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Intro Section:

Power Posing is the configuration of the body into expansive, open postures in order to evoke changes in mental and emotional states and increase feelings of control and authority.[1]

psychological idea that the configuration of bodily posture can lead to changes in mental and emotional statesterm used to describe the configuration

Pictures:

Research

Extensive research has been conducted on the effects of expansive versus contractive body postures. In a series of experiments conducted in 1982, researchers John Riskind and Carolyn Gotay found that subjects positioned in slumped postures exhibited significantly less persistence on an unsolvable puzzle than did subjects in upright positions.[2] Riskind continued the research in 1984 and found that matching bodily posture with outcomes of success or failure can influence feelings of control as well as motivation.[3] He determined that posture "incongruence," such as an upright posture after failure or a slumped posture after success, can lead to an external locus of control, increased feelings of depression, and decreased task motivation.[3] Building off of this literature, Sabine Stepper and Fritz Strack assessed feelings of pride associated with different seatings positions and determined that upright seating positions lead to greater feelings of pride.[4]

Carney, Cuddy and Yap

In 2010, Dana Carney, Amy Cuddy and Andy Yap conducted research on the effect of expansive versus contractive postures on hormone levels.[1] In the study, participants were tested of their hormone levels and then were instructed to configure themselves into either two high-power poses or two low-power poses.[1] They were then reassessed of hormone levels and instructed to complete gambling task to measure risk tolerance.[1] Results of the experiment showed that subjects posing in positions of power showed significant elevations in testosterone, decreases in stress levels, increases in tolerance for risk and an increase in self-reported feelings of power, while those instructed to pose in low-power positions trended in the opposite direction.[1]

Replication efforts

In attempt to replicate the findings of Carney, Cuddy, and Yap, Eva Ranehill and other researchers conducted an experiment with a similar methodology, but a larger sample size of 200 participants compared to the 42 employed in the initial research.[5] Like Carney et al., Ranehill's research also showed an increase in self-reported feelings of power in those posing in positions of power.[5] However, Ranehill et al. failed to replicate the changes in neuroendocrine levels and risk-taking behavior associated with power posing.[5]

In response to Ranehill's failed replication, Carney, Cuddy and Yap published a report providing a summary of all known experiments conducted on expansive vs. contractive posture.[6] Almost all previous studies showed significant effects of expansive posture on some psychological or physiological outcome.[6] The response also highlighted key differences between the original research and Ranehill's replication, noting Carney, Cuddy and Yap's nondisclosure of experimental intentions, use of a social task during the experiment, and shorter time spent in the power pose as moderators for the unsuccessful replication.[6]

Two researchers at the Wharton School, Joseph Simmons and Uri Simonsohn, further analyzed the results of same 33 studies and reported the findings in their statistics blog[7] and later had them published in Psychological Science.[8] Through a p-curve analysis, the findings of Simmons and Simonsohn discredit evidence supporting the effects of power posing on psychological outcomes, citing publication bias as the reason for the excess of statistically significant test results.[8]

In 2016, a second attempt at replicating and expanding upon the original research was carried out by Garrison, Tang and Schmeichel.[9] To avoid publication bias, the researchers pre-registered the study prior to data collection.[9] Garrison and colleagues added an additional manipulation to their replication, looking to determine the effect of both posture as well as eye gaze on feelings of power and risk taking.[9] Garrison's results offer stark contrast to the results of the original experiment: neither posture nor gaze direction had an effect on risk taking and adoption of expansive postures actually reduced self-reported feelings of power.[9]

In response to the failed replications and the statistical exposé of the original work, Dana Carney posted on her faculty webpage at the Haas School of Business an update on her current position with regards to the effect of power posing on psychological outcomes.[10] In her response, she outlines several confounds in the original paper, including small sample size, flimsy data and an unintentional but influential "p-hacking" by way of running participants, and checking the effect, in chunks rather than all at once.[10] At the end of the letter, Carney admits to having "no faith in the embodied effects of power posing," and discourages anyone from further studying the topic.[10]

In response to the replications and extensive denouncement of the ineffectiveness of power poses, Amy Cuddy released a statement on her current standing with power posing through her publisher, Hachette Book Group, that was covered in an article by New York Magazine.[11] In her statement, Cuddy addressed the failed replication efforts but notes that "failed" is a misnomer, given that Ranehill et al did indeed find power posing to increase self-reported feelings of power.[11] She claims that the debated physiological effects are secondary to the "key effect" of power posing, citing 9 other published studies, 4 impending studies, and 46 other exploratory studies outlining the effect of power posing on making people feel more powerful.[11]

