URS) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
| 14 | Great Britain (GBR) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Greece (GRE) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
 Latvia (LAT) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
 Turkey (TUR) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| – |  Authorised Neutral Athletes (ANA) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 18 |  Belarus (BLR) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Brazil (BRA) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
 Denmark (DEN) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
 India (IND) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| Portugal (POR) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| Totals (22 entries) | 19 | 19 | 19 | 57 | |
World Indoor Championships medalists
Men
Women
- A Known as the World Indoor Games
Season's bests
Men
|
Women
|
- "i" denotes indoor performance.
National records
Men
| Nation | Distance | Athlete | Date | Location | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States |
8.95 m (29 ft 4+1⁄4 in) | Mike Powell | 30 August 1991 | Tokyo | |
Soviet Union/ Armenia |
8.86 m (29 ft 3⁄4 in) | Robert Emmiyan | 22 May 1987 | Tsakhkadzor | |
| Panama |
8.73 m (28 ft 7+1⁄2 in) | Irving Saladino | 24 May 2008 | Hengelo | |
| Cuba |
8.71 m (28 ft 6+3⁄4 in) | Iván Pedroso | 18 July 1995 | Salamanca | |
| Greece |
8.66 m (28 ft 4+3⁄4 in) | Louis Tsatoumas | 2 June 2007 | Kalamata | |
| Jamaica |
8.62 m (28 ft 3+1⁄4 in) | James Beckford | 5 April 1997 | Orlando | |
| South Africa
|
8.62 m (28 ft 3+1⁄4 in) A | Luvo Manyonga | 17 March 2017 | Pretoria | [23] |
| Spain
|
8.56 m (28 ft 1 in) | Yago Lamela | 24 June 1999 | Turin | [24] |
| Russia
|
8.56 m (28 ft 1 in) | Aleksandr Menkov | 16 August 2013 | Moscow | [25] |
| East Germany/ Germany |
8.54 m (28 ft 0 in) | Lutz Dombrowski | 28 July 1980 | Moscow | |
| Australia |
8.54 m (28 ft 0 in) | Mitchell Watt | 29 July 2011 | Stockholm | |
| United Kingdom |
8.51 m (27 ft 11 in) | Greg Rutherford | 24 April 2014 | Chula Vista | |
 Saudi Arabia |
8.48 m (27 ft 9+3⁄4 in) | Mohamed Salman Al-Khuwalidi | 2 July 2006 | Sotteville-lès-Rouen | |
| Italy |
8.47 m (27 ft 9+1⁄4 in) | Andrew Howe | 30 August 2007 | Osaka | |
| People's Republic of China
|
8.47 m (27 ft 9+1⁄4 in) | Li Jinzhe | 29 June 2014 | Bad Langensalza | [26] |
| Mexico
|
8.46 m (27 ft 9 in) | Luis Rivera | 12 July 2013 | Kazan | [27][28] |
 Senegal
|
8.46 m (27 ft 9 in) | Cheikh Tidiane Touré | 15 June 1997 | Bad Langensalza | |
 Yugoslavia/ Serbia
|
8.45 m (27 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | Nenad Stekić | 25 July 1975 | Montreal | |
| Sweden
|
8.44 m (27 ft 8+1⁄4 in) A | Michel Tornéus | 10 July 2016 | Monachil | [29] |
| Ghana |
8.43 m (27 ft 7+3⁄4 in) | Ignisious Gaisah | 14 July 2006 | Rome | |
| France |
8.42 m (27 ft 7+1⁄4 in) | Salim Sdiri | 12 June 2009 | Pierre-Bénite | |
 Bahamas |
8.41 m (27 ft 7 in) | Craig Hepburn | 17 June 1993 | Nassau | |
| Zimbabwe |
8.40 m (27 ft 6+1⁄2 in) | Ngonidzashe Makusha | 9 June 2011 | Des Moines | |
| Brazil |
8.40 m (27 ft 6+1⁄2 in) | Douglas de Souza | 15 February 1995 | São Paulo | |
| Slovenia |
8.40 m (27 ft 6+1⁄2 in) | Gregor Cankar | 18 May 1997 | Celje | |
 Morocco |
8.40 m (27 ft 6+1⁄2 in) | Yahya Berrabah | 2 October 2009 | Beirut | |
| Romania |
8.37 m (27 ft 5+1⁄2 in) | Bogdan Tudor | 9 July 1995 | Bad Cannstatt | |
| Portugal |
8.36 m (27 ft 5 in) | Carlos Calado | 20 June 1997 | Lisbon | |
| Ukraine
|
8.35 m (27 ft 4+1⁄2 in) | Sergey Layevskiy | 16 July 1988 | Dnipropetrovsk | |
| Roman Shchurenko | 25 July 2000 | Kiev | |||
 Taiwan |
8.34 m (27 ft 4+1⁄4 in) | Nai Huei-Fang | 14 May 1993 | Shanghai | |
 Venezuela |
8.34 m (27 ft 4+1⁄4 in) | Víctor Castillo | 30 May 2004 | Cochabamba | |
| Bulgaria |
8.33 m (27 ft 3+3⁄4 in) | Ivaylo Mladenov | 3 June 1995 | Seville | |
| Belarus |
8.33 m (27 ft 3+3⁄4 in) | Aleksandr Glovatskiy | 7 August 1996 | Sestriere | |
 Egypt |
8.31 m (27 ft 3 in) | Hassine Hatem Moursal | 30 June 1999 | Oslo | |
| Hungary |
8.30 m (27 ft 2+3⁄4 in) | László Szalma | 7 July 1985 | Budapest | |
 Austria |
8.30 m (27 ft 2+3⁄4 in) | Andreas Steiner | 4 June 1988 | Innsbruck | |
| Netherlands |
8.29 m (27 ft 2+1⁄4 in) | Ignisious Gaisah | 16 August 2013 | Moscow | |
 Mauritius |
8.28 m (27 ft 1+3⁄4 in) | Jonathan Chimier | 24 August 2004 | Athens | |
| Poland |
8.28 m (27 ft 1+3⁄4 in) | Grzegorz Marciniszyn | 14 July 2001 | Mals | |
| Nigeria |
8.27 m (27 ft 1+1⁄2 in) | Yussuf Alli | 8 August 1989 | Lagos | |
 Botswana |
8.27 m (27 ft 1+1⁄2 in) | Gable Garenamotse | 20 August 2006 | Rhede | |
 Algeria |
8.26 m (27 ft 1 in) | Issam Nima | 28 July 2007 | Zaragoza | |
| Czech Republic |
8.25 m (27 ft 3⁄4 in) | Milan Mikuláš | 16 July 1988 | Prague | |
 Republic of Moldova |
8.25 m (27 ft 3⁄4 in) | Sergey Podgainiy | 18 August 1990 | Chişinău | |
| Japan
|
8.25 m (27 ft 3⁄4 in) | Masaki Morinaga | 5 May 1992 | Shizuoka | |
 Belgium |
8.25 m (27 ft 3⁄4 in) | Erik Nys | 6 July 1996 | Hechtel | |
| Denmark |
8.25 m (27 ft 3⁄4 in) | Morten Jensen | 3 July 2005 | Gothenburg | |
 Georgia
|
8.25 m (27 ft 3⁄4 in) i | Bachana Khorava | 7 February 2016 | Tbilisi | |
 Namibia
|
8.24 m (27 ft 1⁄4 in) A | Stephan Louw | 12 January 2008 | Germiston | |
 Croatia |
8.23 m (27 ft 0 in) | Siniša Ergotić | 5 June 2002 | Zagreb | |
 Bermuda |
8.22 m (26 ft 11+1⁄2 in) | Tyrone Smith | 26 July 2010 | Mayagüez | |
| Finland |
8.22 m (26 ft 11+1⁄2 in) | Tommi Evilä | 28 June 2008 | Gothenburg | |
