George Colbert
George Colbert, also known as Tootemastubbe (c. 1764–1839), was a Native American leader of the Chickasaw people in the early 19th century. He commanded 350 Chickasaw auxiliary troops, whom he had recruited, as a militia captain under Andrew Jackson during the Creek War of 1813-1814. Later he joined the US Army under Jackson for the remainder of the War of 1812.
George temporarily became chief of the Chickasaw again after his late brother Levi Colbert died in 1834. George was a planter who owned significant land in Mississippi, and a ferry in northwestern Alabama.
His father, James Logan Colbert, was half Scot, half Chickasaw. George was three-fourths Chickasaw and one quarter Scottish.
Early life and education
The second of six mixed-race sons of James Logan Colbert, a North Carolinian son of a settler of Scots descent and his second wife Minta Hoye, a Chickasaw, George "Tootemastubbe" Colbert was born in present-day Alabama in 1764.[1] As a youth he began to rise in prominence in the Chickasaw nation, as he gained status from his mother's clan as well as his actions. The Chickasaw had a matrilineal kinship system, in which children were considered born into their mother's clan; positions of hereditary leadership were passed through the mother's line.
Military service
Colbert was said to serve with American troops under Arthur St. Clair in 1791 and Anthony Wayne in 1794 during the Northwest Indian Wars. During the Creek Wars, he recruited 350 Chickasaw warriors and assisted Andrew Jackson against the Red Sticks, and later during more of the War of 1812.[1]
Career
By the early 1800s, George "Tootemastubbe" Colbert established Colbert's ferry near Cherokee, Alabama. It was a significant crossing of the Tennessee River along the Natchez Trace, an important trade route. George Colbert was able to accumulate land and became an influential planter; he also raised livestock and was a trader as well as being the eldest son eligible for the position of Chief. The tribe owned an estimated 150 enslaved Africans as labor on their land as was custom with many intercultural tribes in the region. A few slaves escaped during the confusion of the eventual Trail of Tears.
He and his brothers, Levi and James, were among the primary negotiators of between his people and the United States government in the early 19th century.[1] The Chickasaw ended up ceding much of their land to the United States after Levi Colbert had died en route to Washington D.C during negotiations in 1834. Being between both "white" and "native" cultures, he and his brother were heavily relied upon to act on the tribe's behalf, so once Levi died, negotiations abruptly ceased and in the year 1834, the Chickasaw joined many other tribes in removal.
Before removal, George "Tootemastubbe" Colbert served again as chief of the Chickasaw temporarily. (The reason his younger brother served is due to George never truly wanting the position). The year 1834 was the beginning of the tedious and heart breaking path to the newly established Indian Territory. Oklahoma is the "americanization" of the term "Oka Homa" (the Chickasaw word for "fire water" which many were driven to after losing their loved ones to death, leaving behind their ancestors and ancestral lands, plus surviving the arduous trip itself). Tishomingo became chief of the Chickasaw once they started on the trail and remained in charge once they arrived until his death in 1838 en route. Neither he nor George, who died also en route in 1839 at age 75, ever reached the new territory alive. Tishomingo died near the Arkansas river in 1836; Tootemastubbe died just before arrival to the Chickasaw's new territory at Fort Towson (which is Choctaw territory located east of the Chickasaw). [1]
Marriage and family
George Colbert married two times. They were two sisters from the Wind Clan Cherokee, and he fathered a total of six sons and two daughters. Saleechie Doublehead, the daughter of Chief Doublehead was the younger sister of Tuskiahooto Doublehead and both were his wives. He solely married Saleechie due to the older sister being barren. (The Chickasaw allowed the men in the tribe to marry multiple wives per tribal law). George Colbert never arrived to the Chickasaw section of "Oka Homa". Several ancesty search sites state he died on the Trail of Tears at Fort Towson which is Choctaw territory.
His father, James Logan Colbert, was the first child of mixed blood due to his father, Willam "de Blainville" Colbert coming to the new world in the early 1700's and marrying the Chickasaw chief's daughter. This marriage made William's negotiations for trade easier due to her influence and position in the tribe. James Logan Colbert was born from this union as William had only married one wife.
(William "de Blainville" Colbert is so called since he was one of the first of the Castlehill Colberts of Inverness to be born outside Scotland in Blainville-sur-Orne, France, in 1703. The Chateau de Colbert is located there and was part of the properties once owned by the deceased Jean Baptiste Colbert who served as King Louis XIV's Treasurer in the mid-1600's. The Colberts/Cuthbert's of Castlehill, Inverness, Scotland had to leave due to the original Jacobite uprising, the Glorious Revolution, which ousted Roman Catholic King James II and VII to be replaced by his Protestant daughter Mary II and William of Orange in 1688. The Colbert's were known as the "King Baron's" and were heavily intertwined/intermarried with the Catholic Stuart family.
Legacy
- Colbert County, Alabama was named after him and his brother Levi.[2]
- George's Cave, near Colbert's Spring (named after Levi), was named after George Colbert.[3]
(The county of Itawamba County, Mississippi was named after his brother, Levi Colbert. Tishomingo County, Mississippi was named for the new and last chief who took over once the tribe embarked on the Trail of Tears. (Mingo is the Chickasaw word for "Chief"). NW Alabama and NE Mississippi is the region where the Chickasaw resided before 1834 and where these counties can be found.)
- Colbert, Oklahoma was named generally after the family in recognition of their contributions and blood lines to the Chickasaw. It's a small town and not a part of the tribal seats such as Ada, Oklahoma. The Chickasaw were one of the Five Civilized Tribes.
References
- ^ a b c d Pate, James P., "George Colbert," Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture (accessed November 3, 2009).
- ^ Owen, Thomas McAdory; Owen, Marie (1921). History of Alabama and Dictionary of Alabama Biography. S.J. Clarke Publishing Company. p. 302.
- ^ Owen, Thomas McAdory; Owen, Marie (1921). History of Alabama and Dictionary of Alabama Biography. S.J. Clarke Publishing Company. p. 235.
Additional reading
- Arrell M. Gibson, The Chickasaws (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1971).
- Don Martini, Who Was Who Among the Southern Indians: A Genealogical Notebook (Falkner, Miss.: N.p., 1997).
External links
- "Colbert, George", Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture