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Rainbow Gathering

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"Welcome home" and "We love you" are common greetings at the Rainbow Gathering.
Map of the camps, found at "Information and Rumor Control".

Rainbow Gatherings are temporary loosely knit communities of people who congregate annually in remote forests around the world for one or more weeks at a time[1] to enact a supposedly shared ideology[2] of peace, harmony, freedom, and respect.[3] Anyone is allowed to attend and participants refer to themselves as a "Rainbow Family". The goal was to create what they believe is a more satisfying culture—free from consumerism, capitalism, and mass media—that's nonhierarchical, furthers world peace, and serves as a model for reforms to mainstream society. However, the values have been modified recently in an effort to attract more people, and has become less vegetarian, and more accepting to rap culture. [4][5]

Influenced by 1960s counterculture and the noncommercial rock festivals of the early 1970s,[4] Rainbow is a "revitalization movement" with many philosophies and practices that have roots in the historic utopian traditions of the mid–19th century.[5] The first Rainbow Gathering was held in Colorado, U.S. in 1972[3] and was attended by more than 20,000 people. In the 1980s, Gatherings started to form outside of North America as autonomous, but connected events around the world.[5]

Media coverage of Rainbow Gatherings has been unfavorable since the 1980s when journalists started to describe Rainbow Family members in terms such as "aging hippies", "grown-up flower children", or "middle-aged white folks". In the 2000s, the media focus shifted to the increase in crime in the local communities closest to Gatherings, ranging from petty crimes like retail theft to violent assaults and serious traffic charges, such as driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol.[6] Despite the movement's environmentalist and pacifist aspirations, Gatherings, which are typically held in national forests and other ecologically sensitive areas, are known for having a deleterious impact on the local environment and participants have developed a reputation for excessive drug and alcohol use, disruptive and criminal activity,[7][8] and for their cultural appropriation and misrepresentation of Native American traditions and beliefs.[9][10] This has resulted in increased police presence at Gatherings and a poor reception from community members and business owners in nearby towns and reservations.[10][11] In the U.S., these issues are also contributing factors to the decline in attendance at regional and national Gatherings.[12]

Background

Rainbow Gatherings and the Rainbow Family of Living Light (usually abbreviated to "Rainbow Family") claim to express utopian impulses, bohemianism, hipster and hippie culture. The gatherings have roots clearly traceable to the counterculture of the 1960s.

Rainbow Gatherings have their own jargon, which helps to create a sense of community and express their thoughts on society and social justice. In particular, mainstream society is commonly referred to and viewed as "Babylon", a term from the Christian New Testament connoting the participants' widely held belief that modern lifestyles and systems of government are unhealthy, unsustainable, exploitative and out of harmony with the natural systems of the planet.

History

The original Rainbow Gathering was in 1972, and has been held annually in the United States from July 1 through 7 every year on National Forest land.[13] Throughout the year, regional and international gatherings are held in the United States and in many other places around the world.

The first Rainbow Gathering of the Tribes, a four-day event in Colorado in the United States in July 1972, was organized by youth counterculture "tribes" based in Northern California and the Pacific Northwest. Twenty thousand people faced police roadblocks, threatened civil disobedience, and were allowed onto National Forest land. This was intended to be a one-time event; however, a second gathering in Wyoming the following year materialized, at which point an annual event was declared. The length of the gatherings has since expanded beyond the original four-day span, as have the number and frequency of the gatherings.[5]

Although groups from California and the Northwest region of the U.S. were heavily involved in the first Rainbow Gathering, the U.S. Southeast was strongly represented as well. At least 2,600 people from throughout that region attended and provided support for the 1972 Rainbow Gathering of the Tribes on Strawberry Lake, above Granby, Colorado. There was also strong representation from other regions of the U.S.

In 2017, the United States gathering will be held near the 1.4 million acres (5,700 km2) Malheur National Forest in eastern Oregon. Between 10,000 and 30,000 are likely to attend the multi-day event, near Flagtail Meadow, with the largest crowds expected to peak on July 4th.[14]

Social aspects

Values

Trading circle

The Rainbow Family has no official leaders (though plenty of leadership), no codified, strictly enforced or hierarchical structure, no official spokespersons, no official documents, and no membership. Documents are produced only as needed and maintained by various groups. The values held are love, peace, non-violence, environmentalism, non-consumerism and non-commercialism, volunteerism, respect for others, consensus process, and multicultural diversity.

Non-commercialism

As Michael Niman notes, "Rainbow Gatherings, as a matter of principle, are free and non-commercial." Using money to buy or sell anything at Rainbow Gatherings is taboo. There are no paid organizers, although there are volunteers ("focalizers") who are crucial to setting up the gathering site. Participants are expected to contribute money, labor, and/or material. All labor is voluntary and never formally compensated; conversely, there is no monetary cost or prior obligation required to attend a Rainbow Gathering.

Aside from taking up collections (the "Magic Hat" in Rainbow parlance) for essential items purchased from the local community, there is little or no exchange of currency internally at a Gathering. The primary principle is that necessities should be freely shared, while luxuries can be traded. A designated trading area is a feature at most U.S. Gatherings. It is called "trading circle" if it is circular and "barter lane" if it is linear. Frequently traded items include items such as sweets (often referred to as "zuzus"), books, zines, crystals, rocks, gems, and handcrafts. In some rare cases people may even trade marijuana or smoking pipes (usually when no police are in the area). Snickers bars have emerged as a semi-standardized unit of exchange at some gatherings.[15]

Non-membership

There are no official leaders, no formal structure, no official spokespersons, and no membership. Some rainbow family participants make the claim that the family is the "largest non-organization of non-members in the world". In addition to referring to itself as a non-organization, the Rainbow Family of Living Light's "non-members" also playfully call the movement a "disorganization".[16] However, there is a changing network of "focalizers" who take responsibility for passing on Rainbow information year-round, and serve as contacts if listed in the Rainbow Guide.[17] In Rainbow lore you require only one thing to be a part of the Family, a bellybutton.

Consensus process

Gatherings are loosely maintained by open, free form councils consisting of any "non-member" who wishes to be part of a council,[16] which use consensus process for making decisions. According to the Mini-manual, "Recognized Rainbow rules come from only one source, main Council at the annual national gatherings."[18]

Talking circles are also a feature of rainbow gatherings. Each participant in the circle talks in turn while all others present listen in silence. A ritual talking stick, feather or other object is passed around the circle so as to allow everyone the opportunity to speak without being interrupted; this is an appropriation of a North American Indigenous custom.[19]

Creativity and spirituality

One of the central features of the annual U.S. gathering is silent meditation on the morning of the Fourth of July, with attendees gathering in a circle in the Main Meadow. At approximately noon the assembly begins a collective "Om" which is ended with whooping and a celebration. A parade of children comes from the Kiddie Village, singing and dancing into the circle.[5]

Many spiritual traditions are represented, often with their own kitchen, from Hare Krishnas to Orthodox Jews to several denominations of Christianity and many others.[20]

Spiritually, there is a strong tradition of Cultural appropriation,[21][22][23] with the largely white attendees performing their ideas of Indigenous ceremonies, African drumming, Rastafarianism, Eastern religions, Neopaganism, and freethought. New Age beliefs are prevalent. For example, the practice of chanting "Om" before a meal is an example of an appropriation of a Hindu practice. Many members express a desire to find "higher self-awareness", to become one with nature and their fellow humans, or connect to a universal consciousness. Native American leaders of several tribes have spoken out against the Rainbows' misappropriation of their religious ceremonies as well as their trespassing onto Native sacred sites.[24][25]

Creative events may include variety shows, campfire singing, fire-juggling, and large or small art projects. At one gathering, a cable car was rigged to carry groups of four quickly across the meadow. Faerie Camp was "alive with hundreds of bells and oddly illuminated objects." Musicians and music pervade all Gatherings, at kitchens, on the trails, and at campfires.[26]

Gathering logistics

"Rap 107," concise Gathering participation principles[27]

The Rainbow Family has governed Gatherings of up to 30,000 people. Regional Rainbow gatherings can attract as many as 5,000.[28] The U.S. national gathering occurs around July 1-7th, but people come up to a month earlier to help set up (this is known as "Seed Camp") and remain on site up to a month later to participate in cleanup and to perform site restorations.[29]

Although each event is more or less anarchic, practical guidelines have been reached through the consensus process and are documented in a "Mini-manual". Items which are strongly discouraged, by some, at gatherings include firearms, alcohol, and pets. Other items that tend to be discouraged include radios, tape players, sound amplifiers, and power tools.

Camps and kitchens

Camps and kitchens are the basic community units of the Gathering. Camps may be based on regional, spiritual, or even dietary commonalities. For example, Kid Village attracts attendees with children, Tea Time specializes in serving herbal teas, Jesus Camp has a Christian foundation. Some kitchens such as the Turtle Soup Kitchen serve predominantly vegetarian meals. Lovin' Ovens is a kitchen which craft ovens out of clay and mud in the area and will cook food such as pizza (meat, vegetarian, and vegan) and different types of bread and snacks. Nic@Nite is a camp that focuses on the sharing of tobacco and tobacco related products.

Not all camps are kitchens, but all kitchens are camps. In addition to feeding passers-by, kitchens send food to the one or two large communal, predominantly vegetarian meals served daily in the main meadow.[30]

Water and sanitation

Drinking water is filtered at gatherings, both by small pump filters and large gravity-feed devices. Attendees are encouraged also to boil drinking water. Water is often tapped at a source (such as a spring or stream) and run hundreds of yards to main kitchens in the gathering via plastic hosing.