 South Korea
|
8.22 m (26 ft 11+1⁄2 in) | Kim Deok-hyeon | 10 June 2016 | Ried | [30] |
| Canada
|
8.20 m (26 ft 10+3⁄4 in) | Edrick Floreal | 20 July 1991 | Sherbrooke | |
| India
|
8.19 m (26 ft 10+1⁄4 in) | Ankit Sharma | 26 June 2016 | Almaty | [31] |
 Uruguay
|
8.19 m (26 ft 10+1⁄4 in) | Emiliano Lasa | 18 February 2017 | São Paulo | [32] |
 Iran
|
8.17 m (26 ft 9+1⁄2 in) | Mohammad Arzandeh | 7 July 2012 | Tehran | |
 Kazakhstan
|
8.16 m (26 ft 9+1⁄4 in) | Sergey Vasilenko | 18 June 1988 | Alma Ata | |
 Qatar
|
8.13 m (26 ft 8 in) | Abdulrahman Faraj Al-Nubi | 21 September 2003 | Manila | |
 Hong Kong
|
8.12 m (26 ft 7+1⁄2 in) | Chan Ming Tai | 7 May 2016 | Hong Kong | [33] |
 Estonia
|
8.10 m (26 ft 6+3⁄4 in) | Erki Nool | 27 May 1995 | Götzis | |
 Peru
|
8.10 m (26 ft 6+3⁄4 in) | Jorge McFarlane | 23 November 2009 | Sucre | |
 Uzbekistan
|
8.10 m (26 ft 6+3⁄4 in) | Aleksandr Pototskiy | 4 June 1992 | Bryansk | |
| Turkey
|
8.08 m (26 ft 6 in) | Mesut Yavaş | 24 June 2000 | Istanbul | |
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
|
8.08 m (26 ft 6 in) | Clayton Latham | 29 July 2008 | Hamburg | |
| Latvia
|
8.08 m (26 ft 6 in) | Elvijs Misāns | 12 July 2016 | Saldus | [34] |
 Albania
|
8.08 m (26 ft 6 in) i | Izmir Smajlaj | 4 March 2017 | Belgrade | [35] |
 Ireland
|
8.07 m (26 ft 5+1⁄2 in) | Ciaran McDonagh | 21 August 2005 | La Chaux-de-Fonds | |
| New Zealand
|
8.05 m (26 ft 4+3⁄4 in) | Bob Thomas | 20 January 1968 | Whangarei | |
| Latvia
|
8.05 m (26 ft 4+3⁄4 in) | Juris Tone | 21 June 1983 | Moscow | |
 Thailand
|
8.04 m (26 ft 4+1⁄2 in) | Supanara Sukhasvasti | 5 June 2010 | Banglore | |
| Norway
|
8.02 m (26 ft 3+1⁄2 in) | Kristen Fløgstad | 4 August 1973 | Bislett | |
 Philippines
|
7.99 m (26 ft 2+1⁄2 in) | Henry Dagmil | 7 June 2008 | Eagle Rock | [36] |
 Israel
|
7.99 m (26 ft 2+1⁄2 in) | Yochai Halevi | 15 May 2010 | Tel Aviv | |
 Viet Nam
|
7.90 m (25 ft 11 in) | Nguyen Ngoc Quan | 2 May 1997 | Hanoi | |
 Malaysia
|
7.88 m (25 ft 10 in) | Josbert Tinus | 5 October 2007 | Bangkok | |
 Turks and Caicos Islands
|
7.88 m (25 ft 10 in) | Ifeanyi Otuonye | 15 July 2016 | San Salvador | [37] |
 Indonesia
|
7.85 m (25 ft 9 in) | Agus Reza Irawan | 21 September 1995 | Jakarta | |
 United Arab Emirates
|
7.79 m (25 ft 6+1⁄2 in) | Mousbeh Ali Said | 6 September 1992 | Latakia | |
 Aruba
|
7.72 m (25 ft 3+3⁄4 in) | Quincy Breell | 16 May 2015 | Cartagena | [38] |
 Luxembourg
|
7.68 m (25 ft 2+1⁄4 in) i | Romain Lambert | 14 January 2017 | Kirchberg | [39] |
 Singapore
|
7.62 m (25 ft 0 in) | Matthew Goh Yujie | 5 December 2009 | Vientiane | |
 Benin
|
7.50 m (24 ft 7+1⁄4 in) | Romeo N'Tia | 26 June 2015 | Reims | |
 Bahrain
|
7.47 m (24 ft 6 in) | Mohamed Imam Bakhash | 16 October 2003 | Manama | |
 Lebanon
|
