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Société Mokta El Hadid

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Société Mokta El Hadid
IndustryMining
Founded1863
FounderPaulin Talabot
Headquarters
Algeria
ProductsIron ore

The Société Mokta El Hadid is an iron ore mining company in Algeria. From around 1865 until 1927 it was the largest mining company in Algeria, delivering ore of exceptional quality for processing in France. In 1878 the original Mokta El Hadid mine near Bône (now Annaba) was said to be capable of supporting 25% of Europe's steel production. Before this mine was exhausted the company opened other mines in different Algerian locations.

First discovery

Lake of Fetzara in 1857 before being drained by the company

Algeria in the 19th century did not have coking coal, so did not process its iron ore. Instead, the ore was shipped to the coast and sold to a shipper, who in turn sold it to European steel mills for about twice the price.[1] The geologist Henri Fournel discovered deposits of magnetite near the port of Bône in 1843.[2] The mine is about 22 miles (35 km) from Bone in the Mokta hill beside the Lake of Fetzara at the foot of a mountain chain that runs from south to north, then turns east of the port of Bone. The name "Mokta-el-Hadid" (the iron pass) indicates that the deposit of iron has long been known, but there is no sign that it was worked before the first small-scale attempts in 1840.[3]

The businessman Paulin Talabot had a "Mediterranean dream" involving "the exploitation of the mines of the Bône region, which would feed his coal mines in the Grand-Combe by means of rapid transport in his ships of the Compagnie Générale Transatlantique, relayed by his Algerian railroad cars and those of the PLM." Before Fournel's survey was complete, in 1845 the Talabots or their associates had obtained three of the four concessions in the Bône region. Talabot thought of building an ironworks at Bône, but abandoned the idea in 1848 part due to the danger of attack by the Algerians and in part to a threatened boycott of Algerian iron ore by the Schneiders of Le Creusot.[4]

Société Mokta El Hadid is located in Algeria
Bône
Bône
Béni Saf
Béni Saf
Boukhadra
Boukhadra
class=notpageimage|
Locations in Algeria

A report by Fournel to the Académie des sciences on 14 May 1848 said, "to the north of Lake F'Zara there is a whole mountain, the Mokta-el-Hadid (the quarry of iron) which emerges from the gneisses and literally presents from foot to top, that is to say over a height of more than one hundred meters, a mass of pure oxidized iron, with no admixture of rock. To the east of this deposit, which few deposits known elsewhere could parallel, the oxidized iron pierces several other points."[5] Talabot asked the geologist Émilien Dumas to assess the deposit. He contacted the polytechnician and engineer of mines Alphonse Parran to form the new company and start exploitation.[6]

Due to shortage of both labour and capital, little progress was made and in 1849 the government revoked the three Talabot concessions. In 1852 they were restored after Napoleon III had taken power. In 1857 the Mokta el Hadid mine was found, and the Talabots gained the concession. The ore was in a vein 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) long and 10 to 50 metres (33 to 164 ft) wide. The magnetite ore was 70% pure iron.[4] This ore, free of sulfur and phosphorus, was much more suitable for the Bessemer and Martin processes than the poorer ores high in phosphorus that are typical of France, Belgium, Luxembourg and Germany.[7]

Operations

Mokta el Hadid

Plans for a merger with the steelworks at Alais in the Gard were drawn up, possibly part of a larger merger with the mines of the Grand-Combe, but stalled. In 1863 the Société de Mokta el Hadid was established definitively. Plans were drawn up to combine the Mokta el Hadid mines with the Firminy, Loire, steelworks, the Gard coal mines and the Saut-du-Tarn steelworks near Albi, Tarn. 20 million francs of capital would be needed, including 8 million of fresh capital for upgrades at the various sites. These plans also dragged out.[8]

A short railway line was built from the mine at Ain Mokra to the Bône docks.[9] The line was opened in 1864, the first railway line in Algeria.[10] Extensive construction was undertaken at Bône in 1856–69 to build an 80 hectares (200 acres) sheltered port facility to handle the ore from Mokta el Hadid.[11] Full-scale production began in 1865.[12] Before the mine was opened Bône had 10,000 inhabitants. By 1924 there were 41,000 and the port was being used to export phosphates, lead and zinc ore.[13]

The arrival in large volumes of Algerian ores from Mokta-el-Hadid upset the supply chain. The success at the Firminy plant in developing steel rails using only ore from the Algerian mines was a major argument for installation of furnaces based on the Martin process at Le Creusot. In 1865 Eugène Schneider had reached an agreement with Paulin Talabot to obtain a large supply of Algerian ore, making it possible to start intensive steel production.[14] Paulin Talabot founded the Société General Algérienne (SGA) in 1865 to promote economic growth in the colony of Algeria, which created five villages for French colonists. It was granted 100,000 hectares (250,000 acres) of land in exchange for a 100 million franc loan to Napoleon III, which was spent on Algerian public works. After experiencing some financial difficulties the SGA was reorganized as the Compagnie Algérienne in 1877.[15]

Napoleon III dining in a tent at the mine site (1965)