Sanitation has historically been a major concern at Rainbow Gatherings. Human waste is deposited in latrine trenches (typically referred to as 'shitters') and treated with lime and ash from campfires. New latrines are dug and filled in daily. The 1987 gathering in North Carolina experienced an outbreak of highly contagious shigellosis (a.k.a. dysentery) causing diarrhea. [verification needed]

C.A.L.M.

C.A.L.M., or the Center for Alternative Living Medicine, is the primary group of doctors at Rainbow Gatherings who assist people with health and wellness and take responsibility for medical emergencies and sanitation of those who attend these large gatherings.[31] It is an all volunteer, non-hierarchical group encompassing both mainstream, conventional medicine and alternative medicine, such as naturopathic healing modalities. It is common to find physicians working with herbalists, EMTs helping massage therapists and naturopaths coordinating with Registered Nurses on patient care. C.A.L.M. works closely with Shanti Sena, as they are often the first on the scene in a crisis. There is usually one main C.A.L.M. camp near the inner part of the gatherings and smaller first aid stations set up around the Gatherings. Even those without medical experience are encouraged to help with things such as procuring water and cooking for the healers, who are often too busy to attend main circle or visit other kitchens. In case of any emergency CALM can be contacted on FRS Channel 3 (no tones, 462.6125 MHz UHF) and other site-specific radio frequencies.

Shanti Sena

Within the Rainbow Gathering, security, conflict resolution, and emergency situations are handled by Shanti Sena ("peace keepers"), which includes anyone who is capable of helping at that time.[32][better source needed] Shanti Sena also sometimes act as liaisons to observers and law enforcement officers who patrol the Rainbow Gathering, often tracking the movements of police and park rangers through the gathering, and overseeing the interactions between officers and people attending the gathering to ensure that neither group instigates or takes part in illegal or inflammatory confrontations. This type of interference with police operations resulted in numerous arrests in the 1987 gathering in North Carolina, with state, federal and local officers being assaulted, blocked from patrol areas and threatened. The Shanti Sena at the '87 gathering were characterized by local, state, and federal officers as a criminal gang and were suspected to have collaborated in the assault on an Asheville Citizen-Times reporter. Several gathering members who reported they had been expelled from the gathering called the Shanti Sena "gestapo" and thugs. In some particularly serious situations, Shanti Sena have collaborated with law enforcement (although without violating the Gathering's principle of consensus).[33] For example, gathering regular and wanted murder suspect Joseph Geibel was peacefully approached by Shanti Sena and transferred to police custody at the 1998 gathering. However, on numerous occasions in 2017, Shanti Sena had mentioned that suspected thieves had been hogtied and subjected to other types of dehumanizing treatment.[34]

The phrase is also used as a call for aid. If individuals find themselves in a dispute, they can shout "Shanti Sena". Everyone within earshot is expected to then investigate and reach a consensus agreement to settle the dispute.[citation needed]

Difficulties and criticisms

Difficulties include:

  • The often unacknowledged class and power structures of the Rainbow community and its events.[35]
  • The phenomenon of "Drainbows"—individuals who are perceived to not give sufficiently of their labor or other resources for the common good, but rather are only consuming the social benefits a Rainbow gathering offers (a classic cooperation problem).[36]
  • Relationships with both the Forest Service as well as local communities and other stakeholders in National Forest lands (both commercial interests as well as local environmentalists, who are often concerned about Gathering impacts).[37]
  • Denial of Forest lands to other visitors.[citation needed]
  • The Spring Council of the Rainbow Family does not inform the U.S. Forest Service of the gathering location until a few days prior to the event.[38]
  • Exposing the public to nudity, drug use and drunkenness.[citation needed]
  • Damage to forest lands, campgrounds and facilities, with human waste, trash and other mess such as abandoned vehicles.
  • Overwhelming of local hospitals, police agencies, jails, courts and roadways.
  • High costs for local and federal governments as a result of the gathering.
  • Occasionally the site selection process does not run smoothly resulting in a split gathering (1993) or in very low attendance due to a dispute over the legitimacy of the site (2015).

In recent years, there have been increasing reports of human traffickers, drifters and vagrants who attach themselves to gatherings where they engage in hard drug use, sexual assault, theft and violence. In 2014, Heber City, Utah police arrested Leilani Novak-Garcia, known as "Hitler", who repeatedly stabbed a man at the annual gathering after he tried to stop her honking her car horn. Ms. Garcia pleaded no contest to the charges and served 300 days in jail.[39][40]

Jose Antonio Ramos, who was identified in 1985 and again in 2004 as the primary suspect in the Disappearance of Etan Patz, was a long-time member of the Rainbow Family and was convicted of molesting an 8-year-old boy at a gathering in Pennsylvania. Rainbow elder Barry Adams helped to identify and convict Ramos.[41] Ramos served a 20-year prison sentence in the State Correctional Institution in Dallas, Pennsylvania for child molestation.[42] He was released from prison on November 7, 2012. Soon after his release he was arrested on a Megan's Law violation.[43]

