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Calciopoli

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The 2006 Italian football scandal, or Calciopoli in the Italian-speaking world,[1] involved Italy's top professional football leagues, Serie A and Serie B. The scandal was uncovered in May 2006 by Italian police, implicating league champions Juventus and other major teams including Milan, Fiorentina, Lazio and Reggina when a number of illegal telephone interceptions showed a thick network of relations between team managers and referee organizations, being accused of rigging games by selecting favourable referees.

Origins

The scandal first came to light as a consequence of investigations of prosecutors on the Italian football agency GEA World. Transcripts of recorded telephone conversations published in Italian newspapers suggested that, during the 2004–05 season, Juventus general managers Luciano Moggi and Antonio Giraudo had conversations with several officials of Italian football to influence referee appointments.

The name Calciopoli (which could be translated as "Footballville") is an ironic adaptation of Tangentopoli ("Bribesville"), which is the name that was given to some corruption-based clientelism in Italy during the Mani pulite investigation in the early 1990s.

Club punishments

On 4 July 2006, the Italian Football Federation's prosecutor Stefano Palazzi called for all four clubs at the centre of the scandal to be thrown out of Serie A. Palazzi called for Juventus "being excluded from the Serie A Championship and assigned to a lower category to Serie B with 6 points deducted",[2] without a specific division stated, while for Milan, Fiorentina and Lazio to be downgraded to last place in the 2005–06 championship and relegation to Serie B. He also asked for point deductions to be imposed for the following season for the clubs (three for Milan and 15 for both Fiorentina and Lazio). The prosecutor also called for Juventus to be stripped of its 2005 and 2006 titles.[3]

In the case against Reggina on 13 August, the prosecutor called for Reggina to be demoted to Serie B with a 15-point penalty.[4] On 17 August, Reggina's punishment was handed down: a 15-point penalty, but no relegation from Serie A.[5] Furthermore, the club was fined the equivalent of £68,000, while the club president Pasquale "Lillo" Foti was fined £20,000 and banned from all football related activities for two and a half years.[6]

Italian Football Federation punishments
Team Relegation Points deductions
(2006–07 season) 		Other punishments
Original punishment[7] Appeal result Final punishment[8] Original punishment Appeal result Final punishment Original punishment Final punishment
Milan None None None Deducted 15 points Deducted 8 points Deducted 8 points • Deducted 44 points for the 2005–06 Serie A championship
• Deducted 15 points for the 2006–07 Serie A championship
• Out of the 2006–07 UEFA Champions League[9] 		• Deducted 30 points 2005–06 Serie A Championship
• One home game behind closed doors.
Fiorentina Relegated to Serie B Administrative relegation cancelled Administrative relegation cancelled Deducted 12 points
(Serie B) 		Deducted 19 points
(Serie A) 		Deducted 15 points
(Serie A) 		• Out of 2006–07 UEFA Champions League[9] • Out of the 2006–07 UEFA Champions League[9]
• Two home games behind closed doors
Juventus Relegated to Serie B[10] Relegated to Serie B Relegated to Serie B Deducted 30 points Deducted 17 points Deducted 9 points • £50,000 (equivalent) fine[10] • Stripped of the 2004–05 Serie A title
• 2004–05 title not assigned
• Downgraded to last place in the 2005–06 championship (title given to Inter) and relegation to Serie B.
Lazio Relegated to Serie B Administrative relegation cancelled Administrative relegation cancelled Deducted 7 points (Serie B) Deducted 11 points (Serie A) Deducted 3 points (Serie A) • Out of the 2006–07 UEFA Cup[9] • Out of 2006–07 UEFA Cup[9]
• Two home games behind closed doors
Reggina[6] (No original punishment) None None Deducted 15 points (No appeal result) Deducted 11 points (No original punishment) • £68,000 (equivalent) fine
• Club president Pasquale Foti fined £20,000 (equivalent) and banned from football for 2+1⁄2 years

The sentence was long disputed because of the severity of the punishment meted out to Juventus compared to the other teams involved. According to the court, the conduct of team managers was considered in all cases. While not real match-fixing, it was a violation of sporting principles. In the case of Juventus, their conduct seemed to be designed to influence match results, while in the case of other teams, the evidence against them was not considered as strong. Juventus' representatives considered this assumption totally arbitrary and argued that the case against them was never proven.

