Second Battle of Seoul
| Second Battle of Seoul | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Korean War | |||||||
 U.S. Marines engaged in urban warfare during the battle for Seoul in late September 1950 | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 North Korea | |||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
 Douglas MacArthur Edward M. Almond Oliver P. Smith[1] Paik In-yeop Shin Hyun-joon |
Kim Il-sung Choi Yong-kun Wol Ki Chan Wan Yong | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 40,000 infantry |
7,000 infantry[2] unknown number of artillery, tanks and aircraft | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
|
US: 313 killed 1,433 wounded[3] South Korea: 50 killed 200 wounded |
North Korea: thousands killed, wounded, and captured[4] | ||||||
The Second Battle of Seoul resulted in United Nations forces recapturing Seoul from the North Koreans in late September 1950.
Approaching Seoul
The advance on Seoul was slow and bloody, after the landings at Inchon. The reason was the appearance in the Seoul area of two first-class fighting units of the North Korean People's Army, the 78th Independent Infantry Regiment and 25th Infantry Brigade, about 7,000 troops in all.[5]
The NKPA launched a T-34 attack, which was trapped and destroyed, and a Yak bombing run in Incheon harbor, which did little damage. The NKPA attempted to stall the UN offensive to allow time to reinforce Seoul and withdraw troops from the south.[citation needed] Though warned that the process of taking Seoul would allow remaining NKPA forces in the south to escape, MacArthur felt that he was bound to honor promises given to the South Korean government to retake the capital as soon as possible.[citation needed]
On the second day, vessels carrying the U.S. Army's 7th Infantry Division arrived in Incheon Harbor. General Almond was eager to get the division into position to block a possible enemy movement from the south of Seoul. On the morning of September 18, the division's 2nd Battalion of the 32nd Infantry Regiment landed at Incheon and the remainder of the regiment went ashore later in the day.
The next morning, the 2nd Battalion moved up to relieve an U.S. Marine battalion occupying positions on the right flank south of Seoul. Meanwhile, the 7th Division's 31st Infantry Regiment came ashore at Incheon. Responsibility for the zone south of Seoul highway passed to the 7th Division at 18:00 on September 19. The 7th Infantry Division then engaged in heavy fighting with North Korean soldiers on the outskirts of Seoul.
Before the battle, North Korea had just one understrength division in the city, with the majority of its forces south of the capital.[6] MacArthur personally oversaw the 1st Marine Regiment as it fought through North Korean positions on the road to Seoul. Control of Operation Chromite was then given to Major General Edward Almond, the X Corps commander. General Almond was in an enormous hurry to capture Seoul by September 25, exactly three months after the North Korean assault across the 38th parallel.[7]
The battle
On September 22, the Marines entered Seoul to find it heavily fortified. Casualties mounted as the forces engaged in desperate house-to-house fighting. Anxious to pronounce the conquest of Seoul, Almond declared the city liberated on September 25 although Marines were still engaged in house-to-house combat (gunfire and artillery could still be heard in the northern suburbs).
After the battle, South Korean police executed citizens and their families who were suspected as communist sympathizers in what is known as the Goyang Geumjeong Cave and Namyangju massacres.[8][9]
See also
- Eugene A. Obregon, US Marine posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for shielding a fellow soldier during the battle
- First Battle of Seoul
- Third Battle of Seoul
- Operation Ripper
Notes
- ^ Halberstam The Coldest Winter, p. 302.
- ^ Hoyt, Edwin P. (1984). On To The Yalu. New York: Stein and Day. p. 98.
- ^ http://www.history.army.mil/books/korea/20-2-1/sn26.htm . Look at "THE CAPTURE OF SEOUL" Page 541 for casualty figures. Subtract Battle of Inchon casualties from the total Inchon-Seoul casualties from this source
- ^ http://www.history.army.mil/books/korea/20-2-1/sn26.htm . Page 540
- ^ Hoyt, Edwin P. (1984). On To The Yalu. New York: Stein and Day. p. 98.
- ^ Baldwin, Hanson W. (September 27, 1950), "Invasion Gamble Pays", The New York Times, p. 6, retrieved June 18, 2006
- ^ Hoyt, Edwin P. (1984). On To The Yalu. New York: Stein and Day. p. 77.
- ^ "Goyang Geumjeong Cave Massacre memorial service". Hankyoreh. February 9, 2010. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
- ^ Charles J. Hanley and Jae-Soon Chang (December 6, 2008). "Children 'executed' in 1950 South Korean killings". Associated Press; San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved September 2, 2012.
References
- Halberstam, David (2007). The Coldest WInter – America and the Korean War. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-4013-0052-4.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Hoyt, Edwin P., On To The Yalu, (1984), ISBN 0-8128-2977-8