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Clam Lake, Wisconsin ELF transmitter in 1982, part of Project ELF, the downsized successor to Sanguine. Sections of the right of ways for the power lines that make up the two 14-mile-long ground dipole antennas can be seen passing through the forest in lower left.

Project Sanguine was a U.S. Navy project, proposed in 1968 and only implemented in a more limited form, to create a hardened extremely low frequency (ELF) radio, which has limited bandwidth, and therefor must transmit very short messages, very slowly. ELF signals can't carry audio (voice) due to this, instead being limited to short text messages consisting of a few letters. Because of the limits of encoding information in such a small entropy domain, only these short messages would be feasible. The US Navy system described below transmitted messages of three-letter groups and required 15 minutes to transmit each code group. Current systems therefor are not used to transmit detailed orders, but instead serve the function of a "bell ringer", ordering a specific vessel to surface and receive further orders by ordinary radio or satellite communication. transmitter facility in Wisconsin to communicate with deeply submerged submarines.[1][2][3] The originally proposed system would have a giant "antenna" consisting of 6000 miles of buried cables in a rectangular grid covering 22,500 square miles, 40% of the state of Wisconsin,[1] powered by 100 underground power plants in concrete bunkers.[2][3] The cables were grounded at their ends, and loops of AC electric current flowed deep in the ground between the ends of the cable, generating ELF waves; this is called a ground dipole. The original design was projected to cost billions[4] and consume 800 megawatts of power.[1][5] The goal was a system that could transmit tactical orders one-way to U.S. nuclear submarines anywhere in the world, and survive a direct nuclear attack.[2]

The project was controversial from the start and was attacked by politicians, antiwar and environmental groups concerned about the effects of high ground currents and electromagnetic fields on the environment.[2][3][6][7] The nuclear survivability of the system was made doubtful by Soviet development of MIRV ballistic missiles.[3] After an attempt to resite the project in the Llano Uplift of Texas[8] was also stopped by public opposition,[3] the Navy abandoned Sanguine and proposed a series of increasingly modest variants: Project Seafarer (1975), Austere ELF (1978), and finally Project ELF (1981), which was constructed.[3][5] The system became nominally operational in 1989, 20 years after it first went online as "test facility," and was used until 2004, when the US Navy declared it obsolete and was shut down and dismantled.

Project ELF

Map showing location of the US Navy ELF transmitters. The red lines show the paths of the ground dipole antennas. The Clam Lake facility (left) had two crossed 14 mi. ground dipoles. The Republic facility had two 14 mi. dipoles oriented east-west, and one 28 mi. dipole oriented north-south.

The scaled-down system the Navy constructed in 1969, called Project ELF, began official testing in 1982 and became officially operational in 1989.[9] It consisted of two transmitter facilities, one at Clam Lake, Wisconsin and one at Republic, Michigan.[9] with a total of 84 miles[10] of above-ground transmission line antenna. The two transmitters normally operated synchronized together as one antenna for greater range, but could also operate independently. The scaled down system was not designed to survive a nuclear attack.

The Clam Lake facility, which served as the test site and was originally called the Wisconsin Test Facility (WTF) consisted of two 14-mile (24 km) transmission line antennas (called ground dipoles) in the shape of a cross, with the transmitter station at their intersection.[1][11] The Republic facility consisted of three transmission lines, two 14-mile and one 28-mile,[1] in the shape of the letter "F" (the shape is not significant and was dictated by land availability).[11] The lines, made of 1.5 cm aluminum cable supported on insulators on 40 ft. wooden utility poles, resembled ordinary power transmission lines.[2] The ends of the transmission lines were grounded by 1 to 3 miles of buried copper cable and ground rods,[2] later replaced by arrays of electrodes in deep 300 ft. boreholes[1] The transmitters sent alternating currents of 300 amperes through the lines, which passed through the buried electrodes deep into the Earth.[2]

Clam Lake ground dipole antenna, showing how it works. The alternating current I in the line is shown flowing in only one direction for clarity.