In 1865 Napoleon III visited Algeria, including a trip to the mine and the city of Bône. A photograph survives of the emperor and his entourage taking refreshment under a tent at the mine site. In the 1870s 2/3 of all miners in Algeria were working the Mokta-el-Hadid mine.[4] In 1875–76 the Bou Djima River, which was carrying silt into the port, was diverted to the Seybouse River. The railway could now be extended to the port, considerably reducing transport costs.[11]

In 1865 the mine produced 22,000 tons, rising to 255,000 tons in 1869. The abundant ore was extracted from underground galleries and shipped from Bône to the main French steelworks.[2] In 1870 Algeria as a whole exported 84,710 tons of iron ore.[16] In 1874 the Mokta el Hadid mine alone shipped 430,000 tons of ore, containing 260,000 tons of iron. At this time Britain was producing a total of 500,000 tons of steel. The mine was said to be capable of supporting 25% of Europe's steel production.[3]

In the 1870s the company planted many eucalyptus trees around the Lake of Fetzara, but they were all killed by salt water seeping from the lake.[17] At this date the lake's surface elevation would have reached 16 metres (52 ft) in winter, with an area of 14,000 hectares (35,000 acres). The lake was bordered with reeds and rushes, used for nesting by migratory birds, and was rich in fish.[18] The lake was considered a source of fever, and a 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) drainage channel flowing into the Oued Meboudja was proposed, but although the SGA had rights to the northern and eastern shores of the lake it did nothing.[18] In 1877 the Mokta El Hadid company gained permission to drain the lake in exchange for free transfer of the reclaimed land. A channel led from the center of the lake, crossed the 22 metres (72 ft) western flank and led to the Meboudja. The surface elevation had dropped to 12 metres (39 ft) by 1880, but the lake remained swampy in summer.[18][a]

Philippe de Cerner took over management of the Mokta-el-Hadid Company in 1875.[20] Output from the 14 iron ore mines in Algeria rose to 511,000 tons in 1876, then started to decline. In 1879 the country exported 400,000 tons, of which 320,000 tons came from Mokta-el-Hadid. Very little of the ore was smelted before export.[16] The port of Bône shipped only 148,695 tons of ore in 1893.[21] After 1903 the company ceded its rights to the the Lake of Fetzara to the SGA colony, which took over the work and completed it in 1935.[18] Mining at Mokta el Hadid ended in 1904.[22]

Other operations

File:179774-algerie-beni-saf-les-docks.jpg
The docks at Béni Saf

As of 1878 the company had also opened the Korezza, Bou-Hamra and Marouaina mines.[3] Before the Mokta deposits started showing signs of running out Parran obtained the deposit of Rar El Baroud near Béni Saf in 1879.[6] The ore in the Béni Saf region near Montagnac (now named Remchi) is hematite with 2% manganese. Between 1867 and 1947 the region produced 30 million metric tons of ore.[23] Parran was also involved in the Kryvyi Rih iron ore mine in Russia in 1881 and the Gafsa phosphate deposits in Tunisia in 1886.[6] In Tunisia as of 1893 the company owned concessions at Ras Radjid, Bou lanague, Dj Bellif and Ganara in the Kroumine between Tabarka and Cap Serrat. The ores, which had not yet been worked, were brown and red hematites with an average of 50% iron.[24]

By 1895 the company had bought all the iron ore beds in the Ouelhasses Cheragas ore district of Algeria apart from Boukourdan. These included the Das rih and Bar el Baroud beds of Béni Saf, and the Ten Kreut, Djed el Haouraia and Sidi-safi groups of ore beds. Only the Bar el Baroud was being worked, using open-cut mining to extract ore with at least 55% iron. The port of Béni Saf was operated privately by the company, which had built it and had a 99-year lease. Estimated output was 291,547 metric tons in 1892 and 203,338 tons in 1893. Destinations, in order, were England, the Netherlands, France, the US and Belgium.[25] The company obtained the Boukhadra deposits near the Tunisian border in 1902.[20]

In the period from 1900 to 1930 the company was among the powerful capitalist groups in the French colonial empire that provided exceptional rates of profit.[26] From 1901 the company began using Moroccan workers in its Béni Saf mines.[27] In 1905 the small Mokta railway was connected to the departmental network, connecting the port of Bone to the Jemmapes (Azzaba) region, and now extended as far as Saint-Charles (Ramdane Djamel).[20] Philippe de Cerner, the company manager in Bône, had convinced the government to extend the railway west from Ain Mokra to connect with the main line to Philippeville (Skikda), and then persuaded the government to assume responsibility for running the line in the public interest.[9] Philippe de Cerner was appointed director of the new line from 1908 until his retirement in 1917.[20][9] In 1912 the Compagnie des minérais de fer magnétique de Mokta-el-Hadid had a capital of 20 million and made a profit of 4.5 million.[28] When World War I began Mokta-el Hadid was one of only two privately owned French colonial companies other than banks and railways with capital of over 20 million francs, the other being the Société Le Nickel in New Caledonia.[29]