7.43 m (24 ft 4+1⁄2 in) | Marc Habib | 22 July 2004 | Lebanon | |
 Montenegro
|
7.33 m (24 ft 1⁄2 in) | Darko Pešić | 25 June 2016 | Pitești | [40] |
 Laos
|
7.31 m (23 ft 11+3⁄4 in) | Sompong Vongphakdy | 12 June 2015 | Kallang | [41] |
 Jersey
|
7.21 m (23 ft 7+3⁄4 in) | Ross Jeffs | 1 July 2012 | Jersey | |
 Macedonia
|
7.15 m (23 ft 5+1⁄4 in) | Zoran Tasevski | 15 May 1976 | Skopje | |
| Toni Damcevski | 23 May 1995 | Sofia | |||
| Slavcho Mirchevski | 7 June 2015 | Ohrid | |||
 Afghanistan
|
7.05 m (23 ft 1+1⁄2 in) | Mohammed Anwar | 1940 | Kabul | |
 Brunei
|
7.04 m (23 ft 1 in) | Daniel Chung | 7 August 1993 | Kota Kinabalu |
Women
| Nation | Distance | Athlete | Date | Location | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Serbia
|
7.24 m (23 ft 9 in) i | Ivana Španović | 5 March 2017 | Belgrade | [42] |
| Great Britain
|
7.07 m (23 ft 2+1⁄4 in) | Shara Proctor | 28 August 2015 | Beijing | [43] |
| Latvia
|
6.92 m (22 ft 8+1⁄4 in) | Ineta Radēviča | 28 July 2010 | Barcelona | |
| India
|
6.83 m (22 ft 4+3⁄4 in) | Anju Bobby George | 27 August 2004 | Athens | [44] |
| Bahamas
|
6.83 m (22 ft 4+3⁄4 in) | Bianca Stuart | 26 June 2015 | Nassau | [45] |
 Barbados
|
6.80 m (22 ft 3+1⁄2 in) i | Akela Jones | 11 March 2016 | Birmingham | [46] |
| Armenia
|
6.72 m (22 ft 1⁄2 in) | Amaliya Sharoyan | 21 May 2016 | Elbasan | [47] |
| Philippines
|
6.72 m (22 ft 1⁄2 in) | Marestella Sunang | 4 July 2016 | Almaty | [48] |
| Mexico
|
6.70 m (21 ft 11+3⁄4 in) | Ivonne Treviño | 5 June 2016 | Monterrey | [49] |
 British Virgin Islands
|
6.69 m (21 ft 11+1⁄4 in) | Chantel Malone | 9 August 2015 | San José | [50] |
 Iceland
|
6.62 m (21 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | Hafdís Sigurðardóttir | 9 July 2016 | Hilversum | [51] |
 Ecuador
|
6.50 m (21 ft 3+3⁄4 in) A | Yuliana Angulo | 10 May 2015 | Medellín | [52] |
 Sri Lanka
|
6.43 m (21 ft 1 in) | Chamali Dilrukshi Priyadarshani | 19 December 2015 | Diyagama | [53] |
 Dominica
|
6.17 m (20 ft 2+3⁄4 in) i | Thea LaFond | 27 February 2015 | Geneva | [54] |
 Papua New Guinea
|
6.10 m (20 ft 0 in) | Rellie Kaputin | 26 May 2016 | Bradenton | [55] |
 Republic of the Congo
|
6.09 m (19 ft 11+3⁄4 in) | Marie Mbuya Mala | 8 June 2016 | Blois | [56] |
| Papua New Guinea
|
5.97 m (19 ft 7 in) | Rellie Kaputin | 17 July 2015 | Port Moresby | [57] |
| Laos
|
5.69 m (18 ft 8 in) | Laenly Phoutthavong | 4 April 2015 | Kallang | [58] |
 Cape Verde
|
5.66 m (18 ft 6+3⁄4 in) i | Evelise Veiga | 27 January 2012 | Pombal | |
 Libya
|
5.12 m (16 ft 9+1⁄2 in) | Hedil Aboud Fethi | 7 June 2015 | Radès | |
 Kuwait
|
4.87 m (15 ft 11+1⁄2 in) | Nadia Al-Haqqan | 15 March 2015 | Muscat |
See also
Notes and references
- ^ "USATF – 2006 Competition Rules". USA Track & Field. Retrieved 29 October 2006.
