User:Andy Simmons/power posing

Intro Section:

Power Posing is the configuration of the body into expansive, open postures in order to evoke changes in mental and emotional states and increase feelings of control and authority.

psychological idea that the configuration of bodily posture can lead to changes in mental and emotional statesterm used to describe the configuration

Pictures:

Research

Extensive research has been conducted on the effects of expansive versus contractive body postures. In a series of experiments conducted in 1982, researchers John Riskind and Carolyn Gotay found that subjects positioned in slumped, hunched over postures exhibited significantly less persistence on an unsolvable puzzle than did subjects in upright positions. Riskind continued the research in 1984, studying the effect of manipulation of body posture on mental and emotional states and found that matching bodily posture with outcomes of success or failure can influence feelings of control as well as motivation. He determined that posture "incongruence," such as an upright posture after failure or a slumped posture after success, can lead to an external locus of control, increased feelings of depression, and decreased task motivation. Building off of this literature, Sabine Stepper and Fritz Strack assessed feelings of pride associated with different seatings positions and determined that upright seating positions, in comparison to slumped seating positions, lead to greater feelings of pride.

Carney, Cuddy and Yap

In 2010, Dana Carney, Amy Cuddy and Andy Yapp conducted research on the effect of expansive versus contractive postures on hormone levels. In the study, participants were tested of their hormone levels and then were instructed to configure themselves into either two high-power poses or two low-power poses. They were then reassessed of hormone levels and instructed to complete gambling task to measure risk tolerance. Results of the experiment showed that subjects posing in positions of power showed significant elevations in testosterone, decreases in stress levels, increases in tolerance for risk and an increase in self-reported feelings of power, while those instructed to pose in low-power positions trended in the opposite direction.

Replication efforts

In attempt to replicate the findings of Carney, Cuddy, and Yap, Eva Ranehill and other researchers conducted an experiment with a similar methodology, but a larger sample size of 200 participants compared to the 42 employed in the initial research. Like Carney et al., Ranehill's research also showed an increase in self-reported felings of power in those posing in positions of power. However, Ranehill et al. failed to replicate the changes in neuroendocrine levels and risk-taking behavior associated with power posing.

In response to Ranehill's failed replication, Carney, Cuddy and Yap published a report providing a summary of all known experiments conducted on expansive vs. contractive posture. Almost all previous studies showed significant effects of expansive posture on some psychological or physiological outcome. The response also highlighted key differences between the original research and Ranehill's replication, noting Carney, cuddy and Yap's undisclosure of experimental intentions, use of a social task during the experiment, and shorter time spent in the power pose as moderators for the unsuccessful replication.

Two researchers at the Wharton School, Joseph Simmons and Uri Simonsohn, further analyzed the results of same 33 studies and reported the findings in their statistics blog and later had them published in Psychological Science. Their findings discredit the evidence shown by the current literature, citing publication bias as the culprit. Selective reporting

Riskind, J. H., & Gotay, C. C. (1982). Physical posture: Could it have regulatory or feedback effects on motivation and emotion?. Motivation And Emotion, 6(3), 273-298. doi:10.1007/BF00992249

first research: Riskind, J. H. (1984). They stoop to conquer: Guiding and self-regulatory functions of physical posture after success and failure. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 47(3), 479-493. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.47.3.479

Nair, S., Sagar, M., Sollers, I. J., Consedine, N., & Broadbent, E. (2015). Do Slumped and Upright Postures Affect Stress Responses? A Randomized Trial. Health Psychology, 34(6), 632. doi:10.1037/hea0000146

Park, L. E., Streamer, L., Huang, L., & Galinsky, A. D. (2013). Stand tall, but don't put your feet up: Universal and culturally-specific effects of expansive postures on power. Journal Of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(6), 965-971. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2013.06.001