Cost to local and federal governments

  • Costs local jurisdictions must bear. For example, the 2013 gathering in Beaverhead County, Montana experienced uncollectible patient charges for emergency room care and additional costs incurred at the county's hospital, which totaled an estimated $175,000.[44][45]
  • Cost to federal government of $573,000 according to Tim Walther, assistant special agent in charge of law enforcement for the Forest Service. A total of 850 incident reports, written warnings and citations were recorded during the event. Of these, 405 incident reports were written up for Rainbow people not following the operational plan agreed upon by the Rainbows and the Forest Service.[46]

Relations with law enforcement

Police and medics near "trading circle" at the annual U.S. national Rainbow Gathering in West Virginia, 2005

In 2016, the American Civil Liberties Union in Vermont issued a report expressing concern over federal law enforcement activities which the ACLU describe as "overzealous" and "unconstitutional". The ACLU-VT sent letters to law enforcement officials calling for an end to the illegal targeting of Rainbow Gathering attendees expressing First Amendment rights on public land.[47] In an October 2008 report the American Civil Liberties Union stated, "The U.S. Forest Service systematically harasses people who attend Rainbow Family gatherings on public lands."[48]

All major gatherings in the United States are held on National Forest land, which is under the jurisdiction of the United States Forest Service, a federal agency with its own federal law enforcement officers. County sheriffs have concurrent jurisdiction on all forest lands, as do county police and local police depending on location, community boundaries and locals laws. So too do state law enforcement agencies, namely state wildlife wardens, state troopers and state police or bureaus of investigation. Many local gatherings occur in remote areas, with county sheriffs being the primary response. They often request deputies from neighboring counties and officers from area police departments. Additionally, it is common for state conservation and wildlife officers and state troopers to deploy. The Forest Service has often received assistance from the FBI, US Marshalls for fugitives, DEA for drug trafficking and other federal agencies. The USFS has tried to prevent these gatherings from taking place because it denies all others access to the forest and the surrounding area for the duration of the gathering [49] or insisted that a group-use permit be signed, contending that this is standard practice for large groups wishing to camp on public land and that it is necessary to protect public safety and the local environment. Gathering organizers generally contend that the United States Constitution and Bill of Rights give them the right to peaceably assemble on public land and that requiring a permit would violate that basic right by turning it into a privilege to be regulated. (The Gatherings did attempt to initially work within the permit system starting in 1976,[citation needed] but found the government-imposed requirements for facilities and insurance too onerous.)

In 1984, the Forest Service enacted a regulation requiring a permit for any expressive assembly of ten or more people on Forest Service lands. This was unenforced for a year and a half before the Service attempted to apply it to the gathering in Arizona in 1986. Judge Bilby called attention to the selective enforcement of the regulation, and in any case ruled it unconstitutional, in part because it required expressive assemblies, but not non-expressive ones, to obtain permits.[50]

The U.S. government has in the past pressured individuals to be representatives of the Gathering (e.g., to sign a permit), however, this is in violation of the well-established Rainbow principle that "no individual may officially represent the Family as a whole." A number of court cases have resulted from both Forest Service prosecutions and Rainbow Family-inspired legal actions against enforcement activities; the Forest Service found itself rebuffed by the judge in a defendant class suit originating from the 1987 North Carolina gathering, among other defeats.[51]

A notable account of Gathering relations with law enforcement, Judge Dave and the Rainbow People, was written by U.S. Federal Judge David Sentelle. The book provides a first hand account of Sentelle's role in presiding over the 1987 case brought by the State of North Carolina in an attempt to stop the Gathering, including site visits to the Gathering and related legal actions. Garrick Beck, a Rainbow Family member involved in the 1987 case, wrote an afterword to the book in which he expresses agreement with Sentelle's characterizations. In the 87 Graham County NC gathering, numerous state arrests were made for breaches of the peace, alcohol and traffic violations and interfering with officers. The federal court allowed the NC gathering to continue, but when members overstayed their time allocation, they were forcibly removed and arrested by state and federal officers. Damage to the Slick Rock area of Nantaha National Forest was estimated to be in the tens of thousands of dollars. An outbreak of bloody diarrhea occurred and at least two kidnapped minors were rescued from the camp in 2 separate incidents.[33]

The Forest Service has dealt with the scale of the US Annual Rainbow Gathering in the past by assigning a Type 2 National Incident Management Team (NIMT). Around 40 personnel from the NIMT have been assigned in the past, including NIMT members, Forest Service law enforcement officers (LEOs) and resource advisors. Because the Rainbow Gathering has utilized the land in the past without required consent from the Forest Service, the gatherings have been given special attention, as under current Forestry rules and regulations they may occur illegally.[52]

