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Cry Freedom

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Cry Freedom
Theatrical release poster
Directed byRichard Attenborough
Screenplay byJohn Briley
Produced byRichard Attenborough
Starring
CinematographyRonnie Taylor
Edited byLesley Walker
Music byGeorge Fenton
Jonas Gwangwa
Production
company
Marble Arch Productions
Distributed byUniversal Pictures
Release dates
  • November 6, 1987 (1987-11-06) (United States)
  • November 26, 1987 (1987-11-26) (United Kingdom)
Running time
157 minutes
CountriesUnited Kingdom
United States
Italy
South Africa
LanguagesEnglish
Afrikaans
Xhosa
Zulu
Budget$29 million
Box office$5.9 million[1]

Cry Freedom is a 1987 British epic drama film directed by Richard Attenborough, set in late-1970s apartheid era South Africa. The screenplay was written by John Briley based on a pair of books by journalist Donald Woods. The film centres on the real-life events involving black activist Steve Biko and his friend Donald Woods, who initially finds him destructive, and attempts to understand his way of life. Denzel Washington stars as Biko, while actor Kevin Kline portrays Woods. Cry Freedom delves into the ideas of discrimination, political corruption, and the repercussions of violence.

The film was primarily shot on location in Zimbabwe and in Kenya due to political turmoil in South Africa at the time of production. As a film showing mostly in limited cinematic release, it was nominated for multiple awards, including Academy Award nominations for Best Actor in a Supporting Role, Best Original Score, and Best Original Song. It also won a number of awards including those from the Berlin International Film Festival and the British Academy Film Awards.

A joint collective effort to commit to the film's production was made by Universal Pictures and Marble Arch Productions. It was commercially distributed by Universal Pictures cinematically, and by MCA Home Video for home media. Cry Freedom premiered in cinemas nationwide in the United States on 6 November 1987 grossing $5,899,797 in domestic ticket receipts. The film was at its widest release showing in 479 cinemas nationwide. It was generally met with positive critical reviews before its initial screening in cinemas.

Plot

Following a news story depicting the demolition of a slum in East London, South Africa, journalist Donald Woods (Kevin Kline) seeks more information about the incident and ventures off to meet black activist Steve Biko (Denzel Washington). Biko has been officially banned by the South African government and is not permitted to leave his defined banning area at King William's Town. Woods is formally against Biko's banning, but remains critical of his political views. Biko invites Woods to visit a black township to see the impoverished conditions and to witness the effect of the government-imposed restrictions, which make up the apartheid system. Woods begins to agree with Biko's desire for a South Africa where blacks have the same opportunities and freedoms as those enjoyed by the white population. As Woods comes to understand Biko's point of view, a friendship slowly develops between them.

After speaking at a gathering of black South Africans outside of his banishment zone, Biko is arrested and interrogated by South African security forces. Following this, he is brought to court in order to explain his message directed toward the South African government. After he speaks eloquently in court and advocates non-violence, the security officers who interrogated him visit his church and vandalize the property. Woods assures Biko that he will meet with a government official to discuss the matter. Woods then meets with Jimmy Kruger (John Thaw), the South African Minister of Justice in his house in Pretoria in an attempt to prevent further abuse by the security force. Kruger first expresses discontent over the actions of security force, however Woods is later harassed by security forces at his home. The security men that harass Woods insinuate that their orders to visit Woods came directly from Kruger.

Later, Biko decides to travel to Cape Town to speak at a student-run meeting. En route, security forces stop his car and arrest him. He is held in harsh conditions and beaten, causing a severe brain injury. A doctor recommends consulting a nearby specialist in order to best treat his injuries, but the police refuse out of fear that he might escape. The security forces instead decide to take him to a police hospital in Pretoria, around 700 miles (1 020 km) away from Cape Town. He is thrown into the back of a prison van and driven on a bumpy road, aggravating his brain injury and resulting in his death.

Woods then works to expose the police's complicity in Biko's death. He attempts to expose photographs of Biko's body that contradict police reports that he died of a hunger strike, but he is prevented just before boarding a plane to leave and informed that he is now banned, therefore not able to leave the country. Woods and his family are targeted in a campaign of harassment by the security police. He later decides to seek asylum in England to expose the corrupt and racist nature of the South African authorities. After a long trek, Woods is eventually able to escape to the Kingdom of Lesotho, disguised as a priest. His wife Wendy (Penelope Wilton) and their family later join him. With the aid of Australian journalist Bruce Haigh (John Hargreaves), the British High Commission in Maseru, and the Government of Lesotho, they are flown under United Nations passports and with one Lesotho official over South African territory, via Botswana to London, where they were granted political asylum.

The film's epilogue displays a graphic detailing a long list of anti-apartheid activists (including Biko), who died under suspicious circumstances while imprisoned by the government.