- See Rule 185 in Article III
- ^ a b c Judith Swaddling. The Ancient Olympic Games. University of Texas Pres. ISBN 0292777515.
- ^ Miller, p. 66
- ^ Miller, p. 67
- ^ "Ancient Origins". The Times/The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 29 October 2006.
- ^ Miller, p. 68
- ^ Tricard, Louise Mead (1 July 1996). American Women's Track & Field: A History, 1895 Through 1980. McFarland & Company. pp. 60–61. ISBN 0-7864-0219-9.
- ^ Ron Reid (29 July 1974). "The Flip That Led To A Flap". Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ 100 Metres – men – senior – outdoor. iaaf.org. Retrieved on 20 April 2013.
- ^ Pedroso may lose record. The Victoria Advocate (4 August 1995).
- ^ Athlete profile for Iván Pedroso. Iaaf.org (17 December 1972). Retrieved on 2013-04-20.
- ^ Long Jump – men – senior – outdoor. IAAF. Retrieved on 25 January 2014.
- ^ Long Jump – women – senior – outdoor. IAAF. Retrieved on 25 January 2014.
- ^ Ockert de Villiers (17 March 2017). "Luvo Manyonga leaps to new South African record". iol.co.za. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
- ^ Roy Jordan (4 July 2016). "Six world leads on third day of US Olympic Trials". IAAF. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
- ^ Roy Jordan (3 July 2016). "Reese's big leap highlights early action at US Olympic Trials". IAAF. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
- ^ "Long Jump Results" (PDF). European Athletics. 5 March 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
- ^ "Women's Long Jump Results" (PDF). Rio 2016 official website. 17 August 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
- ^ "Long Jump Results". lalive.de. 28 May 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
- ^ Vol. 3 No. 20 June, 1963, and a New 440 WR by ADOLPH PLUMMER. onceuponatimeinthevest.blogspot.com. Note: This article indicates they were measuring in Imperial at Modesto in 1963 (and probably most other years in this era). Particularly notable is that this measurement under windy conditions is likely the best wind legal, but not even the winning jump of the competition (Phil Shinnick 27'4") or Boston's best jump that day
- ^ Note: Olympic Trials measured metrically. Also did 8.49w that day. usatf.org (PDF) . Retrieved on 20 January 2016.
- ^ Town / City With Most World Records. trackandfieldnews.com. April 2013
- ^ Ockert de Villiers (17 March 2017). "Luvo Manyonga leaps to new South African record". iol.co.za. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
- ^ "AIRE LIBRE – Récords de España Absolutos – HOMBRES". RFEA. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
- ^ "Long Jump Series Result – 14th IAAF World Championships". IAAF. 16 August 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
- ^ "Weitsprung-Meeting der Weltklasse 2014 – Men's Results" (PDF). DLV. 28 June 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
- ^ "27th Summer Universiade in Kazan, July 6–17, 2013 – Luis Alberto Rivera". kazan2013.com. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
- ^ "Luis Rivera es el número uno del ranking mundial". mediotiempo.com. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
- ^ "8.44 - Nytt svenskt rekord!". SF. 10 July 2016. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
- ^ "Long Jump Results". lalive.de. 10 June 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
- ^ "Rio 2016: Mohammad Anas, Ankit Sharma and Srabani Nanda qualify for Rio Olympics". firstpost.com. 26 June 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
- ^ "Emiliano Lasa batió el récord nacional de salto largo con 8.19". futbol.com.uy (in Spanish). 18 February 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
- ^ Chan Kin-wa (7 May 2016). "Chan Ming-tai betters his Hong Kong long jump record to boost Olympic hopes". scmp.com. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
- ^ "Misāns labo 33 gadus veco Latvijas rekordu tāllēkšanā". nra.lv (in Latvian). 12 July 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
- ^ "Long Jump Results" (PDF). European Athletics. 4 March 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
- ^ 2008 SCA Jim Bush Championships. Scausatf.org (7 June 2008). Retrieved on 2013-04-20.