The transmitters operated at a frequency of 76 Hz in the extremely low frequency band, with an alternate capability at 45 Hz[2] and used a combined power of 2.6 megawatts.[5] They were able to communicate with submarines over about half the world's surface. The system transmitted continuously, 24 hours a day, sending an "idle" message when it was not being used, so that submarines could verify they were within communication range.[9][11]

Because of the extremely small bandwidth of the ELF band, the transmitters had a very slow data rate. They couldn't transmit voice (audio) but only short coded text messages of a few letters.[5][10] Reportedly it took 15 minutes to transmit a single 3 letter code group.[10][11] Therefore the system was not used to relay operational orders, but served a "bell-ringer" function, ordering specific submarines to the surface to receive detailed orders by ordinary radio and satellite communications links.[10]

The system was controversial, and was the target of legal attacks, suits and protests throughout its operating life.[6][7] On five occasions protesters cut down transmission line poles, interrupting operation briefly.[7]

In 2004 the Navy shut down both transmitters, with the explanation that very low frequency (VLF) communication systems had improved to the point that the ELF system was unnecessary.[7]

How ELF communication works

Main article: Communication with submarines § Extremely low frequency

Submarines are shielded by seawater from all ordinary radio signals, and therefore are cut off from communication with military command authorities while submerged.[11] However radio waves of exceptionally low frequency can penetrate seawater; the lower the frequency the deeper in the ocean they can penetrate.[9] Waves in the VLF range of 3 kHz to 30 kHz are able to penetrate to a depth of about 10 to 30 meters,[10] and since WWII navies have used VLF transmitters to communicate with submarines. To receive VLF signals subs must rise to just under the surface or trail a shallow antenna buoy, making them vulnerable to detection by the enemy.[5][10]

Radio waves in the extremely low frequency (ELF) band of 30 to 300 Hz can penetrate to a depth of hundreds of meters, allowing them to communicate with submarines at their normal operating depth.[5] The lower the frequency, the longer the wavelength of the radio waves, and transmitters require longer antenna structures to generate them. ELF transmitters use huge antennas called ground dipoles consisting of tens to hundreds of kilometers of overhead cables resembling ordinary power transmission lines. The transmission lines are grounded at the ends, and looping currents deep in the Earth form part of the antenna. Because even these huge antennas are much smaller than the ELF wavelengths, they are extremely inefficient; only a tiny fraction of the input power is radiated as ELF waves, with the rest dissipated as heat in antenna resistance. At their full input power of 2.6 MW, both US ELF transmitters working together only generated about 8 watts of ELF radiation. This weak signal was able to reach submarines over half the globe only because of the extremely low attenuation of ELF waves of 1-2 dB per 1000 km. ELF transmitters are most efficient when sited over certain low conductivity underground rock formations, which forces the currents to spread deeper through a larger volume of rock, forming a larger "antenna".[2] The US system was located in Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan over the Laurentian Shield formation, for that reason.[2]

Such ELF transmitters cannot be installed on submarines, because of the size of the antenna and high power requirements. So ELF communication is one-way, with a receiver in the submarine receiving orders from a shore station, but unable to reply. The low attenuation of ELF waves with distance allows a single ELF station to send messages to submarines all over the world.

Another drawback of ELF is that the ELF band has very small bandwidth, and therefore can only transmit very simple messages, very slowly.[5][10] ELF signals cannot carry audio (voice) like other types of radio, and can only carry short text messages consisting of a few letters. The US Navy system (above) reportedly uses three-letter code groups and requires 15 minutes to transmit one group.[10][11] So current systems are not used to transmit detailed orders, but serve a "bell ringer" function, to order a specific vessel to surface and receive further orders by ordinary radio or satellite communication.[10]

Other ELF transmitters

The US, Russia and India are the only nations known to have constructed ELF communication facilities. The Indian Navy has an operational ELF communication facility at the INS Kattabomman naval base to communicate with its Arihant class and Akula class submarines.[12][13] The Russian Navy reportedly operates an ELF transmitter, ZEVS, located northwest of Murmansk on the Kola Peninsula in northern Russia.[14]

See also

References

  • Jones, David Llanwyn (July 4, 1985). "Sending signals to submarines". New Scientist. 26 (1463): 37–41. ISSN 0262-4079. Retrieved February 17, 2012.
  • Wait, James R. (October 20, 1972). "Project Sanguine". Science. 178 (4058): 272–5. doi:10.1126/science.178.4058.272. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17735468.
  • Wait, James R. (April 1977). "Propagation of ELF Electromagnetic Waves and Project Sanguine / Seafarer". IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering. 2 (2): 161–72. doi:10.1109/JOE.1977.1145337. ISSN 0364-9059.
  • Baker, RE (1974). "Project Sanguine: An overview and status of the Navy's ELF communications system concept". In Llaurado, JG; Sances, A; Battocletti, JH (eds.). Biologic and Clinical Effects of Low-Frequency Magnetic and Electric Fields. Springfield, IL: Thomas. pp. 83–90. ISBN 9780398030247.
  • Becker, Robert O. (1990). Cross Currents: The Promise of Electromedicine, the Perils of Electropollution (1st ed.). Los Angeles: J.P. Tarcher. pp. 201–2, 233–4. ISBN 9780874775365.

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f Altgelt, Carlos. "The World's Largest "Radio" Station". The Broadcaster's Desktop Resource. Barry Mishkind, OldRadio.com website. Retrieved February 17, 2012. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Jones, David Llanwyn (July 4, 1985). "Sending signals to submarines". New Scientist. 26 (1463). London: Holborn Publishing Group: 37–41. Retrieved February 17, 2012. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  3. ^ a b c d e f Aldridge, Bob (2001). "ELF History: Extreme Low Frequency Communication" (PDF). PLRC-941005B. Pacific Life Research Center. Retrieved February 23, 2012. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  4. ^ Sullivan, Walter (October 13, 1981). "How huge antenna can broadcast into the silence of the sea". The New York Times. USA: The New York Times Co. Retrieved May 22, 2012. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Spinardi, Graham (1994). From Polaris to Trident: the development of US Fleet ballistic missile technology. London: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 81–82. ISBN 0-521-41357-5. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  6. ^ a b Brodeur, Paul (2000). Currents of Death. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-1308-4. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  7. ^ a b c d Cohen-Joppa, Felice (October 15, 2004). "Project ELF Closes". The Nuclear Resistor, Issue 135. Felice and Jack Cohen-Joppa. Retrieved July 10, 2014. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); External link in |work= (help)
  8. ^ Ellis, Grover (September 1973). "Dr. Strangelove is Back!". Texas Monthly.
  9. ^ a b c d "Extremely Low Frequency Transmitter Site, Clam Lake, Wisconsin" (PDF). Navy Fact File. United States Navy. June 28, 2001. Retrieved February 17, 2012. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) on Federation of American Scientists website
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i Friedman, Norman (1997). The Naval Institute guide to world naval weapons systems, 1997-1998. New York: Naval Institute Press. pp. 41–42. ISBN 1-55750-268-4. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  11. ^ a b c d e f Heppenheimer, T. A. (April 1987). "Signaling Subs". Popular Science. 230 (4). New York: Times Mirror Magazines: 44–48. Retrieved February 17, 2012. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  12. ^ "Navy gets new facility to communicate with nuclear submarines prowling underwater". The Times of India. 31 July 2014.
  13. ^ http://www.janes.com/article/11147/india-makes-headway-with-elf-site-construction
  14. ^ Jacobsen, Trond (2001). "ZEVS, The Russian 82 Hz ELF Transmitter". Radio Waves Below 22 kHz. Renato Romero webpage. Retrieved February 17, 2012. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); External link in |work= (help)
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