Consequences of the punishments

The clubs sent down to Serie B were initially expected to have a difficult road back to the top flight. They would have had to finish in the top two of Serie B to be assured of promotion and also had to avoid finishing in the bottom four to avoid being relegated to Serie C1. Juventus, for example, were initially docked 30 points – the equivalent of having ten wins nullified. This made it very likely that they would not return to Serie A until 2008 at the earliest. The point penalty, however, was reduced to nine points, giving Juventus a fighting chance at promotion. They went on to win Serie B in the 2006–07 season to make a swift return to Serie A.

Fiorentina, who were docked 15 points, were expected to struggle in Serie A and faced an outside chance of relegation the following season. However, they finished the 2006–07 season in sixth place, earning a place in the 2007–08 UEFA Cup.

The relegation of Juventus also prompted a mass exodus of important players such as Fabio Cannavaro, Lilian Thuram and Zlatan Ibrahimović. Some thirty other Serie A players who participated at the 2006 FIFA World Cup opted to move to other European leagues in the wake of the scandal.

Effect on Serie A

Initially, with Juventus, Fiorentina and Lazio all relegated, Messina, Lecce and Treviso would have remained in Serie A, despite finishing in the bottom three in the 2005–06 season. After the appeals, only Messina remained in Serie A. Teams promoted from Serie B (Atalanta, Catania and Torino) were unaffected and promoted to Serie A as normal.

Based on their final league positions, Juventus and Milan would have earned a direct entry into the UEFA Champions League, Inter and Fiorentina would have entered the third qualifying round of the Champions League, while Roma, Lazio and Chievo would have been eligible for the UEFA Cup. On 6 June 2006, the FIGC officially withdrew from the 2006 Intertoto Cup, costing Palermo a place in the third round of the competition, citing the fact that the 2005–06 Serie A standings could not be confirmed by the 5 June deadline.

UEFA gave FIGC a 25 July 2006 deadline to confirm the standings or face sanctions in the two larger European competitions (then extended to 26 July). After the appeals, Inter, Roma, Chievo and Milan occupied Italy's four Champions League places for 2006–07 . Inter and Roma received a direct entry into the Champions League, while Chievo and Milan started at the third qualifying round. Milan's entry was confirmed by UEFA shortly after the appeals process. Milan went on to win the competition. Palermo, Livorno and Parma took the UEFA Cup first round slots originally given to Roma, Lazio and Chievo.[8]

On 26 July, FIGC declared Inter as the Italian champion for the 2005–06 season.[11]

Regarding this decision, Carlo Porceddu, a federal prosecutor from 1998 to 2001 and current vice president of the Federal Court of Appeal, stated in an interview with Unione Sarda: "Revoking the 2005/2006 "scudetto" (championship) from Juventus and assigning to Inter it was a serious mistake. The Calciopoli investigation should have been more thorough, so much so that we, as the Federal Court, had limited the penalty to Juventus not withdrawing the championship title due to insufficient evidence. In fact, that aspect had been neglected. Then, the special commissioner of the Federation of that period had appointed a group of his friends, one of whom was also on the board of directors of Inter, and that title was revoked from Juventus and given to Inter. That was a grave error in my view". Purceddu had more than once in the past highlighted several points to be clarified on that investigation.[12]

Juventus originally announced that they planned to appeal the punishment in the Italian civil courts, an action that would have brought further punishment to the clubs and the FIGC by FIFA, as FIFA has historically taken a dim view to government involvement in football administration. FIFA announced that it had the option to suspend the FIGC, thus barring all Italian clubs from international play, if Juventus went to court.[13] Juventus dropped its appeal before the Lazio Regional Administrative Court on 31 August, the day before it was due to be heard. Juventus officials cited the "willingness shown by the Italian Football Federation (FIGC) and the Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI) to review its case during (CONI's) arbitration".[14]

On 26 October 2006, the second appeal reduced Lazio's penalty to three points, Juventus' reduced to nine points and Fiorentina's reduced to 15 points. Milan were unsuccessful and were still faced with an eight-point deduction.

Other allegations

Massimo De Santis was due to be Italy's refereeing representative at the 2006 FIFA World Cup, but was barred by the FIGC after coming under investigation.[15] Italian referee Roberto Rosetti remained untainted by the scandal and was chosen as one of the twenty-one 2006 FIFA World Cup officials.

The scandal also drew attention to many potential conflicts of interest within Italian football. Adriano Galliani, as the vice president and CEO of Milan, also served as the president of Serie A.

