Valbenazine
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| Clinical data | |
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| Trade names | Ingrezza |
| Other names | NBI-98854 |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | ingrezza |
| Routes of administration | By mouth |
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| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Protein binding | >99% |
| Metabolism | Activation by hydrolysis, deactivation by CYP3A, CYP2D6 |
| Metabolites | [+]-α-Dihydrotetrabenazine (active metabolite) |
| Elimination half-life | 15–22 hrs |
| Excretion | 60% urine, 30% faeces |
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| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.236.234 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C24H38N2O4 |
| Molar mass | 418.578 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | |
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Valbenazine, sold under the trade name Ingrezza, is a medication use to treat tardive dyskinesia.[1] It acts as a vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) inhibitor.[2]
Medical use
Valbenazine is used to treat tardive dyskinesia in adults.[1]
Contraindications
Valbenazine is contraindicated in people with long QT syndrome or arrhythmias that may cause QT interval prolongation. It has also not been effectively studied in pregnancy, and it is recommended that women who are pregnant or breastfeeding avoid use of valbenazine at this time.[3]
Adverse effects
Side effects may include sleepiness or QT prolongation.[3] Significant prolongation has not yet been observed at recommended dosage levels, however, those taking inhibitors of the liver enzymes CYP2D6 or CYP3A4 – or who are poor CYP2D6 metabolizers – may be at risk for significant prolongation.[3]
Pharmacology
Mechanism of action
Valbenazine is known to cause reversible reduction of dopamine release by selectively inhibiting pre-synaptic human vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2). In vitro, valbenazine shows great selectivity for VMAT2 and little to no affinity for VMAT1 or other monoamine receptors.[4] Although the exact cause of tardive dyskinesia is unknown, it is hypothesized that it may result from neuroleptic-induced dopamine hypersensitivity.[5] By selectively reducing the ability of VMAT2 to load dopamine into synaptic vesicles,[6] the drug reduces overall levels of available dopamine in the synaptic cleft, ideally alleviating the symptoms associated with dopamine hypersensitivity. The importance of valbenazine selectivity inhibiting VMAT2 over other monoamine transporters is that VMAT2 is mainly involved with the transport of dopamine, and to a much lesser extent other monoamines such as norepinephrine, serotonin, and histamine. This selectivity is likely to reduce the likelihood of "off-target" adverse effects which may result from the upstream inhibition of these other monoamines.[7]
Pharmacokinetics
Valbenazine is a prodrug which is an ester of [+]-α-dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZ) with the amino acid L-valine. It is extensively hydrolyzed to the active metabolite DTBZ. Plasma protein binding of valbenazine is over 99%, and that of DTBZ is about 64%. The biological half-life of both valbenazine and DTBZ is 15 to 22 hours. Liver enzymes involved in inactivation are CYP3A4, CYP3A5 and CYP2D6. The drug is excreted, mostly in form of inactive metabolites, via the urine (60%) and the feces (30%).[8]
Society and culture
Commercial aspects
Valbenazine is produced by Neurocrine Biosciences, a company based in San Diego. Valbenazine was approved by the FDA for treatment of tardive dyskinesia on 11 April 2017.[9]
Intellectual property
While Neurocrine Biosciences does not currently hold a final patent for valbenazine or elagolix, they do hold a patent for the VMAT2 inhibitor [9,10-dimethoxy-3-(2-methylpropyl)-1H,2H,3H,4H,6H,7H,11bH-pyrido-[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl]methanol and related compounds, which includes valbenazine.[10]
Names
The International Nonproprietary Name (INN) is valbenazine.[11]: 114
Research
It is being studied for Tourette's syndrome.[12][13]
References
- ^ a b "Valbenazine label" (PDF). FDA. April 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2017. For label updates see FDA index page for NDA 209241
- ^ O'Brien, C. F.; Jimenez, R; Hauser, R. A.; Factor, S. A.; Burke, J; Mandri, D; Castro-Gayol, J. C. (2015). "NBI-98854, a selective monoamine transport inhibitor for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study". Movement Disorders. 30 (12): 1681–7. doi:10.1002/mds.26330. PMC 5049616. PMID 26346941.
- ^ a b c "Valbenazine: Drug Information". www.uptodate.com. Retrieved 2017-07-14.
- ^ "NBI-98854 – VMAT2 Inhibitor | Tics in Children Treatment | Neurocrine Biosciences". www.neurocrine.com. Retrieved 2016-11-13.
- ^ "tardive-dyskinesia". www.priory.com. Retrieved 2016-11-13.
- ^ Purves, Dale, et al. Neuroscience. Sinauer Associates. 087893646
- ^ "NBIX: NDA for Valbenazine in Tardive Dyskinesia to be Filed in 2016…". Retrieved 2016-11-13.
- ^ Valbenazine Professional Drug Facts.
- ^ Commissioner, Office of the. "Press Announcements - FDA approves first drug to treat tardive dyskinesia". www.fda.gov. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
- ^ "[9,10-dimethoxy-3-(2-methylpropyl)-1h,2h,3h,4h,6h,7h,11bh-pyrido-[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-yl]methanol And Compounds, Compositions And Methods Relating Thereto". Retrieved 2016-11-20.
- ^ "International Nonproprietary Names for Pharmaceutical Substances (INN). Recommended International Nonproprietary Names: List 71" (PDF). World Health Organization. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
- ^ "Tourette Syndrome Clinical Trials | Neurocrine Biosciences". www.neurocrine.com. Retrieved 2016-11-13.
- ^ "Safety and Efficacy Study of NBI-98854 in Adults With Tourette Syndrome - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov". clinicaltrials.gov. Retrieved 2016-11-13.