• Carney, D. R., Cuddy, A. C., & Yap, A. J. (2010). Power posing: Brief nonverbal displays affect neuroendocrine levels and risk tolerance. Psychological Science, 21(10), 1363-1368. doi:10.1177/0956797610383437
  • this study was summarized in a NYT article called "Matter over Mind" by David Brooks, not sure if I should include this in the page or not
• Ranehill, E., Dreber, A., Johannesson, M., Leiberg, S., Sul, S., & Weber, R. A. (2015). Assessing the Robustness of Power Posing: No Effect on Hormones and Risk Tolerance in a Large Sample of Men and Women. Psychological Science (0956-7976), 26(5), 653-656. doi:10.1177/0956797614553946
• Carney, D. R., Cuddy, A. C., & Yap, A. J. (2015). Review and summary of research on the embodied effects of expansive (vs. Contractive) nonverbal displays. Psychological Science, 26(5), 657-663. doi:10.1177/0956797614566855
• Simmons and Simosohn review the same 33 studies (above bullet) and ran statistical analyses and are going to post their findings in a forthcoming issue of Psychological Science.
• Garrison, K. E., Tang, D., & Schmeichel, B. J. (2016). Embodying power: A preregistered replication and extension of the power pose effect. Social Psychological And Personality Science, 7(7), 623-630. doi:10.1177/1948550616652209
• Cuddy's research comrade, Carney, published a letter outlining her current take on power posing given the influx of replication efforts discrediting the results of the original study, and summarizes by stating she no longer believes in the originally-found effects of power poses and discourages others from continuing to study them
• Cuddy also conducted a study researching the effect of power posing on confidence, specifically in the job interview setting. What differentiated this research from previous research was that the power poses were struck before, rather than during, the task assigned to the participants. Results of this study cam back positive; those who struck power poses prior to taking part in a stressful job interview performed better in the interview and were more likely to be hired.
  • Cuddy, A. C., Wilmuth, C. A., Yap, A. J., & Carney, D. R. (2015). Preparatory power posing affects nonverbal presence and job interview performance. Journal Of Applied Psychology, 100(4), 1286-1295. doi:10.1037/a0038543
• Other research conducted on power posing:
  • Pei-Lee et al (2017) found that older adults who struck power poses were more likely to perceive gerontechnology as useful and easy to use and had greater intentions of using it (Teh, Pei-Lee, Weng Marc Lim, Pervaiz K. Ahmed, Alan H. S. Chan, Jasmine M. Y. Loo, Soon-Nyean Cheong, and Wen-Jiun Yap. 2017. "Does power posing affect gerontechnology adoption among older adults?." Behaviour & Information Technology 36, no. 1: 33-42. PsycINFO, EBSCOhost (accessed April 18, 2017).)
  • Rennung, M., Blum, J., & Göritz, A. S. (2016) were interested in determining if power posing is evaluated differently depending on the gender of the person power posing. Over 2000 participants were asked to rate their feelings of power poses as represented in a series of photographs and feelings were significantly different across high and low power poses but not between genders. May or may not be useful to include in the article (Rennung, M., Blum, J., & Göritz, A. S. (2016). To strike a pose: No stereotype backlash for power posing women. Frontiers In Psychology, 7)
  • Bohns and Wiltermuth (2012) found that power posing increases pain tolerance (Bohns, V. K., & Wiltermuth, S. S. (2012). It hurts when I do this (or you do that): Posture and pain tolerance. Journal Of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(1), 341-345. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.05.022)
  • Yap et al. (Cuddy was involved as well) found that those who strike power poses were more likely to engage in cheating (Yap, A. J., Wazlawek, A. S., Lucas, B. J., Cuddy, A. C., & Carney, D. R. (2013). The Ergonomics of Dishonesty: The Effect of Incidental Posture on Stealing, Cheating, and Traffic Violations. Psychological Science (0956-7976), 24(11), 2281-2289. doi:10.1177/0956797613492425 For my project, rather than edit a previously existing article, I think I will take on the task of creating a new article. In the autobiographical page for Amy Cuddy, there is a section entitled "Power Posing." I would like to take ths subsection, edit and add to it with relevant literature, and create a wikipedia page specific to "power posing."

Given these powerfully conflicting replication efforts, is there even a need for creating a "power posing" wikipedia page?