In addition to allegations of corruption and sporting fraud by owners, managers, players, referees and league officials, the host of Italy's most popular football show, Aldo Biscardi, resigned amid allegations that he collaborated with Juventus general manager Luciano Moggi to boost the club's image on television.[16]

In all, magistrates in Naples formally investigated 41 people and looked into 19 Serie A matches from the 2004–05 season and 14 Serie A matches from the 2005–06 season. Prosecutors in Turin examined the Juventus chairman Antonio Giraudo over transfers, suspected falsified accounts and tax evasion. Prosecutors in Parma investigated national team goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon, Enzo Maresca, Antonio Chimenti and Mark Iuliano for suspected gambling on Serie A matches,[17] but all cleared in the same year.[18]

After the first penalties were handed out, more teams were looked at for possible links to the scandal.[5] Messina, Lecce and Siena were also investigated as prosecutors continued to analyse transcripts of telephone calls.[19]

Resignations and appointments

On 8 May, Franco Carraro resigned from the presidency of the FIGC, the body responsible for selecting Italy's FIFA World Cup national team. Juventus' entire board of directors resigned on 11 May, while Moggi resigned shortly after Juventus won the 2006 Serie A championship on 14 May. On the Borsa Italiana, Italy's stock market, Juventus shares had lost about half their 9 May value by the 19 May.[20]

Sentences

Various punishments were handed out to the following individuals:[21]

Later developments

In April 2007, the Italian daily La Repubblica disclosed some new details about the Calciopoli affair, as Naples prosecutors were able to find out a series of telephone calls through foreign SIM cards between Moggi, Bergamo, Pairetto and several referees. Since the conversations were through foreign SIM cards, the Italian police could not tap them, so they could only try to match together phone numbers, numbers called and places. The SIM cards had been purchased in a store in Chiasso (Switzerland). Some SIM cards were Swiss and registered to the store owner's family, while the others came from an anonymous person in Liechtenstein. The prosecutors also discovered the use of a Slovenian SIM card. In this investigation they involved Moggi, Pairetto, Bergamo, Fabiani (Messina sporting director), the referees De Santis, Racalbuto, Paparesta, Pieri, Cassarà, Dattilo, Bertini, Gabriele and the assistant Ambrosino. According to this investigation, Paparesta also used the Swiss SIM card for personal use and this helped the prosecutors to discover this secret communication channel. Apparently, Moggi had five foreign SIM cards, two of which had been used to communicate with Bergamo and Pairetto, whereas the others had supposed to have been used to communicate with the referees and Fabiani.[22] Moreover, another wiretapping was recently unveiled by the Italian daily La Stampa. Although containing nothing truly compromising, in the recording Moggi and Marcello Lippi (former coach of Juventus and coach of the Italian national team at the time) clearly insulted Inter's president (Massimo Moratti) and trainer (Roberto Mancini), as Lippi stated that Mancini deserves a lesson while Moggi answered that Mancini would have such a lesson.[23]

On 26 April 2007, La Repubblica's website published about two hundred audio files of the wiretappings, some published one year before in the written form and some never published. This allowed readers to perceive tones and forms of the conversations as well.[24]

Milan, originally ejected from the 2006–07 Champions League due to the scandal, went on to win the competition on 23 May 2007.

On 17 June 2007 on the Italian show Qui studio a voi stadio, a popular football show broadcast by the local TV Telelombardia based in Milan, Bergamo admitted that Moggi actually gave two Swiss SIM cards to Pairetto and Pairetto gave one of those SIM cards to him. Bergamo stated that, on suspicion of being tapped, he used that SIM card only to communicate with Pairetto and that, after the exhaustion of the credit, he did not use the SIM card anymore.

In June 2008, Juventus were fined a further €300,000 in 3 instalments. Messina were fined €60,000.[25][26]

During the Calciopoli trial in Naples, the legal team of Luciano Moggi released a number of wiretapping showing that Milan and Inter had been involved too in the Serie A scandal during 2004 and 2005. Such wiretappings were involving Milan vice-president Adriano Galliani, Inter owner Massimo Moratti, then-Inter chairman Giacinto Facchetti and former referee designators Paolo Bergamo and Pierluigi Pairetto, as well as many others Italian clubs not previously mentioned in the scandal.