Other Research

Research on power posing extends beyond its effect on feelings of power. In a study by Yap, Cuddy and others, expansive postures were shown to increase the likelihood of stealing money, and the same study also showed that disobedience of traffic laws and cheating on a test also became significantly more likely when expansive postures were struck inadvertently because of an intentional change in testing conditions.[12]

A study by Vanessa Bohns and Scott Wiltermuth examined pain tolerance and power poses through blood circulation restriction with a tourniquet

In the Media

Amy Cuddy, one of the researchers on the original power posing experimentation, delivered a TED Talk detailing her research on power posing at the 2012 TEDGlobal in Edinburgh.[13] Since the talk was posted on the TED website in 2012 it has received over 40 million views, placing it second all-time in most-viewed TED Talks.[14]

Since its exposition in a TED Talk, power posing has been written about extensively on popular media platforms. New York Times contributor David Brooks summarized Cuddy's findings in his blog in a 2011 article entitled "Mind over Matter."[15] In 2013, Sue Shellenbarger of The Wall Street Journal outlined the Carney, Cuddy and Yap's findings and expounded on their benefits in the workplace, citing the testimonies of various businessmen and women who have found success in occupational use of power posing.[16]

Riskind, J. H., & Gotay, C. C. (1982). Physical posture: Could it have regulatory or feedback effects on motivation and emotion?. Motivation And Emotion, 6(3), 273-298. doi:10.1007/BF00992249

first research: Riskind, J. H. (1984). They stoop to conquer: Guiding and self-regulatory functions of physical posture after success and failure. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 47(3), 479-493. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.47.3.479

Nair, S., Sagar, M., Sollers, I. J., Consedine, N., & Broadbent, E. (2015). Do Slumped and Upright Postures Affect Stress Responses? A Randomized Trial. Health Psychology, 34(6), 632. doi:10.1037/hea0000146

Park, L. E., Streamer, L., Huang, L., & Galinsky, A. D. (2013). Stand tall, but don't put your feet up: Universal and culturally-specific effects of expansive postures on power. Journal Of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(6), 965-971. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2013.06.001

  • Carney, D. R., Cuddy, A. C., & Yap, A. J. (2010). Power posing: Brief nonverbal displays affect neuroendocrine levels and risk tolerance. Psychological Science, 21(10), 1363-1368. doi:10.1177/0956797610383437
    • this study was summarized in a NYT article called "Matter over Mind" by David Brooks, not sure if I should include this in the page or not
  • Ranehill, E., Dreber, A., Johannesson, M., Leiberg, S., Sul, S., & Weber, R. A. (2015). Assessing the Robustness of Power Posing: No Effect on Hormones and Risk Tolerance in a Large Sample of Men and Women. Psychological Science (0956-7976), 26(5), 653-656. doi:10.1177/0956797614553946
  • Carney, D. R., Cuddy, A. C., & Yap, A. J. (2015). Review and summary of research on the embodied effects of expansive (vs. Contractive) nonverbal displays. Psychological Science, 26(5), 657-663. doi:10.1177/0956797614566855
  • Simmons and Simosohn review the same 33 studies (above bullet) and ran statistical analyses and are going to post their findings in a forthcoming issue of Psychological Science.
  • Garrison, K. E., Tang, D., & Schmeichel, B. J. (2016). Embodying power: A preregistered replication and extension of the power pose effect. Social Psychological And Personality Science, 7(7), 623-630. doi:10.1177/1948550616652209
  • Cuddy's research comrade, Carney, published a letter outlining her current take on power posing given the influx of replication efforts discrediting the results of the original study, and summarizes by stating she no longer believes in the originally-found effects of power poses and discourages others from continuing to study them
  • Cuddy also conducted a study researching the effect of power posing on confidence, specifically in the job interview setting. What differentiated this research from previous research was that the power poses were struck before, rather than during, the task assigned to the participants. Results of this study cam back positive; those who struck power poses prior to taking part in a stressful job interview performed better in the interview and were more likely to be hired.
    • Cuddy, A. C., Wilmuth, C. A., Yap, A. J., & Carney, D. R. (2015). Preparatory power posing affects nonverbal presence and job interview performance. Journal Of Applied Psychology, 100(4), 1286-1295. doi:10.1037/a0038543
  • Other research conducted on power posing:
    • Pei-Lee et al (2017) found that older adults who struck power poses were more likely to perceive gerontechnology as useful and easy to use and had greater intentions of using it (Teh, Pei-Lee, Weng Marc Lim, Pervaiz K. Ahmed, Alan H. S. Chan, Jasmine M. Y. Loo, Soon-Nyean Cheong, and Wen-Jiun Yap. 2017. "Does power posing affect gerontechnology adoption among older adults?." Behaviour & Information Technology 36, no. 1: 33-42. PsycINFO, EBSCOhost (accessed April 18, 2017).)
    • Rennung, M., Blum, J., & Göritz, A. S. (2016) were interested in determining if power posing is evaluated differently depending on the gender of the person power posing. Over 2000 participants were asked to rate their feelings of power poses as represented in a series of photographs and feelings were significantly different across high and low power poses but not between genders. May or may not be useful to include in the article (Rennung, M., Blum, J., & Göritz, A. S. (2016). To strike a pose: No stereotype backlash for power posing women. Frontiers In Psychology, 7)
    • Bohns and Wiltermuth (2012) found that power posing increases pain tolerance (Bohns, V. K., & Wiltermuth, S. S. (2012). It hurts when I do this (or you do that): Posture and pain tolerance. Journal Of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(1), 341-345. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.05.022)
    • Yap et al. (Cuddy was involved as well) found that those who strike power poses were more likely to engage in cheating (Yap, A. J., Wazlawek, A. S., Lucas, B. J., Cuddy, A. C., & Carney, D. R. (2013). The Ergonomics of Dishonesty: The Effect of Incidental Posture on Stealing, Cheating, and Traffic Violations. Psychological Science (0956-7976), 24(11), 2281-2289. doi:10.1177/0956797613492425 For my project, rather than edit a previously existing article, I think I will take on the task of creating a new article. In the autobiographical page for Amy Cuddy, there is a section entitled "Power Posing." I would like to take ths subsection, edit and add to it with relevant literature, and create a wikipedia page specific to "power posing."