- ^ "Long Jump Results". tiempodellegada.com. 15 July 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
- ^ "Lotto ta felicita atleta Quincy Breell cu su medaya di oro y record nobo den salto largo" (in Spanish). sportpicsaruba.com. 16 May 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
- ^ "Kirchberg (Luxembourg), 14.1.2017 (indoor)". trackinsun.blogspot.de. 14 January 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
- ^ "Balkan Championships 2016 – Decathlon Results". fra.ro. 26 June 2016. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
- ^ "Long Jump Results". 123finish.com. 12 June 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
- ^ "Long Jump Results". European Athletics. 5 March 2017.
{{cite web}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Missing or empty|url=(help) - ^ "Long Jump Results" (PDF). IAAF. 28 August 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
- ^ "IAAF: Long Jump - women - senior - outdoor - 2004 | iaaf.org". iaaf.org. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
- ^ Brent Stubbs (27 June 2015). "Bianca 'BB' Stuart sets new national record Day 1 of the BAAA-BTC Open Nationals". BAAA. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
- ^ Jon Mulkeen (12 March 2016). "Collegiate records for Williams and Jones in epic NCAA indoor pentathlon". IAAF. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
- ^ "International Meeting Elbasan 2016 Results". tilastopaja.org. 21 May 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
- ^ Terrado, Reuben (4 July 2016). "Marestella Torres punches ticket to Rio by surpassing Olympic standard in last-ditch attempt". Sports Interactive Network Philippines. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
- ^ "Ivonne Treviño consigue boleto para los olímpicos" (in Spanish). jornada.unam.mx. 6 June 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
- ^ "Women's Long Jump Results". tiempodellegada.com. 9 August 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
- ^ "Hilversum (Netherlands), 9.7.2016". trackinsun.blogspot.de. 12 July 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
- ^ "Ángela Tenorio logró marca para los Juegos Olímpicos Río de Janeiro 2016 (Video)". coe.org.ec. 11 May 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
- ^ "Priyadarshani leaps 6.43m to set new SL record Ayesha renewed her own Sri Lanka record". ceylontoday.lk. 20 December 2015. Archived from the original on 18 August 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Long Jump Results". directathletics.com. 27 February 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
- ^ "Four National Records in Florida". foxsportspulse.com. 29 May 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
- ^ "Blois (France), 8.6.2016 -Meeting National 2-". trackinsun.blogspot.de. 8 June 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
- ^ "Long Jump Results". pg2015.gems.pro. 17 July 2015. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
- ^ "Long Jump Results". 123finish.com. 4 April 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
Cited sources
- Stephen G. Miller (2004). Ancient Greek Athletics. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300115296.
Further reading
- Guthrie, Mark (2003). Coach Track & Field Successfully. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics. pp. 149–155. ISBN 0-7360-4274-1.
- Rogers, Joseph L. (2000). USA Track & Field Coaching Manual. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics. pp. 141–157. ISBN 0-88011-604-8.
- Ernie Gregoire, Larry Myricks (1991). World Class Track & Field Series: Long Jump (VHS). Ames, Iowa: Championship Books & Video Productions.
External links
| Track |
| ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Field |
| ||||||||||||
| Combined | |||||||||||||
| Road |
| ||||||||||||
| Other | |||||||||||||