On 15 June 2011, FIGC announced that former Juventus directors Luciano Moggi and Antonio Giraudo would be banned for life from any football-related roles in Italy. However, the sentence stated that no Article 6 (about match-fixing or attempted match-fixing) violations were found within the intercepted calls and the season was fair and legitimate. Furthermore, no requests for specific referees, no demands for favours and no conversations between Juventus directors and referees themselves were found.[27]

In July 2011, FIGC Chief investigator Stefano Palazzi alleged in his report that, in addition to Luciano Moggi, the following club officials have also violated the Code of Sporting Justice by contacting referee designators in illegal manners.[28]

  • Article 1: Campedelli (Chievo), Cellino (Cagliari), Corsi (Empoli), Foschi (Palermo), Foti (Reggina), Gasparin (Vicenza), Governato (Brescia), Meani (Milan), Moratti (Inter), Spalletti (Udinese).
  • Article 6: Facchetti (Inter), Meani (Milan), Spinelli (Livorno).

According to Palazzi's findings, the clubs represented by the above people had to be punished during the Calciopoli trial, but no court could confirm these allegations since all facts are covered by the statute of limitation.[29] Regarding Palazzi's report, Giancarlo Abate, then-president of FIGC, stated that there were no legal ground to revoke the title from Inter. However, he also hinted that Inter should hand back the 2006 Serie A scudetto to rivals Juventus on the basis of ethics.[30]

On 8 November 2011, Naples court issued the first conclusion of the criminal case against Luciano Moggi and the other football personalities involved, sentencing him to jail for 5 years and 4 months.[31] This follows conviction of former Juventus director Giraudo (3 years) and others in a branch of the same court case.[32]

In December 2013, Moggi was given a sentence of 2 years and 4 months for being found guilty of conspiring to commit a crime, but the earlier charge of sporting fraud passed the statute of limitations.[33]

On 23 March 2015, in its final resolution the Supreme Court ruled that Moggi was acquitted of "some individual charges for sporting fraud, but not from being the 'promoter' of the 'criminal conspiracy' that culminated in Calciopoli". Nevertheless, the remaining charges of Moggi were cancelled without a new trial due to the statute of limitations.[34] Appeals by Fiorentina owners Andrea and Diego Della Valle and Lazio president Claudio Lotito against their sentences were also rejected on the same ground – their cases have also passed the statute of limitations.[35] The court accepted the prosecutor’s request to clear charges of former referees Paolo Bertini, Antonio Dattilo and Gennaro Mazzei, but rejected the appeals for Massimo De Santis and Savaltore Racabulto.[36] Shortly after the court's decision, FIGC president Carlo Tavecchio remarked in an interview with ANSA that "while the motivations may be pending, the sentence confirms the thesis of the prosecution" and that "the crimes were real and so was the criminal conspiracy".[37] In response to the final verdict, Moggi claimed that it merely let the courts off the hook, not him, therefore he vowed to turn to the European Court in hopes to have his ban from football world lifted.[38]

On 9 September 2015, the Supreme Court released a 150-page document that explained its final ruling of the case. Despite that Moggi's remaining charges were cancelled without a new trial due to statute of limitations,[34] the court made clear that Moggi’s unwarranted activities incurred significant damage to Italian football not only in sporting, but also in economic terms. In the document, the court confirmed that Moggi was actively involved in the sporting fraud which was intended to favor Juventus and increase his own personal benefits.[39] The document also stated that Moggi had "unjustified and excessive power within Italian football", which he used to exert influence over referees, other club officials and media, thereby creating "an illegal system to condition matches of the 2004/05 championship (and not just those)".[40]