In 1999 and again in 2000, the NIMT selected three gathering participants who were charged with "use or occupancy of National Forest System lands without authorization." The citation carried a maximum penalty of six months and a $5,000 fine; the charges originally could have been cleared by paying a $100 fine. Instead, they all chose to fight it in court, but lost their appeals.[53] The three 1999 cases were later turned down by the Supreme Court.[54]

At the 2008 National Gathering in Wyoming, an incident occurred whereby Forest Service officers tried to arrest a member of the group. A spokeswoman for the U.S. Forest Service said that about 400 participants in the Gathering began to advance, throwing sticks and rocks at the officers,[55] although this was disputed by Gathering participants.[56] Pepper balls were then fired to control the crowd.[57] Witnesses reported that officers pointed weapons at children and fired rubber bullets at gathering participants.[58] The ACLU produced a report following their investigation of the incident in which they were critical of the officers for a pattern of harassment and using overzealous enforcement techniques, using small violations as a pretense for larger searches.[56]

Alcohol

According to the guidelines, or Raps of the Rainbow Gathering, open and public consumption of alcohol is discouraged by many people at the gatherings with respect for others being the primary reason.[59] A distinguishing characteristic of the U.S. annual gatherings is "A-Camp," (commonly, and mistakenly, thought to mean "alcohol camp") typically located near the front gate, where some of those who want to openly drink alcohol usually stay, yet public drinking is generally accepted in most camps close to the road. Gatherings in Europe do not have "A-Camps." Some gatherings in Canada have "A-Camps" and some do not. Wine is tolerated in moderation at some European gatherings, particularly in France, where it is customary to drink wine with the evening meal.[60]

Confusion over Hopi legend

There has been a longstanding Rainbow rumor that the Gathering is recognized by the elders of the Hopi people as the fulfillment of an ancient Hopi prophecy[61] (some versions substitute Hopi with the Ojibwe people).[62] Sometimes referred to as the Legend of the Rainbow Warriors, it was debunked as fakelore by writer Michael Niman in the 1997 book, People of the Rainbow: A Nomadic Utopia.[63] While researching the legend, Niman interviewed Thomas Banyaca, a Hopi selected by elders in the 1950s to interpret and pass on Hopi prophecies. According to Niman, Banyaca was "puzzled about the supposed Hopi prophecy" and said, "It's not right...We hope they will stop it".[61]

Although Banyaca was unfamiliar with the Rainbow Family, he was aware of the Rainbow Warrior myth and said it was invented by two non-Native, Evangelical Christians, William Willoya and Vinson Brown. Willoya and Brown had briefly met with Banyaca before publishing Warriors of the Rainbow in 1962, a Christian tract in which they fabricated the Rainbow Warrior concept, claiming it was an ancient Native American legend and a prophecy about the Second Coming of Christ. According to Niman, the rainbow in Willoya and Brown's version was a reference to the rainbow in the Book of Genesis. Niman described the source as purveying "covert anti-Semitism throughout"[61] and that, "If anything, it was an attack on Native culture...an attempt to evangelize within the Native American community".[62] He said Rainbows who likely don't recognize the Biblical overtones continue to cite Warriors of the Rainbow and mischaracterize it as containing a message that aligns with the Rainbow ideology, often inventing entirely new versions of the myth that they still attribute to Willoya and Brown's 1962 tract.[61]

Cultural misappropriation

In 2015, a group of Native American academics and writers issued a statement against the Rainbow Family members who are "appropriating and practicing faux Native ceremonies and beliefs. These actions, although Rainbows may not realize, dehumanize us as an indigenous Nation because they imply our culture and humanity, like our land, is anyone’s for the taking." The signatories specifically named this misappropriation as "cultural exploitation."[64]

Deaths

In 1980, the bodies of two women were found after the gathering at Monongahela National Forest in West Virginia and members were questioned about possible involvement. They had been shot to death during the gathering. There had been tension between local residents and the "hippies", and police concluded local men led by Greenbrier County resident Jacob Beard were responsible. Beard was convicted in 1999, but exonerated on appeal in 2000 and received a $2 million settlement for wrongful conviction. White supremacist Joseph Paul Franklin confessed to the murders but later revealed he had just read about them. The killers remain at large and filmmaker Julia Huffman is working on a documentary, The Rainbow Murders, hoping to bring more facts to light.[65][66] [67][68][69][70]

In July 2011, a woman named Marie Hanson, from South Lake Tahoe, California went missing in Skookum Meadow, Washington State while attending the 2011 Rainbow Gathering at Gifford Pinchot National Forest.[71] The local Sheriff's office reportedly initially refused to use tracking dogs at the site, stating they were not certain a crime had taken place.[72] After pleas by the Hanson family and the Rainbow Family, a series of 4 searches by Rainbow Family members, law enforcement and the Hanson Family took place during late summer and fall of 2011. In October 2011, human remains and jewelry were found near the woman's campsite.[73] It was later confirmed that the remains were those of Marie Hanson.[74]

In 2011, three unrelated fatalities occurred at Rainbow Gatherings, including two fatalities at the 2011 Washington State national Rainbow Gathering.[75] The Washington State deaths were those of Amber Kellar, a 28-year-old Californian who died of a preexisting medical condition,[76] and Steve Pierce, a 50-year-old Californian who died of a fatal heart attack.[77] In February 2011, a man drowned in a Farles Prairie pond during a regional Rainbow Gathering in Ocala National Forest, Florida.[78]

In 2015, at a regional gathering at Apalachicola National Forest in Florida, 24-year-old Rainbow member Wesley "Dice" Jones was shot and paralyzed by Clark Mayers, 39, of Milledgeville, Georgia. Another member, Jacob Cardwell, known as "Smiley", threw himself over Dice and was himself shot and killed. Other Family members then beat and stabbed Mayers, who spent two weeks in the hospital before being moved to jail where he was charged with first-degree murder. Authorities ordered the encampment vacated. The group complied after holding a prayer meeting.[79][80][81][82][83][84]

Gatherings outside the United States

The Québec tipi at the World Gathering in Costa Rica, 2004

Gatherings are routinely held all over the world, on every continent (excluding Antarctica).[32]

European gatherings

There is an annual European gathering and many European countries host their own national or regional gatherings. The first European Rainbow Gathering was organized in 1983 in Val Campo, Ticino, Switzerland. The 2007 European gathering, the 25th recurrence of that annual event, took place in Bosnia-Herzegovina. The subsequent two European Gatherings took place in Serbia (2008), Ukraine (2009) and Finland (2010). In 2010, there were also two Rainbow Gatherings in the Canary Islands, Spain. The first was held near the northern coast of La Palma and the second was held on Gran Canaria. The 2011 Gathering was in Portugal, 2012 in Slovakia, 2013 in Greece, the 2014 gathering in Romania, the 2015 gathering in Lithuania, 2016 in the Alps, 2017 in Italy (planning).[85]

Note that the 2017 gathering in Italy was connected to several typhoid cases in France, Germany[86], and Slovenia[87].

World gatherings

World Gatherings have been held in Australia, Zimbabwe, Brazil, Costa Rica, Canada, Turkey, Thailand, China, and New Zealand. Approximately 3,000 people attended the 2000 World Gathering in Australia, held on farmland in Boonoo Boonoo State Forest, in northern New South Wales.[32] The 2009 World Gathering was held outside Murchison, New Zealand, 2011 in Argentina, 2012 in Brazil and, in 2013, it was once again held in Canada, on Vancouver Island in the western province of British Columbia. World Rainbow Gathering May 2017 was at Jengglungharjo, Indonesia[88]