In 1917 the Société Mokta El Hadid and the Société des Hauts Fourneaux de Rouen agreed to form a joint venture to exploit the Boukhadra deposits, which was supported by the minister Albert Thomas. However, the administration of governor Charles Lutaud submitted an alternative proposal to the government that required the company to build blast furnaces in Bône and to pay higher royalties to Algeria.[30] The agreement and specifications for this project were signed early in 1918, with 85% of the capital supplied by Mokta and Hauts Fourneaux de Rouen, and 15% by Denain-Anzin and a consortium of Algerian banks. Two blast furnaces would be built with combined annual capacity of 80,000 tons.[30] However, after Charles Jonnart returned to Algeria as governor the project was delayed and eventually cancelled.[30]

In May 1919 the company's miners went on strike in solidarity with strikers in other industries, but the strike quickly fizzled out.[31] Mokta el Hadid was the largest mining company in Algeria until 1927, when it was overtaken by the Societe de l'Ouenza.[32] The Mokta el Hadid iron ore mining company was responsible for creation of SACEM in 1929 and the operation of Imini mines from the same year.[6] The ratio of share prices to earnings fluctuated from 3.0 in 1929 up to 11.0 in 1933, falling back to 1.8 by 1937.[33]

After World War II (1939–45) the Mokta El Hadid iron ore belonged to the Mirabaud Group.[34] In 1951 the Société de l'Ouenza produced 60% of Algerian iron, 85% in Ouenza and 15% in Bou-Kadra.[35] The state owned 66% of the shares of this company, along with the Rothschilds, Mirabaud and Schneider.[36] Mirabaud, Banque Mallet and Banque Vernes controlled the Société de Mokta-el-Hadid through the Société Nord Africaine. Mokta-el-Hadid was the second iron ore mining company in Algeria, with many subsidiaries and several concessions, including in Morocco.[37]

On 24 April 1953 a joint corporation was establihed to mine a deposit estimated at 50 million tons of manganese ore in Gabon owned by the Bureau of Mines of Overseas France (21%), Eastern Tjbangi Mining Company (15%), Mokta el Hadid group (15%) and the U.S. Steel (49%). A 220 miles (350 km) railway had first to be built to the coast, so full production was not expected until at least 1960.[38] In 1965 the centenary of the company was celebrated in Abidjan in the presence of President Félix Houphouët-Boigny.[6] In July 1967 France and Niger made agreements that included recognition of a uranium mining concession in Niger to be capitalized 45% by the Atomic Energy Commission, 40% by the private French companies Mokta El Hadid and French Uranium-ore, and 15% by the state of Niger.[39]

Notes

  1. ^ A report published in 1901 said, "The example of Lake Fetzara has been much quoted; its marshy miasma infected the large mining works of Mokta-el-Hadid, decimated the staff, and rendered existence in this locality insupportable. Now, thanks to well developed forests of Eucalyptus, it presents all the conditions of a tolerable hygiene." The report then noted that the improvement could also be attributed in part to better medical attention and the fact that most of the staff commuted to work from Bône.[19]
  1. ^ Prochaska 2002, p. 103.
  2. ^ a b Iron and Steel Institute 1880, p. 252.
  3. ^ a b c Mining Journal 1878, p. 438.
  4. ^ a b c Prochaska 2002, p. 81.
  5. ^ Fournel 1848.
  6. ^ a b c d e Timkkit 2008.
  7. ^ Passaqui 2013, p. 17.
  8. ^ Gille 1968, p. 183.
  9. ^ a b c Prochaska 2002, p. 109.
  10. ^ Levainville 1924, p. 165.
  11. ^ a b Prochaska 2002, p. 111.
  12. ^ Passaqui 2013, p. 3.
  13. ^ Levainville 1924, p. 164.
  14. ^ Passaqui 2013, p. 7.
  15. ^ Watson 2003, p. 66.
  16. ^ a b Iron and Steel Institute 1880, p. 251.
  17. ^ Davis 2007, p. 227.
  18. ^ a b c d Travers 1958, p. 261.
  19. ^ Tommasi-Crudeli 1903, p. 4.
  20. ^ a b c d Bouveresse 2008, p. 408.
  21. ^ Tomas 1977, p. 186.
  22. ^ Bonnichon & Gény 2012, p. 149.
  23. ^ Postel 1943, p. 16.
  24. ^ US Geological Survey 1895, pp. 176–177.
  25. ^ US Geological Survey 1895, p. 175.
  26. ^ Lespagnol 1986, p. 114–115.
  27. ^ Rivet 1979, p. 550fn.
  28. ^ Holland & Porter 2012, p. 131.
  29. ^ Robequain 1958, p. 84.
  30. ^ a b c Meynier 1981, p. 347.
  31. ^ Meynier 1981, p. 691.
  32. ^ Prochaska 2002, p. 108.
  33. ^ May 1939, p. 738.
  34. ^ Bennoune 2002, p. 72.
  35. ^ Dupont 1952, p. 324.
  36. ^ Dupont 1952, pp. 324–325.
  37. ^ Dupont 1952, p. 325.
  38. ^ Pons 1954, p. 297.
  39. ^ Scipion 1967, p. 314.
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