See also

References

  1. ^ Simon Kuper (7 July 2006). "Azzurri's quest consoles nation rocked by scandals". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 15 July 2006. Retrieved 30 July 2006. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ "Testo della decisione relativa al Comm. Uff. N. 1/C – Riunione del 29 giugno / 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 luglio 2006" (pdf) (in Italian). Commissione d'Appello Federale – Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio. 14 July 2006. p. 58. Retrieved 8 August 2015.
  3. ^ "Testo della decisione relativa al Comm. Uff. N. 1/C – Riunione del 29 giugno / 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 luglio 2006" (pdf) (in Italian). Commissione d'Appello Federale – Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio. 14 July 2006. pp. 59–60. Retrieved 8 August 2015.
  4. ^ "Italy prosecutor wants Reggina relegated". The Guardian. 13 August 2006. Retrieved 14 August 2006.
  5. ^ a b "Reggina to stay in Serie A". The World Game. 18 August 2006. Archived from the original on 20 August 2006. Retrieved 19 August 2006. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ a b c "Reggina suffer 15-point deduction". BBC News. 17 August 2006. Retrieved 19 August 2006.
  7. ^ "Testo della decisione relativa al Comm. Uff. N. 1/C – Riunione del 29 giugno / 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 luglio 2006" (pdf) (in Italian). Commissione d'Appello Federale – Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio. 14 July 2006. pp. 152–154. Retrieved 8 August 2015.
  8. ^ a b "Punishments cut for Italian clubs". BBC. 25 July 2006. Archived from the original on 22 August 2006. Retrieved 30 July 2006. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ a b c d e As part of the punishment.
  10. ^ a b "Testo della decisione relativa al Comm. Uff. N. 1/C – Riunione del 29 giugno / 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 luglio 2006" (pdf) (in Italian). Commissione d'Appello Federale – Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio. 14 July 2006. p. 152. Retrieved 8 August 2015.
  11. ^ "Inter assigned the 2005/2006 league season title". FIGC official site. 26 July 2006. Retrieved 27 July 2006.
  12. ^ il Giornale, 19 February, 2017.
  13. ^ "Juventus to appeal sentence despite FIFA threats". ESPNSoccernet. 24 August 2006. Retrieved 25 August 2006.
  14. ^ "Juve formally withdraws TAR appeal". ANSA. 1 September 2006. Retrieved 2 September 2006.[permanent dead link‍]
  15. ^ James Eve (27 June 2006). "Italy's elite prepare defences ahead of tribunal". Reuters. Retrieved 28 June 2006.[permanent dead link‍]
  16. ^ Jesper Kock; Kirsten Sparre (26 May 2006). "TV host felled for his part in Juventus scandal". Play the Game. Retrieved 27 May 2006.[permanent dead link‍]
  17. ^ "Serie A quartet will stand trial". BBC. 23 June 2006. Retrieved 24 June 2006.
  18. ^ "Buffon cleared of illegal gambling". ABC News. 30 December 2006. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
  19. ^ "Minnows face Calciopoli probe". Channel 4. 20 July 2006. Retrieved 21 July 2006.
  20. ^ "Lippi meets magistrates as Juve's shares tumble". ESPN. 19 May 2006. Retrieved 20 May 2006.
  21. ^ "Calciopoli: The sentences in full". Channel 4. 14 July 2006. Archived from the original on 17 July 2005. Retrieved 30 July 2006. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ "Moggi and the secret SIM cards on 107 matches". il Giornale (in Italian). 16 April 2007. Retrieved 17 April 2007.
  23. ^ "Mancini needs a lesson" (in Italian). Goal. 20 April 2007. Retrieved 21 April 2007.
  24. ^ "Calciopoli's wiretappings". La Repubblica (in Italian). 26 April 2007. Retrieved 27 April 2007.
  25. ^ "Disciplinare: chiusi i procedimenti per Juventus, Messina e Paparesta" (in Italian). FIGC. 18 June 2008. Retrieved 11 March 2010.
  26. ^ "Juventus fined again". RTÉ Sport. 18 June 2008. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  27. ^ "Revealed: The evidence that shows Luciano Moggi is the victim of a witch-hunt in yet another example of the farce that is Calciopoli". Goal. 17 June 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
  28. ^ "Inter will almost certainly be stripped of 2006 Scudetto". Goal. 5 July 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
  29. ^ "Relazione del Procuratore Federale FIGC" (pdf) (in Italian). Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio. 1 July 2011. pp. 14–15, 70–72. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
  30. ^ "Inter Should Hand Back The 2006 Scudetto". Forza Italian Football. 20 July 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
  31. ^ "Moggi sentenced over match-fixing". FourFourTwo. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
  32. ^ "Giraudo sentenced to 3 years together with Lanese, Pieri, and others". Goal. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
  33. ^ "Moggi Calciopoli sentence cut". 17 December 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
  34. ^ a b "Penale Sent. Sez. 3 Num. 36350 Anno 2015" (pdf) (in Italian). Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio. 24 March 2015. p. 138. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
  35. ^ "No Moggi Calciopoli absolution". Football Italia. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
  36. ^ "Moggi cleared of two counts of sporting fraud in final Calciopoli verdict". Retrieved 10 September 2015.
  37. ^ "Tavecchio: 'Calciopoli crimes were real'". Football Italia. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
  38. ^ "Moggi: 'Calciopoli is not over'". Football Italia. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
  39. ^ "Calciopoli, Cassazione: "Moggi? Strapotere su Figc e tv"". Retrieved 10 September 2015.
  40. ^ "Moggi had unjustified and excessive power reveals court - GazzettaWorld". Retrieved 10 September 2015.
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