Tsala ea Becoana
Platfontein is a community located in an arid region of the Northern Cape Province, 15 kilometers outside the town Kimberley. The community consists of two San tribes, the !Xun and the Khwe. “The San of Platfontein” is a collective name used for both the !Xun and Khwe.
History
The residents of Platfontein originate from the northern parts of Namibia and southern Angola [1]. In both Namibia and Angola, the !Xun and the Khwe were militarised first by the Portuguese Army during the Angolan War of Independence. They had been part of the Flechas, a unit of the Portuguese Special Forces.With the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) assuming power in Angola in November 1975, many joined the South African National Defence ForceCite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page)..
In the South African National Defence Force, tese San soldiers were part of 31 Battalion fighting at a base called Omega, located in the Western Caprivi, the Zambezi region of Namibia, on the Namibian border with Angola. “The San of Platfontein” were involved in counter-insurgency operations during the South African Border War Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page).. This war was between the South African Defence Force, in alliance with the South-West Africa Territory Force, against the People’s Liberation Army of Namibia, the active military wing of SWAPO. The conflict spanned a period, from 1966 to 1989.
This war service was not always voluntary: in 1998 the Truth and Reconciliation Commission heard several first-hand accounts of forced conscription and brutal treatment of men in the Battalion [2]. They San of the batallion were used for their tracking skills. 31 Battalion was disbanded on 7 March 1993 and the memorabilia of the battalion form part of an exhibition at the McGregor Museum at Wildebeestkuil, Northern Cape.
Housing
When the battalion was disbanded, the SANDF relocated approximately 4000 !Xun and Khwe soldiers, men, women and children. They were moved from the Omega base to Mangetti Dune in Bushmanland, Namibia, and then to Schmidtsdrift in South Africa [3] . In Schmidtsdrift they lived in make-shift army tents. The land on which the San were living at Schmidtsdrift formed part of the ancestral lands of ethnic Tswana, Bathlapin and a group of Griqua people. The claim to the land by these groups was approved and the San of Schmidtsdrift had to be relocated. They were scheduled for relocation to Platfontein where they reside today in a small community.
Under the Land Redistribution Progamme, the Department of Land Affairs identified Platfontein as possible land to settle the the !Xun and the Khwe people. In May 1999, former South African President Nelson Mandela presented the community with the title deed for this land [4]. The residents of Platfontein number about 7 000 people. They live in low-income, government-built Reconstruction and Development Programme housing. Since being handed over by the Department of Housing, these RDP houses have not all been provided with proper water, sanitation and electricity by the Sol Plaatje Local Municipality.
Despite being relocated and settled together, the !Xun and Khwe have chosen to live in different parts of the settlement due to differences in the community; in Platfontein the basic services that are available are a school, two shops, a municipal building and a health clinic which both the !Xun and Khwe share [5]
Culture
The San community of Platfontein are former hunting, foraging, and pastoral people. The community has been who subject to complex socio-economic and political change. Traditionally the San, lived a mobile life closely associated with the seasonal availability of water supplies. They have traditionally moved around in search of food making dwellings and sites of residence temporary. Being in permanent homes has disrupted this traditional way of life. Many of the Khwe traditions such as folklore and storytelling, tracking, traditional music and healing dances are being lost and giving way to the modern practices and ways of living preferred by the younger generation [6]
The South African Broadcasting Corporation, (SABC) has a radio station called X-K FM located in Platfontein. The station and the community are involved in making of radio programs in !Xun and the Khwedam languages. 56 per centof the population speak !Xun and 35 per cent of the population speaks Khwedam. These efforts are aimed at preserving culture, identity and languages. !Xun and the Khwedam languages are disappearing because Afrikaans and English are the main languages used at schools and public services.
References
- ^ [http://dspace.nwu.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10394/14280/08%20Van%20Wyk%20.pdf;sequence=1 Van Wyk, A. "The militarisation of the Platfontein San (!Xun and Khwe): The initial years 1966–1974" TD The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa, vol. 10, no. 3, 2014, pp. 133-151]
- ^ Palmer, C. “The History of the !Xun and Khwe” Kalahari People’s Network. Accessed 13 November
- ^ Uys, I. “Bushmen Soldiers: The History of 31, 201 & 203 Battalions During the Border War, 1974-90”. 2014 Helion & Company: Warwickshire. Accessed 19 November
- ^ "Slim Hopes of Homes for San People" South African Press Association, 2001
- ^ "Field Work and research among San Youth in South Africa" Juvonen, T. 2017Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Lapland.
- ^ Bodurin, I. "The Emergence of Hip-Hop Subculture among the Khwe Bushmen of Platfontein, Northern Cape, South Africa" 2014. Accessed 20 November.