References

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  2. ^ Niman 1997, pp. 31–32: "The Rainbow Family of Living Light is an 'intentional group' whose members purposefully gather together to enact a supposedly shared ideology."
  3. ^ a b Wehelie, Benazir (22 March 2015), "Nineteen years under the rainbow", CNN, retrieved 29 June 2016
  4. ^ a b Capital Journal Staff and Wire Reports (7 June 2015), "Feds say hippie Rainbow Gathering to hit Black Hills this summer", Capital Journal, retrieved 29 June 2016
  5. ^ a b c d e Niman 1997, pp. 31–35.
  6. ^ Niman 1997, pp. 149–155.
  7. ^ Niman 1997, pp. 30–33, 149–155.
  8. ^ Lelis, Ludmilla (February 16, 2013), "Rainbow Family of aging hippies, teen wanderers chills out at annual Ocala National Forest encampment", Orlando Sentinel, retrieved 29 June 2016
  9. ^ Estes, Nick; et al. (14 July 2015), Protect He Sapa, Stop Cultural Exploitation, retrieved 29 June 2016 {{citation}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |last= (help)
  10. ^ a b Caudill, Jack (16 June 2015), "Group speaks out against Rainbow Gathering", KEVN Black Hills Fox, retrieved 29 June 2016
  11. ^ Ring, Wilson (25 June 2016), "Rainbow Family Arriving in Vermont Forest for Annual Fest", Associated Press, Montpelier, Vermont: ABC News, retrieved 29 June 2016
  12. ^ Niman 1997, p. xiii.
  13. ^ KGW Staff (29 June 2011). "WA rainbow gathering draws tens of thousands" (News article). KGW News Portland. King Broadcasting Company. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
  14. ^ Selsky, Andrew (2017-06-23). "Rainbow Family members start gathering in Oregon". Associated Press. Retrieved 2017-06-23.
  15. ^ Niman 1997, pp. 68–72: "A World Without Money" and "Trade Circle"
  16. ^ a b "Welcomehere.org". welcomehere.org. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
  17. ^ Rob Savoye. "FOCALIZER? WHAT'S A FOCALIZER?". welcomehome.org. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  18. ^ "Mini-Manual: Counciling". Archived from the original on July 13, 2012. Retrieved 2009-02-08. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ Niman 1997, pp. 42–43.
  20. ^ Niman 1997, p. 146: "From Ethnocide to a Multispiritual Utopia"
  21. ^ McGaa, Ed, Rainbow Tribe: Ordinary People Journeying on the Red Road. HarperCollins, 2009.
  22. ^ Deloria, Philip J., Playing Indian. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998. ISBN 978-0-300-08067-4. Chapter Six: "Counterculture Indians and the New Age"
  23. ^ Huhndorf, Shari Michelle, Going Native: Indians in the American Cultural Imagination. Cornell University Press, 2001. p.164
  24. ^ Estes et al., for the Oak Lake Writers' Society, "Open Letter: Protect He Sapa, Stop Cultural Exploitation," at Indian Country Today Media Network. 2 July 2015. Accessed 15 July 2015
  25. ^ Rickert, Levi, "Winnemem Wintu Tribe Gives Cease & Desist Order to Rainbow Family" at Native News Online. 04 Jul 2015. Accessed 13 July 2015
  26. ^ Niman 1997, p. 28: "Sunflower's Day"
  27. ^ The Rainbow Guide Volunteer Crew (2010-02-20). "Rainbow Guide - Rainbow Family of Living Light - Rainbow Raps: 107". Rainbowguide.info. Archived from the original on July 15, 2012. Retrieved 2013-07-20. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  28. ^ Niman 1997, pp. 33, 40.
  29. ^ Niman 1997, pp. 60–66: "From Seed" and "Seed Camp"
  30. ^ Niman 1997, pp. 72–78: "Kitchens"
  31. ^ "Center for Alternative Living Medicine". Retrieved 2009-02-08.
  32. ^ a b c "Welcome Home". welcomehome.org. 15 July 1996. Archived from the original on 10 May 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2012. The only rule we have is that of peaceful respect. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  33. ^ a b Sentelle 2002, pp. 200–204.
  34. ^ Niman 1997, pp. 118–125: "Not Really Cops Rainbow Cop Trip"
  35. ^ Niman 1997, pp. 35, 55–57, 118–125, 128–130: "Roots," "A Persistent Democracy," "Not Really Cops Rainbow Cop Trip," "Peace through Violence-The Rainbow Ghetto"
  36. ^ Niman 1997, p. 85: "Work and Drudgery"
  37. ^ Niman 1997, pp. 170–183: "Land Stewardship and Community Relations"
  38. ^ Forest Service emails obtained by Buffalo State University of New York under the Freedom of Information Act.[full citation needed]
  39. ^ Jessica Miller, Rainbow Gathering’s ‘Hitler’ pleads no contest in Utah stabbing. Salt Lake Tribune, August 11, 2014.
  40. ^ Michael McFall, 'Hitler' sentenced to jail for assault during Rainbow Gathering. Salt Lake Tribune, Sept. 24, 2014.
  41. ^ Rainbow Family Fears Release Date Of Child Molester. KECI News, May 24, 2012.
  42. ^ Clyde Haberman, A New Horror Recalls Another. New York Times, 2011-07-14.
  43. ^ Rubinkam, Michael (November 7, 2012). "Longtime Etan Patz Suspect Released, Then Held". Associated Press.
  44. ^ "Breaking down the cleanup and cost of the Rainbow Family Gathering". Montana Public Radio. July 9, 2013. {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
  45. ^ "County Rainbow Gathering expenses top $200,000". Dillon Tribune. August 13, 2013. Retrieved June 17, 2014.
  46. ^ "Rainbow Family gathering costs U.S. Forest Service $573,000". The Missoulian. September 19, 2013. Retrieved June 17, 2014.
  47. ^ "ACLU-VT blog · Constitutional Rights Exist — Even In Our Forests". Retrieved 6 July 2016.