Cast

Production

Development

Racial-demographic map of South Africa in the late 1970s.

The premise of Cry Freedom is based on the true story of Steve Biko, the charismatic South African Black Consciousness Movement leader who attempts to bring awareness to the injustice of Apartheid; and Donald Woods, the liberal white editor of the Daily Dispatch newspaper who struggles to do the same after Biko is murdered. In 1972, Biko was one of the founders of the Black People's Convention working on social upliftment projects around Durban.[2] The BPC brought together almost 70 different black consciousness groups and associations, such as the South African Student's Movement (SASM), which played a significant role in the 1976 uprisings, and the Black Workers Project which supported black workers whose unions were not recognized under the Apartheid regime.[2] Biko’s political activities eventually drew the attention of the South African government which often harassed, arrested, and detained him. These situations resulted in his being banned in 1973.[3] The banning restricted Biko from talking to more than one person at a time, in an attempt to suppress the rising anti-apartheid political movement. Following a violation of his banning, Biko was arrested and later killed while in police custody. The circumstances leading to Biko's death caused worldwide anger, as he became a martyr and symbol of black resistance.[2] As a result, the South African government banned a number of individuals (including Donald Woods) and organizations, especially those closely associated with Biko.[2] The United Nations Security Council responded swiftly to the killing by later imposing an arms embargo against South Africa.[2] After a period of routine harassment against his family by the authorities, as well as fearing for his life,[4] Woods fled the country after being placed under house arrest by the South African government.[4] Woods later wrote a book in 1978 entitled: Biko, exposing police complicity in his death.[3] That book, along with Woods's autobiography Asking For Trouble, both being published in the UK, became the basis for the film.[3]

Filming

Principal filming took place primarily in the Republic of Zimbabwe because of the tense political situation in South Africa at the time of shooting. Other filming locations included Kenya, as well as film studios in Shepperton and Middlesex, England.[5] The film includes a dramatized depiction of the Soweto uprising which occurred on 16 June 1976. Indiscriminate firing by police killed and injured hundreds of African schoolchildren during a protest march.[3]

Soundtrack

The original motion picture soundtrack for Cry Freedom was released by MCA Records on 25 October 1990.[6] It features songs composed by veteran musicians George Fenton, Jonas Gwangwa and Thuli Dumakude. At Biko's funeral they sing the hymn Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika. Jonathan Bates edited the film's music.[7]

Reception

Critical response

Among mainstream critics in the U.S., the film received mostly positive reviews. Rotten Tomatoes reported that 81% of 21 sampled critics gave the film a positive review, with an average score of 6.4 out of 10.[8]

"It can be admired for its sheer scale. Most of all, it can be appreciated for what it tries to communicate about heroism, loyalty and leadership, about the horrors of apartheid, about the martyrdom of a rare man."
—Janet Maslin, writing in The New York Times[9]

Rita Kempley, writing in The Washington Post, said actor Washington gave a "zealous, Oscar-caliber performance as this African messiah, who was recognized as one of South Africa's major political voices when he was only 25."[10] Also writing for The Washington Post, Desson Howe thought the film "could have reached further" and felt the story centring on Woods's character was "its major flaw". He saw director Attenborough's aims as "more academic and political than dramatic". Overall, he expressed his disappointment by exclaiming, "In a country busier than Chile with oppression, violence and subjugation, the story of Woods' slow awakening is certainly not the most exciting, or revealing."[11] Roger Ebert in the Chicago Sun-Times offered a mixed review calling it a "sincere and valuable movie" while also exclaiming, "Interesting things were happening, the performances were good and it is always absorbing to see how other people live." But on a negative front, he noted how the film "promises to be an honest account of the turmoil in South Africa but turns into a routine cliff-hanger about the editor's flight across the border. It's sort of a liberal yuppie version of that Disney movie where the brave East German family builds a hot-air balloon and floats to freedom."[12]

Janet Maslin writing in The New York Times saw the film as "bewildering at some points and ineffectual at others" but pointed out that "it isn't dull. Its frankly grandiose style is transporting in its way, as is the story itself, even in this watered-down form." She also complimented the African scenery, noting that "Cry Freedom can also be admired for Ronnie Taylor's picturesque cinematography".[9] The Variety Staff, felt Washington did "a remarkable job of transforming himself into the articulate and mesmerizing black nationalist leader, whose refusal to keep silent led to his death in police custody and a subsequent coverup." On Kline's performance, they noticed how his "low-key screen presence served him well in his portrayal of the strong-willed but even-tempered journalist."[13] Film critic Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film a thumbs up review calling it "fresh" and a "solid adventure" while commenting "its images do remain in the mind ... I admire this film very much." He thought both Washington's and Kline's portrayals were "effective" and "quite good".[14] Similarly, Michael Price writing in the Fort Worth Press viewed Cry Freedom as often "harrowing and naturalistic but ultimately self-important in its indictment of police-state politics."[15]

