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Home appliance

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Home appliance
two electric kettles, a drip coffee maker, and a toaster on a table top
Numerous home appliances may be used in kitchens
IndustryFood & Beverages, Health Care
ApplicationKitchens and laundry rooms
WheelsIn some cases
ExamplesRefrigerator, toaster, kettle, microwave, blender

Home appliances are electrical/mechanical machines which accomplish some household functions,[1] such as cooling/heating, cooking or cleaning. Home appliances can be classified into:

This division is also noticeable in the maintenance and repair of these kinds of products. Brown goods usually require high technical knowledge and skills (which get more complex with time, such as going from a soldering iron to a hot-air soldering station), while white goods may need more practical skills and "brute force" to manipulate the devices and heavy tools required to repair them.

Definition

Given a broad usage, the domestic application attached to "home appliance" is tied to the definition of appliance as "an instrument or device designed for a particular use or function".[4] More specifically, Collins dictionary defines "home appliance" as: "devices or machines, usually electrical, that are in your home and which you use to do jobs such as cleaning or cooking."[5] The broad usage, afforded to the definition allows for nearly any device intended for domestic use to be a home appliance, including consumer electronics as well as stoves,[6] refrigerators, toasters[6] and air conditioners to light bulbs and water well pumps.[7][8]

History

Early 20th century electric toaster

While many appliances have existed for centuries, the self-contained electric or gas powered appliances are a uniquely American innovation that emerged in the twentieth century. The development of these appliances is tied the disappearance of full-time domestic servants and the desire to reduce the time consuming activities in pursuit of more recreational time. In the early 1900s, electric and gas appliances included washing machines, water heaters, refrigerators and sewing machines. The invention of Earl Richardson's small electric clothes iron in 1903 gave a small initial boost to the home appliance industry. In the Post–World War II economic expansion, the domestic use of dishwashers, and clothes dryers were part of a shift for convenience. Increasing discretionary income was reflected by a rise in miscellaneous home appliances.[9][10]

In America during the 1980s, the industry shipped $1.5 billion worth of goods each year and employed over 14,000 workers, with revenues doubling between 1982 and 1990 to $3.3 billion. Throughout this period companies merged and acquired one another to reduce research and production costs and eliminate competitors, resulting in anti-trust legislation.

The United States Department of Energy reviews compliance with the National Appliance Energy Conservation Act of 1987, which required manufacturers to reduce the energy consumption of the appliances by 25% every five years.[9]

In the 1990s, the appliance industry was very consolidated, with over 90% of the products being sold by just five companies. For example, in 1991, dishwasher manufacturing market share was split between General Electric with 40% market share, Whirlpool with 31% market share, Electrolux with 20% market share, Maytag with 7% market share and Thermador with just 2% of market share.[9]

Major appliances

Swedish washing machine, 1950s
Main article: Major appliance

Major appliances, also known as white goods, comprise major household appliances and may include: air conditioners,[11] dishwashers,[11] clothes dryers, drying cabinets, freezers, refrigerators,[11] kitchen stoves, water heaters,[11] washing machines,[11] trash compactors, microwave ovens[6] and induction cookers. White goods were typically painted or enameled white, and many of them still are.[12]

Small appliances

Main article: Small appliance

Small appliances are typically small household electrical machines,also very useful and easily carried and installed. Some are classified with white goods, and relate to heating and cooling such as: fans[6] and window mounted air conditioners, and heaters such as space heaters, ceramic heaters, gas heaters, kerosene heaters, and fan heaters. Yet another category is used in the kitchen, including: juicers, electric mixers,[13][13] meat grinders, coffee grinders, deep fryers,[13] herb grinders, food processors,[13][14] electric kettles, waffle irons, coffee makers, blenders[14] and dough blenders, rice cookers,[6] toasters and exhaust hoods.

Entertainment and information appliances such as: home electronics,[11] TV sets,[6] CD, VCRs and DVD players,[6] camcorders, still cameras, clocks, alarm clocks, video game consoles, HiFi and home cinema, telephones and answering machines are classified as "brown goods". Some such appliances were traditionally finished with genuine or imitation wood. This has become rare but the name has stuck, even for goods that are unlikely ever to have had a wooden case (e.g. camcorders).

Life spans

See Life spans of home appliances

Networking of home appliances

Main article: Home automation
See also: Internet of Things

There is a trend of networking home appliances together, and combining their controls and key functions.[15] For instance, energy distribution could be managed more evenly so that when a washing machine is on, an oven can go into a delayed start mode, or vice versa. Or, a washing machine and clothes dryer could share information about load characteristics (gentle/normal, light/full), and synchronize their finish times so the wet laundry does not have to wait before being put in the dryer.

Additionally, some manufacturers of home appliances are quickly beginning to place hardware that enables Internet connectivity in home appliances to allow for remote control, automation, communication with other home appliances, and more functionality.[15][16][17][18] Internet-connected home appliances were especially prevalent during recent Consumer Electronic Show events.[19]

Recycling

New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina: mounds of trashed appliances with a few smashed automobiles mixed in, waiting to be scrapped
Main article: Appliance recycling

Appliance recycling consists of dismantling waste home appliances and scrapping their parts for reuse. The main types of appliances that are recycled are T.V.s, refrigerators, air conditioners, washing machines, and computers. It involves disassembly, removal of hazardous components and destruction of the equipment to recover materials, generally by shredding, sorting and grading.[20]

See also

References

  1. ^ "appliance (definition)". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
  2. ^ "white goods". Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
  3. ^ "brown goods". Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
  4. ^ "Appliance". Merriam Webster. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  5. ^ "Definition of household appliances". Collins Dictionary. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Bulletin, Manila (9 November 2014). "Tips to ensure safety of home appliances". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
  7. ^ "What size generator do I need?" (PDF). Ohio State University. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  8. ^ "List of the Power Consumption of Typical Household Appliances". Daftlogic. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  9. ^ a b c Encyclopedia of American Industries Volume 1. Gale Research. 1994.
  10. ^ William George (2003). Antique Electric Waffle Irons 1900-1960: A History of the Appliance Industry in 20th Century America. Trafford Publishing. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-55395-632-7.
  11. ^ a b c d e f "Efficient Appliances Save Energy -- and Money". Natural Resources Defense Council. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
  12. ^ "White Goods". www.icfdc.com. Data monitor, Static.scrib. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
  13. ^ a b c d Jubis, Vanessa (23 December 2012). "Unclutter Your Life: Clearing the Kitchen Counter of Unnecessary Small Appliances". Huffington Post. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
  14. ^ a b "Best Small Appliances - Small Appliance Reviews". Consumer Reports. 29 May 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
  15. ^ a b Michelle, Bangert (1 September 2014). "Getting Smarter All the Time: The Appliance Landscape Continues to Evolve with the Rise of Internet-Connected Devices". Appliance Design. BNP Media. Retrieved 5 May 2015 – via HighBeam. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ Essers, Loek. "Home appliance makers connect with open source 'Internet of things' project". Computerworld. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
  17. ^ Baguley, Richard; McDonald, Colin. "Appliance Science: The Internet of Toasters (and other things)". CNET. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
  18. ^ Hitchcox, Alan (February 2015). "The Internet of uncertainty". Hydraulics & Pneumatics. 68 (2): 8.
  19. ^ "Appliances of the Future Will Be Able to 'Talk' over Internet". The Mercury. 15 January 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2015 – via HighBeam. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ Buekens, A.; Yang, J. (2014). "Recycling of WEEE plastics: A review". The Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management. 16 (3): 415–434. doi:10.1007/s10163-014-0241-2.

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Household appliances.
Look up household appliance in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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