Given these powerfully conflicting replication efforts, is there even a need for creating a "power posing" wikipedia page?

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Carney, Dana R.; Cuddy, Amy J.C.; Yap, Andy J. (2010-09-20). "Power Posing". Psychological Science. 21 (10): 1363–1368. doi:10.1177/0956797610383437.
  2. ^ Riskind, John H.; Gotay, Carolyn C. (1982-09-01). "Physical posture: Could it have regulatory or feedback effects on motivation and emotion?". Motivation and Emotion. 6 (3): 273–298. doi:10.1007/BF00992249. ISSN 0146-7239.
  3. ^ a b Riskind, John H. (1984-09-01). "They stoop to conquer: Guiding and self-regulatory functions of physical posture after success and failure". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 47 (3): 479–493. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.47.3.479. ISSN 1939-1315.
  4. ^ Stepper, Sabine; Strack, Fritz (1993). "Proprioceptive Determinants of Emotional and Nonemotional Feelings". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 64(2): 211–220.
  5. ^ a b c Ranehill, Eva; Dreber, Anna; Johannesson, Magnus; Leiberg, Susanne; Sul, Sunhae; Weber, Roberto A. (2015-03-25). "Assessing the Robustness of Power Posing". Psychological Science. 26 (5): 653–656. doi:10.1177/0956797614553946.
  6. ^ a b c Carney, Dana R.; Cuddy, Amy J. C.; Yap, Andy J. (2015-04-03). "Review and Summary of Research on the Embodied Effects of Expansive (vs. Contractive) Nonverbal Displays". Psychological Science. 26 (5): 657–663. doi:10.1177/0956797614566855.
  7. ^ "[37] Power Posing: Reassessing The Evidence Behind The Most Popular TED Talk". Data Colada. 2015-05-08. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
  8. ^ a b Simmons, Joseph P.; Simonsohn, Uri (2017-03-20). "Power Posing". Psychological Science. doi:10.1177/0956797616658563.
  9. ^ a b c d Garrison, Katie E.; Tang, David; Schmeichel, Brandon J. (2016-06-07). "Embodying Power". Social Psychological and Personality Science. 7 (7): 623–630. doi:10.1177/1948550616652209.
  10. ^ a b c Carney, Dana. "My Position on "Power Poses:" Regarding: Carney, Cuddy, and Yap (2010)" (PDF). Retrieved 2017-05-07. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  11. ^ a b c Dahl, Jesse Singal, Melissa. "Here Is Amy Cuddy's Response to Critiques of Her Power-Posing Research". Science of Us. Retrieved 2017-05-07.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Yap, Andy J.; Wazlawek, Abbie S.; Lucas, Brian J.; Cuddy, Amy J. C.; Carney, Dana R. (2013-09-25). "The Ergonomics of Dishonesty". Psychological Science. 24 (11): 2281–2289. doi:10.1177/0956797613492425.
  13. ^ Cuddy, Amy, Your body language shapes who you are, retrieved 2017-05-07
  14. ^ "TED Talks: Most Viewed TED Talks". www.ted.com. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  15. ^ "Matter Over Mind". David Brooks Blog. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
  16. ^ Shellenbarger, Sue (2013-08-20). "How 'Power Poses' Can Help Your Career". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
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