Sunda pangolin

Sunda pangolin
Conservation status
	; Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Pholidota
Family:	Manidae
Genus:	Manis
Species:	M. javanica
Binomial name
	Manis javanica; Desmarest, 1822
	Sunda pangolin range

The Sunda pangolin (Manis javanica), also known as the Malayan or Javan pangolin, is a species of pangolin^[2]

It is found in Southeast Asia, including Brunei, ^[3]Cambodia, Indonesia (Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and the Lesser Sunda Islands), Laos, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam.^[1] Also found in Bangladesh^[4] and Myanmar^[5].

They prefer forested habitats (primary, secondary, and scrub forest) and plantations (rubber, palm oil). A large part of their lives is spent in trees.

Taxonomy

In the past, this species has included the closely related Palawan pangolin (M. culionensis), as both are in the subgenus Paramanis.^[6] It is closely related to the Chinese pangolin, although the Malayan species is larger, lighter in colour, and has shorter fore claws.

Description

The skin of the Sunda pangolin's feet is granular, although pads are found on its front feet. It has thick and powerful claws to dig into the soils in search of ant nests or to tear into termite mounds. The Sunda pangolin has poor eyesight, but a highly developed sense of smell. Lacking teeth, its long, sticky tongue serves to collect ants and termites. Its body is covered by rows of scales and fibrous hair. The head-body length of this pangolin can measure 40–65 cm, tail length is 35–56 cm, and its weight is up to 10 kg. Males are larger than females.^[6]^[7]

Behaviour and ecology

Pangolins give birth annually to one or two offspring. They breed in the autumn, and females give birth in the winter burrow. Parental care is given for about three months. Pangolins are sometimes found in pairs, but normally they are solitary, nocturnal, and behave timidly. They protect their soft underparts by rolling into balls when they feel threatened. They are strong diggers and make burrows lined with vegetation for insulation near termite mounds and ant nests.^[1]

The Sunda pangolin's main predators are humans, tigers, and the clouded leopard.^{[citation needed]}

Conservation

Pangolins as a genus are among the most heavily poached and exploited protected animals. Like other pangolin species, the Sunda pangolin is hunted for its skin, scales, and meat, used in clothing manufacture and traditional medicine. Scales are made into rings as charms against rheumatic fever, and meat is eaten by indigenous peoples. Despite enjoying protected status almost everywhere in its range, illegal international trade, largely driven by Chinese buyers, has led to rapidly decreasing population numbers. The Sunda pangolin is currently considered to be critically endangered.^[1]^[8]

As of 2016, all pangolin species, including the Sunda pangolin, are listed by CITES in its Appendix I, which prohibits international trade in wild-caught specimens or their body parts.^[9]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Template:IUCN
^ Schlitter, D.A. (2005). "Order Pholidota". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 530. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/12763/0
^ https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/RL-549.3-003-v.2.pdf
^ IUCN
^ ^a ^b Schlitter, D.A. (2005). "Subgenus Paramanis". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 530. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ Shepherd, Chris R.; Shepherd, Loretta Ann (2012). A Naturalist's Guide to the Mammals of Southeast Asia. Wiltshire, UK: John Beaufoy Publishing. p. 12. ISBN 978-1906780715.
^ "The Sunda Pangolin has a long history of being traded internationally. In Asia, it has the undesirable status as the mammal most frequently found in illicit trade". IUCN SSC Pangolin Specialist Group.
^ Carrington, Damian (28 September 2016). "Pangolins thrown a lifeline at global wildlife summit with total trade ban". Theguardian.com. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

External links

Sunda pangolin at Ecology Asia [1]
Sunda pangolin at Animal Diversity Web
WWF & TRAFFIC Report: Pangolin trade in Sabah (PDF)
WWF News: Seized notebooks give unique insight into scale of illicit pangolin trade

[iucn-1] Template:IUCN

[msw3-2] Schlitter, D.A. (2005). "Order Pholidota". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 530. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

[3] ttp://www.iucnredlist.org/details/12763/0

[4] ttps://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/RL-549.3-003-v.2.pdf

[5] IUCN

[schlitter2-6] Schlitter, D.A. (2005). "Subgenus Paramanis". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 530. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

[7] Shepherd, Chris R.; Shepherd, Loretta Ann (2012). A Naturalist's Guide to the Mammals of Southeast Asia. Wiltshire, UK: John Beaufoy Publishing. p. 12. ISBN 978-1906780715.

[8] "The Sunda Pangolin has a long history of being traded internationally. In Asia, it has the undesirable status as the mammal most frequently found in illicit trade". IUCN SSC Pangolin Specialist Group.

[9] Carrington, Damian (28 September 2016). "Pangolins thrown a lifeline at global wildlife summit with total trade ban". Theguardian.com. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

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