"Attenborough tries to rally with Biko flashbacks and a depiction of the Soweto massacre. But the 1976 slaughter of black schoolchildren is chronologically and dramatically out of place. And the flashbacks only remind you of whom you'd rather be watching."
—Desson Howe, writing for The Washington Post[11]

Mark Salisbury of TimeOut boasted on the film's merits by declaring the lead acting to be "excellent" and the crowd scenes "astonishing", while equally observing how the climax was "truly nerve-wracking". He called it "an implacable work of authority and compassion, Cry Freedom is political cinema at its best."[16] James Sanford however, writing for the Kalamazoo Gazette, did not appreciate the film's enduring qualities, calling it "a Hollywood whitewashing of a potentially explosive story."[17] Rating the film with 3 Stars, critic Leonard Maltin wrote that the film was a "Sweeping and compassionate film". He did however note that the film "loses momentum as it spends too much time on Kline and his family's escape from South Africa". But in positive followup, he pointed out that it "cannily injects flashbacks of Biko to steer it back on course."[18]

Accolades

The film was nominated and won several awards in 1987–88.[19][20] Among awards won were from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts, the Berlin International Film Festival and the Political Film Society.

Award Category Nominee Result
60th Academy Awards[21] Best Actor in a Supporting Role Denzel Washington Nominated
Best Original Score George Fenton, Jonas Gwangwa Nominated
Best Original Song (Cry Freedom) George Fenton, Jonas Gwangwa Nominated
41st British Academy Film Awards[22] Best Director Richard Attenborough Nominated
Best Film Richard Attenborough Nominated
Best Score George Fenton, Jonas Gwangwa Nominated
Best Editing Lesley Walker Nominated
Best Cinematography Ronnie Taylor Nominated
Best Sound Jonathan Bates, Simon Kaye, Gerry Humphreys Won
Best Actor in a Supporting Role John Thaw Nominated
38th Berlin International Film Festival (1988)[23] Guild of German Film Theaters Richard Attenborough Won
Peace Film Prize Commendation Richard Attenborough Won
45th Golden Globe Awards[24] Best Motion Picture - Drama Richard Attenborough Nominated
Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture - Drama Denzel Washington Nominated
Best Director - Motion Picture Richard Attenborough Nominated
Best Original Score - Motion Picture George Fenton Nominated
31st Grammy Awards[25] Best Song Written for a Motion Picture or Television George Fenton, Jonas Gwangwa Nominated
National Board of Review Awards 1987[26] Best Picture ———— Nominated
1988 Political Film Society Awards[27] Human Rights ———— Won

The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

Box office

The film premiered in cinemas on 6 November 1987 in limited release throughout the U.S. During its opening weekend, the film opened in a distant 19th place and grossed $318,723 in business showing at 27 cinemas.[30] The film Fatal Attraction opened in first place with $7,089,680 screening at 1,351 theaters.[1] The film's revenue dropped by 10.6% in its second week of release, earning $284,853. For that particular weekend, the film fell to 25th place showing in 19 cinemas. The film The Running Man unseated Fatal Attraction to open in first place with $8,117,465 in box office revenue showing at 1,692 cinemas.[1][30]

Cry Freedom had one week in wider release beginning with the 19–21 February weekend in 1988.[31] The film opened in 14th place showing at 479 cinemas grossing $802,235 in box office business. The film went on to top out domestically at $5,899,797 in total ticket sales through an 4-week cinematic run.[1] For 1987 as a whole, the film would cumulatively rank at a box office performance position of 103.[1]

Home media

Following its cinematic release, the film was released in VHS video format on 5 May 1998.[32] The Region 1 Code widescreen edition of the film was released on DVD in the United States on 23 February 1999. Special features for the DVD include; production notes, cast and filmmakers' biographies, film highlights, web links, and the theatrical cinematic.[33] Currently, there is no scheduled release date set for a future Blu-ray Disc version of the film, although it is available in other media formats such as Video on demand.[34]

