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Al-Sumayriyya

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Template:Infobox former Arab villages in Palestine Al-Sumayriyya (Template:Lang-ar, Katasir in Canaanite times, Someleria during Crusader rule), was a Palestinian village located six kilometers north of Acre that was depopulated after it was captured by the Israel Defense Forces during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.[1]

History

al-Sumayriyya, 1948
Al-Sumayriyya's old cemetery, July 2008

Tall al-Sumayriyya contains carved stones, a mosaic floor, tombs, columns, and stone capitals. Khirbat Abu 'Ataba has an Islamic shrine and ceramic fragments.[2]

In the Crusader era, it was mentioned in 1277 under the name of Somelaria.[3] At the time, the village belonged to the Templars.[4] In the hudna of 1283 between Al Mansur Qalawun and the Crusaders, Al-Sumayriyya was still under Crusader rule[5][6] while in 1291 it had come under Mamluk control.[7]

A building with a court-yard, measuring 60,5 by 57 meters, dating from the Crusader era, has been noted in the village, and a 13th-century glass-factory has been excavated.[4]

Ottoman era

In 1738 Richard Pococke passed by the place, which he called Semmars. He thought the name came from "St. Mary's", and noted the remains of a wall of hewn stone, which he thought had belonged to a convent.[8]

A map by Pierre Jacotin from Napoleon's invasion of 1799 showed the place, named as El Esmerieh.[9]

In 1875 Victor Guérin found the village had 400 Muslim inhabitants.[10] In 1881, the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine described the place as a village of "mud and stone houses, containing about 200 [..] Moslems, situated on the plain, surrounded by a few clumps of olives and figs and arable land; two or three cisterns are in the village, the aqueduct near brings good water."[11]

A population list from about 1887 showed the village to have about 270 inhabitants; all Muslims.[12]

British Mandate era

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities Semariyeh had a population of 307; 300 Muslims and 7 Christians,[13] where all the Christians were Maronite.[14] This had increased in the 1931 census to 392, 390 Muslims, 1 Christian and 1 Jew, in a total of 92 houses.[15]

Al-Sumayriyya had an elementary school for boys, which was founded in 1943. In 1945, it had an enrollment of 60 students. One mosque which remains.[2]

In 1944/1945 the village had a population of 760 Muslims,[16] with a total of 8,542 dunams of land.[17] Of this, 6,854 dunams were allocated to grain crops; 354 dunams were irrigated or planted with orchards,[18] while 28 dunams were built-up (urban) land.[19]

1948 War

At the beginning of 1945, al-Sumayriyya's 760 inhabitants were all Arab Muslims. The inhabitants fled as a result of the 14 May 1948 assault on the village by the Carmeli Brigade during Operation Ben-Ami, one day prior to the official outbreak of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.[1] The village - along with those of neighbouring al-Bassa and al-Zib which were also captured in the offensive - was subsequently destroyed, except for its mosque.[20]

Lohamei HaGeta'ot and Shomrat are both on village land.[21] Morris writes that Bustan HaGalil was built near its site,[22] however, Khalidi writes that Bustan HaGalil is on the land of Al-Manshiyya.[23] Shavey Tziyon and Regba are close to the northern borders of Al-Sumayriyya, but were established on land that used to belong to Mazra'a.[21]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Welcome to Al-Sumayriyya, Palestine Remembered, retrieved 2007-12-03
  2. ^ a b Khalidi, 1992, p. 30
  3. ^ Röhricht, 1893, RRH, pp. 366-367, No. 1413; cited in Pringle, 1998, pp. 332-333
  4. ^ a b Pringle, 1997, p. 96
  5. ^ Raynaud, 1887, p. 243, no. 490
  6. ^ Barag, 1979, p. 205, no. 26
  7. ^ Raynaud, 1887, p. 243, no. 490; cited in Pringle, 1998, pp. 332-333
  8. ^ Pococke, 1745, vol II, p. 78; referenced in Pringle, 1997, p. 96
  9. ^ Karmon, 1960, p. 162.
  10. ^ Guérin, 1880, p. 161
  11. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 147. Also cited in Khalidi, 1992, p.30
  12. ^ Schumacher, 1888, p. 172
  13. ^ Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Acre, p. 36
  14. ^ Barron, 1923, Table XVI, p. 49
  15. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 103
  16. ^ Cite error: The named reference 1945p5 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ Cite error: The named reference Hadawi41 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  18. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 81
  19. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 131
  20. ^ Tal, 2004, pp. 104-105.
  21. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Khalidi31 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  22. ^ Morris, 2004, p.xxi, settlement #36. December 1948
  23. ^ Khalidi, 1992, p.23

Bibliography

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