Polavision
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Polavision was an "instant" color home movie system launched by Polaroid in 1977.
Unlike other motion picture film stock of the time, Polavision film reproduces color by the additive method. Like the much earlier Dufaycolor film, it consists of, essentially, a black-and-white emulsion on a film base covered with tiny red, green and blue filter elements.[1] It was "instant" in the sense that it could be very quickly and easily developed by the user after it was removed from the Polavision camera, ready for viewing in only a few minutes.
The Polavision cartridge is a small rectangular box containing the film reels and a small lens and prism for projection at an open gate. The film format is similar to the super 8 mm format, but without a Polavision viewer, the only way a Polavision film can be shown is by destroying the cartridge and projecting the film with an ordinary super 8 mm projector or transferring it to video with a telecine system.
The Polavision system was a major commercial failure,[2] and was discontinued in 1979. However, the underlying technology was improved and used as the basis for the Polachrome instant color transparency system introduced in 1983.
Problems and commercial failure
Due to the light loss caused by the filtering layer, which allows only red, green or blue light to pass through any given point on the base, the film had relatively low light sensitivity (40 ASA) and the developed footage has an overall veil of dark gray.[1] The system features a standalone tabletop viewer designed to minimize the problems inherent in projecting such dense film.[1] Somewhat resembling a small television set, it projects the inserted film cartridge onto its translucent screen from behind, but critics from publications like Consumer Reports called the images "murky and dark". Despite this (or perhaps because of it), the format was used by artists, including Charles and Ray Eames, Stan Brakhage and Andy Warhol.
One market niche Polaroid promoted was the field of industrial testing, where the camera would record, for example, the destruction of a pipe under pressure. This type of use was moderately price-insensitive, with the ability to get the images quickly (thus reducing wasted crew time) a very positive selling feature.
The system was late to market and had to compete with upcoming Betamax and VHS videocassette-based systems, which in the pre-camcorder era of the late 1970s had the disadvantages of much greater bulk and much higher initial hardware cost. However, a standard videocassette ran for at least an hour at the highest-quality speed, while a Polavision cartridge contained less than three minutes of film, at a far higher per-minute cost than the finest videocassette tape. It could not be erased and reused, or shown on a real television set with a larger screen, and there was no sound. Polavision proved to be an expensive failure,[2] and most of the manufactured equipment was sold off in 1979 as a job lot at a loss of $68.5 million. In the wake of those losses, Polaroid chairman and founder Edwin H. Land resigned the chief executive position in 1980 and left the company two years later.[3]
Former Polaroid freelancer Paul Giambarba remarked,
I tried using the product but it was obviously a turkey compared to anything I was using that Kodak offered [...] Instant movie film was an engineering achievement but it's precisely what separated Polaroid techies from Polaroid pragmatists. There just weren't enough customers out there on whom to work the magic.[2]
Polavision screenings
Polavision film is rarely screened in public, but it has happened, at such venues as Anthology Film Archives (in 1998 and 2007), the Blinding Light! in Vancouver, and the Robert Beck Memorial Cinema at Collective: Unconscious. Video transfers of Andy Warhol's footage have been shown at the Andy Warhol Museum in Pittsburgh, and at the San Francisco Lesbian & Gay Film Festival in 2001.
Polaroid AutoProcess films (Polachrome, Polapan, Polablue and others)
In 1983 Polaroid introduced an "instant" transparency system for still photography. The unexposed 35 mm films came with their own processing pack. The films were processed within a dedicated, hand-powered, mechanical-cranked processing machine called an "AutoProcessor," into which an exposed film and its processing pack had to be loaded.[4][5] The time to get from an exposed undeveloped film to a fully developed film ready for mounting varied from between two and five minutes, depending on the type of film.
Polaroid produced several types of AutoProcess-compatible film:
- Polachrome was an "instant" 35mm color transparency film. It was descended from the Polavision system and used the same additive color (filter) process. One difference was that with Polavision, the negative layer remained as part of the film after processing. It was of low optical density (max. 0.3), but nevertheless reduced the contrast of the image. With Polachrome, the black negative layer was discarded after processing.[1]
- Polapan was a monochrome instant slide film[6] PolaPan is a portmanteau of Polaroid and Panchromatic. (The "PolaPan" name had also been used in connection with Polaroid picture roll print films Type 42 PolaPan 200 (200 ASA film speed) (also Type 32) and Type 44 PolaPan 400 (400 ASA film speed in Daylight).)
- Polablue was an instant slide film with a particular blue cast
- Polagraph was a high-contrast color transparency film intended to reproduce subjects like graphs or diagrams.
- PolaScope (Type 410 10,000 ASA) was a high contrast film intended specifically for photographing oscilloscope ("scope") traces.
Polaroid AutoProcess slides could be viewed or projected in the same way as 35 mm slides made with conventional films.
See also
References
- ^ a b c d The Land List -- Film Index, The Land List. (Sections: "Type 608", Additive process, density problems; "Polachrome CS", Polavision/Polachrome negative differences.) Article retrieved 2006-12-01.
- ^ a b c Giambarba, Paul, "The Last Hurrah – Polavision, 1977", "The Branding of Polaroid 1957-1977". Article dated 2004-09-01. Retrieved 2006-12-01.
- ^ Blumstein, Michael (1982-07-28) "Era Ends as Land Leaves Polaroid", The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-11-06.
- ^ Tom Ang, "Silvery Sleight of Hand", in "Camera," September 1983
- ^ Polaroid 35mm Instant Slide Film: Introduction and Overview, Jim's Web. Page no longer exists, accessed via the Wayback Machine web archive. Article retrieved 2006-12-01.
- ^ "Self Service Polaroid Bravo Slides, Center for Instructional Support, University of Hawai‘i. Article revised June 1996. Retrieved 2006-12-01.
External links
- UK Polavision information and reviews from 1977" by C Houston.
- "The Last Hurrah – Polavision, 1977" by Paul Giambarba.
- Polaroid Picture Rolls
- "Era Ends as Land Leaves Polaroid", The New York Times, July 28, 1982.