See also

Bibliography

  • Biko, Steve (1979). Steve Biko: Black Consciousness in South Africa; Biko's Last Public Statement and Political Testament. Random House. ISBN 978-0-394-72739-4.
  • Biko, Steve (2002). I Write What I Like: Selected Writings. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-04897-0.
  • Clarke, Anthony J.; Fiddes, Paul S., eds. (2005). Flickering Images: Theology and Film in Dialogue. Regent's Study Guides. Vol. 12. Macon, GA: Smyth & Helwys Publishing. ISBN 1-57312-458-3.
  • Goodwin, June (1995). Heart of Whiteness: Afrikaners Face Black Rule In the New South Africa. Scribner. ISBN 978-0-684-81365-3.
  • Harlan, Judith (2000). Mamphela Ramphele. The Feminist Press at CUNY. ISBN 978-1-55861-226-6.
  • Juckes, Tim (1995). Opposition in South Africa: The Leadership of Z. K. Matthews, Nelson Mandela, and Stephen Biko. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0-275-94811-5.
  • Magaziner, Daniel (2010). The Law and the Prophets: Black Consciousness in South Africa, 1968-1977. Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0-8214-1918-2.
  • Malan, Rian (2000). My Traitor's Heart: A South African Exile Returns to Face His Country, His Tribe, and His Conscience. Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-3684-8.
  • Omand, Roger (1989). Steve Biko and Apartheid (People & Issues). Hamish Hamilton Limited. ISBN 978-0-241-12640-0.
  • Paul, Samuel (2009). The Ubuntu God: Deconstructing a South African Narrative of Oppression. Pickwick Publications. ISBN 978-1-55635-510-3.
  • Pityana, Barney (1992). Bounds of Possibility: The Legacy of Steve Biko & Black Consciousness. D. Philip. ISBN 978-1-85649-047-4.
  • Price, Linda (1992). Steve Biko (They Fought for Freedom). Maskew Miller Longman. ISBN 978-0-636-01660-6.
  • Tutu, Desmond (1996). The Rainbow People of God. Image. ISBN 978-0-385-48374-2.
  • Van Wyk, Chris (2007). We Write What We Like: Celebrating Steve Biko. Wits University Press. ISBN 978-1-86814-464-8.
  • Wa Thingo, Ngugi (2009). Something Torn and New: An African Renaissance. Basic Civitas Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00946-6.
  • Wiwa, Ken (2001). In the Shadow of a Saint: A Son's Journey to Understand His Father's Legacy. Steerforth. ISBN 978-1-58642-025-3.
  • Woods, Donald (2004). Rainbow Nation Revisited: South Africa's Decade of Democracy. Andre Deutsch. ISBN 978-0-233-00052-7.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e "Cry Freedom". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Stephen Bantu (Steve) Biko". About.com. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
  3. ^ a b c d "Stephen Bantu Biko". South African History Online. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  4. ^ a b 1978: Newspaper editor flees South Africa. BBC. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
  5. ^ Attenborough, Richard (Director). (1987). Cry Freedom [Motion picture]. United States: Universal Pictures.
  6. ^ "Cry Freedom: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack". Amazon. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  7. ^ "Cry Freedom". Yahoo! Movies. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  8. ^ Cry Freedom (1987). Rotten Tomatoes. IGN Entertainment. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
  9. ^ a b Maslin, Janet (6 November 1987). Cry Freedom. The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
  10. ^ Kempley, Rita (6 November 1987). Cry Freedom. The Washington Post. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
  11. ^ a b Howe, Desson (6 November 1987). Cry Freedom. The Washington Post. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
  12. ^ Ebert, Roger (6 November 1987). Cry Freedom. Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
  13. ^ Variety Staff (1 January 1987). Cry Freedom. Variety. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
  14. ^ Siskel, Gene (6 November 1987). Cry Freedom. At the Movies. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
  15. ^ Price, Michael (6 November 1987). Cry Freedom. Fort Worth Press. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
  16. ^ Salisbury, Mark (6 November 1987). Cry Freedom. TimeOut. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
  17. ^ Sanford, James (6 November 1987). Cry Freedom. Kalamazoo Gazette. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
  18. ^ Maltin, Leonard (5 August 2008). Leonard Maltin's 2009 Movie Guide. Signet. p. 301. ISBN 978-0-452-28978-9.
  19. ^ "Cry Freedom: Awards & Nominations". MSN Movies. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  20. ^ "Cry Freedom (1987)". Yahoo! Movies. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  21. ^ "Nominees & Winners for the 60th Academy Awards". Oscars.org. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  22. ^ "Cry Freedom". BAFTA.org. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  23. ^ "Cry Freedom". Berlin International Film Festival. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  24. ^ "Cry Freedom". GoldenGlobes.org. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  25. ^ "31st Annual Grammy Award Highlights". Grammy.com. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  26. ^ "Awards for 1987". nbrmp.org. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  27. ^ "Previous Winners". Political Film Society. Archived from the original on 28 October 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  28. ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains Nominees" (PDF). Retrieved 14 August 2016.
  29. ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers Nominees" (PDF). Retrieved 14 August 2016.
  30. ^ a b "Cry Freedom". The Numbers. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  31. ^ "Weekend Box Office Results for November 19–21, 1988". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  32. ^ "Cry Freedom VHS Format". Amazon.com. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  33. ^ "Cry Freedom: On DVD". MSN Movies. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  34. ^ "Cry Freedom: VOD Format". Amazon.com. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
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