Teutons
defeats of the Cimbri and Teutones
victories of the Cimbri and Teutones
The Teutons (Latin: Teutones, Teutoni) were a Germanic tribe or Celtic tribe mentioned by Greek and Roman authors, notably Strabo and Marcus Velleius Paterculus. According to a map by Ptolemy, they originally lived in Jutland, which is in agreement with Pomponius Mela, who placed them in Scandinavia (Codanonia)[citation needed], implying that they may have originally inhabited both regions previously, but scholars disagreed on whether they were related to the Celts.[1]
Rather than relating directly to the tribe, the broad term Teutonic peoples or particularlly Teuton, is now used to identify members of a people speaking languages of the Germanic branch of Indo-European languages.
History
In the late second century BC, many of the Teutones, under their leader Teutobod as well as the Cimbri, migrated from their original homes in southern Scandinavia and on the Jutland peninsula of Denmark,[1] south and west to the Danube valley, where they encountered the expanding Roman Republic. The Teutones and Cimbri were recorded as passing west through Gaul before attacking Roman Italy.
After decisive victories over the Romans at Noreia and Arausio in 105 BC, the Cimbri and Teutones divided forces and were then defeated separately by Gaius Marius in 102 BC and 101 BC respectively, ending the Cimbrian War. The defeat of the Teutones occurred at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae (near present-day Aix-en-Provence). Some surviving captives were reported to have been among the rebelling Gladiators in the Third Servile War.[2]
The linguistic affinities of the Teutones are a matter of dispute amongst historians. Their name is Celtic in form and many writers believe that the Teutones really were Celts, however, a people of this name are mentioned by the early traveller Pytheas as inhabitants of the northern ocean coasts. Strabo and Marcus Velleius Paterculus, moreover, classify them as Germanic peoples, and this is perhaps a more probable view,[3] although the distinction between Celts and Teutones [which?][3] is not clearly realized by some earlier historians.[clarification needed]
Mass suicide of the women of the Teutones
According to the writings of Valerius Maximus and Florus, the king of the Teutones, Teutobod, was taken in irons after the Teutones were defeated by the Romans. Under the conditions of the surrender, three hundred married women were to be handed over as Roman slaves. When the matrons of the Teutones heard of this stipulation, they begged the consul that they might instead be allowed to minister in the temples of Ceres and Venus. When their request was denied, the Teutonic women slew their own children. The next morning, all the women were found dead in each other's arms, having strangled each other during the night. This act passed into Roman legends of Teutonic fury.[4]
See also
References
- ^ a b Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). "Teutons". Encyclopedia of European Peoples. Infobase Publishing. pp. 797–798. ISBN 1438129181. Retrieved May 25, 2013.
- ^ Strauss, Barry (2009). The Spartacus War. Simon and Schuster. pp. 21–22. ISBN 1-4165-3205-6.
- ^ a b Chisholm 1911, p. 673.
- ^ Lucius Annaeus Florus, Epitome 1.38.16–17 and Valerius Maximus, Factorum et Dictorum Memorabilium 6.1.ext.3
- Fick, August, Alf Torp and Hjalmar Falk: Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Indogermanischen Sprachen. Part 3, Wortschatz der Germanischen Spracheinheit. 4. Aufl. (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht), 1909.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Teutoni". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 673.
External links
- Beach, Chandler B., ed. (1914). . . Chicago: F. E. Compton and Co.