  48. ^ "Report Says Forest Service Has Harassed Gatherings". The New York Times. 2008-10-05. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
  49. ^ A.Allen Butcher (1999). "Review of "People of the Rainbow, a Nomadic Utopia"" (Essay). Rainbow Family of Living Light: 3 Articles. Fourth World Services. p. 13. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
  50. ^ Sentelle, David B. (2002). Judge Dave and the Rainbow People. Green Bag Press. pp. 249–250. ISBN 0967756839. OCLC 50337509. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  51. ^ Niman 1997, pp. 184–189: "The Rainbow and the U.S. Government"
  52. ^ "USDA Forest Service, Medicine Bow & Routt National Forests, Thunder Basin National Grassland - Newsroom". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on January 31, 2008. Retrieved 2013-07-20. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  53. ^ Robinson, Nicholas A (December 1982). Environmental Regulation of Real Property. pp. 3–103. ISBN 9781588520166.
  54. ^ crystalhawk. "allegheny3". Mx.reocities.com. Retrieved 2013-07-20.
  55. ^ "5 arrested in Rainbow Family clash with feds - USATODAY.com". usatoday.com. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  56. ^ a b Neary, Ben (2008-10-03). "ACLU blasts Forest Service over Rainbow gathering". USA Today. Retrieved 2010-04-15.
  57. ^ "ACLU Plans to Investigate Rainbow Family Treatment". High Times. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  58. ^ Morton, Tom (2008-07-05). "Arrest leads to Rainbow riot". Casper Star-Tribune. Retrieved 2010-04-09.
  59. ^ "Rainbow Guide - Rainbow Family of Living Light - Rainbow Raps: 151". rainbowguide.info. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  60. ^ Niman 1997, pp. 125–128, 189–193: "'A' Camp for Alcohol Abusers", "The Drug Factor"
  61. ^ a b c d Niman 1997, pp. 134–137.
  62. ^ a b Tarleton, John (July 1999), "Interview with Michael Niman", On the Road with John Tarleton, retrieved 28 July 2016
  63. ^ Niman, Michael (1997). "Fakelore". People of the Rainbow: A Nomadic Utopia. University of Tennessee Press. pp. 134–137. ISBN 978-0870499890. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  64. ^ Estes, Nick; et al "Protect He Sapa, Stop Cultural Exploitation" at Indian Country Today Media Network. 14 July 2015. Accessed 24 Nov 2015
  65. ^ Lynne Darling, "The Rainbow People". Washington Post, July 7, 1980.
  66. ^ "After 12 Years, a Break in West Virginia Slaying of 2 Hitchhikers". New York Times, April 19, 1992.
  67. ^ "Man who confessed to 'Rainbow Murders' is executed". Charleston Gazette-Mail, November 19, 2013.
  68. ^ Maurice Posley, "Jacob Beard". National Registry of Exonerations, July 30, 2012.
  69. ^ State vs. Beard, decided July 15, 1998.
  70. ^ Joe Dashiell, "Documentary filmmaker investigates Rainbow Murders". WDBJ, Roanoke, VA, October 27, 2017.
  71. ^ "California woman missing after Rainbow Family Gathering". Vancouver, Washington. Associated Press. July 15, 2011.
  72. ^ "Hopes fade for woman missing after Rainbow Family campout". KATU News. August 10, 2011.
  73. ^ "Remains of Rainbow Gathering attendee from California possibly found". Los Angeles Times. October 10, 2011.
  74. ^ "Remains identified as woman missing from Rainbow gathering". The Columbian. October 17, 2011.
  75. ^ Washington Rainbow Gathering (15 July 2011). "R.I.P. Steve and Amber "Aya"". Washington Rainbow Gathering 2011. washingtongathering.blogspot.com. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
  76. ^ David Krough (7 July 2011). "Woman found dead at Rainbow Gathering" (News article). KGW News Channel. King Broadcasting Company. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
  77. ^ Tony Lystra (23 September 2011). "Rainbow Family members returning to Gifford Pinchot to search for missing woman" (News article). The Daily News. The Daily News Online. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
  78. ^ Jeff Weiner (26 February 2011). "Marion detectives investigate body found in pond after 'rainbow gathering'" (News article). Orlando Sentinel. Tribune Newspapers. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
  79. ^ Jeff Burlew and Karl Etters, Rainbow Family kicked from campsite after fatal shooting. Tallahassee Democrat, March 6, 2015.
  80. ^ David Adlerstein, Murder darkens Rainbow Gathering. Apalachicola Times, March 11, 2015.
  81. ^ Deadly shooting at "Rainbow Family" pacifist gathering in Florida. CBS News, March 12, 2015.
  82. ^ Tara Dodrill, Rainbow Family Gathering: Shooting Rampage at Pacifist Hippie Group Event in Florida. Inquisitr, March 13, 2015.
  83. ^ Karl Etters, Man charged with first-degree murder in Rainbow shooting. Tallahassee Democrat, March 18, 2015.
  84. ^ David Adlerstein, Rainbow murder suspect moved to jail. Apalachicola Times, April 8, 2015.
  85. ^ "2009 European Rainbow Gathering: Ukraine 22 July – 20 August 2009", Eurogathering.Rainbowinfo.net, archived from the original on 8 June 2009[self-published source]
  86. ^ "Typhoid fever cases linked to Italian Rainbow gathering – Summer 2017", travelhealthpro.org.uk[self-published source]
  87. ^ "15-letna Slovenka, ki je zbolela za tifusom, ni v nevarnosti", www.rtvslo.si[self-published source]
  88. ^ Staff Writer (9 August 2013). "Editorial: A rainbow at Cape Scott". Times Colonist. Retrieved 28 July 2016.[non-primary source needed]
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