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Education in Brazil

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Education in Brazil
Ministry of Education
Minister of EducationMendonça Filho[1]
National education budget (2013)
Budget6.6% of GDP [2]
General details
Primary languagesPortuguese
System typeFederal

Education in Brazil is regulated by the Cabinet of Brazil, through the Ministry of Education, which defines the guiding principles for the organization of education programs. Local governments are responsible for establishing state and education programs following the guidelines and using the funding supplied by the federal government.

History

Thales de Azevedo State High School in Salvador
Federal University of Paraná in Curitiba.
Medicine College of São Paulo.
See also: Society of Jesus, Education in Portugal, and Colonization of the Americas

When Kingdom of Portugal's explorers arrived in Brazil in the 15th century and started to colonize their new possessions in the New World, the territory was inhabited by indigenous peoples and tribes who had no writing system or school education.

The Society of Jesus (Jesuits) was, since its beginnings in 1540, a missionary order. Evangelisation was one of the main goals of the Jesuits and they were committed to teaching and education, in Europe and overseas. The missionary activities, in the cities and in the countryside, were complemented by a strong commitment to education. This took the form of the opening of schools for boys, first in Europe but rapidly extended to America and Asia. The foundation of Catholic missions, schools, and seminaries was another consequence of the Jesuit involvement in education. As the spaces and cultures where the Jesuits were present varied considerably, their evangelising methods were very often quite different from one place to another. However, the society's engagement in trade, architecture, science, literature, languages, arts, music and religious debate corresponded to the same main purpose of Christianisation. By the middle of the 16th century the Jesuits were present in West Africa, South America, Ethiopia, India, China, and Japan. This enlargement of their missionary activities took shape to a large extent within the framework of the Portuguese Empire.

In a period when the world had a largely illiterate population, the Portuguese Empire was home to one of the first universities founded in Europe — the University of Coimbra, which is one of the oldest universities in continuous operation. Throughout the centuries of Portuguese rule, Brazilian students, mostly graduated of the Jesuit missions and seminaries, were allowed and even encouraged to enroll at higher education in mainland Portugal.

College of Law.

The Jesuits, a religious order founded to promote the cause and teachings of Catholicism, had gained influence with the Portuguese crown and over education, and had begun missionary work in Portugal's overseas possessions, including the colony of Brazil. By 1700, and reflecting a larger transformation of the Portuguese Empire, the Jesuits had decisively shifted from the East Indies to Brazil. In the late 18th century, Portuguese minister of the kingdom Marquis of Pombal attacked the power of the privileged nobility and the church, and expelled the Jesuits from Portugal and its overseas possessions. Pombal seized the Jesuit schools and introduced education reforms all over the empire. In Brazil, the reforms were noted.

In 1772, before the establishment of the Science Academy of Lisbon (1779), one of the first learned societies of Brazil and the Portuguese Empire was founded in Rio de Janeiro: the Sociedade Scientifica. In 1797, the first botanic institute was founded in Salvador, Bahia. During the late 18th century, the Escola Politécnica (Polytechnic School) was created, then the Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortificação e Desenho (Royal Academy for Artillery, Fortifications and Design) was created in Rio de Janeiro, 1792, through a decree issued by the Portuguese authorities as a higher education school for the teaching of the sciences and engineering. Its legacy is shared by the Instituto Militar de Engenharia (Military Engineering Institute) and the Escola Politécnica da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (Polytechnic School of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro) — the oldest engineering school of Brazil and one of the oldest in the world.

A royal letter of November 20, 1800 by the King John VI of Portugal established the Aula Prática de Desenho e Figura (Practice Class for Design and Form) in Rio de Janeiro. It was the first institution in Brazil systematically dedicated to teaching the arts. During colonial times, the arts were mainly religious or utilitarian and were learnt in a system of apprenticeship. A decree on August 12, 1816 created the Escola Real de Ciências, Artes e Ofícios (Royal School of Sciences, Arts and Crafts), which established an official education in the fine arts and built the foundations of the current Escola Nacional de Belas Artes (School of Fine Arts).

Music school of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.

In the 19th century, the Portuguese royal family, headed by D. João VI, arrived in Rio de Janeiro, escaping from the Napoleon's army invasion of Portugal in 1807. D. João VI gave impetus to the expansion of European civilization to Brazil. In the short period between 1808 and 1810, the Portuguese government founded the Academia Real dos Guarda Marinha (Royal Naval Academy), the Real Academia Militar (Royal Military Academy), the Biblioteca Nacional (National Library of Brazil), the Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden), the Academia Médico-Cirúrgica da Bahia (Medic-Cirurgical Academy of Bahia), now known as Faculdade de Medicina (Med School) in the Universidade Federal da Bahia (Federal University of Bahia) and the Academia Médico-Cirúrgica do Rio de Janeiro (Medic-Cirurgical Academy of Rio de Janeiro) which is now the medical school of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.

Brazil achieved independence in 1822. Until the 20th century, it was a large rural nation with low social and economic standards comparing to the average North American and European standards. Its economy was based on the primary sector, possessing an unskilled and increasingly larger workforce, composed of free people (including slave owners) and slaves or their direct descendants. Among the first law schools founded in Brazil were the ones in Recife and São Paulo in 1827. But for decades to come, most Brazilian lawyers studied at European universities, such as in the ancient University of Coimbra, in Portugal, which had awarded degrees to generations of Brazilian students since the 16th century.

In 1872 there were 9,930,478 inhabitants (84.8% free and 15.2% slave). According to the national census made in this year, among the free inhabitants (8,419,672 people), 38% were white, 39% mulattoes (white and black mix), 11% black and 5% caboclos (white and Indian mix). Only 23.4% of the free men and 13.4% of the free women could read and write. In 1889, six decades after independence, only 20% of the total population could read and write. In the former colonial power, Portugal, about 80% of the population was classified as illiterate.

With the massive post-war expansion that lasts to date, the government focused on strengthening Brazil's tertiary education, while simultaneously neglecting assistance to primary and secondary education.[3] The problems of primary and secondary education were compounded by significant quality differences across regions, with the northeast suffering dramatically.[4] In the aftermath of Brazilian military rule, education became seen as a way to create a fairer society. "Citizen schools" emerged, designed to promote critical thinking, incorporation of marginalized people, and curiosity (over rote memorization and obedience).[5]

Today, Brazil struggles to improve the public education offered at earlier stages and maintain the high standards that the population has come to expect from public universities. The choice on public funding is an issue. In particular, the U.N. Development Goal of Universal Primary Education and a larger offer of education for students with special needs are pursued by Brazilian policy-makers.[6]

Despite its shortcomings, Brazil has progressed substantially since the 1980s. The nation witnessed an increase in school enrollment for children age 7–14, from 80.9% in 1980 to 96.4% in the year 2000. In the 15-17 age demographic, in the same period, this rate rose from 49.7% to 83%.[7] Literacy rates rose from 75% to 90.0%.[8][9]

Organization and structure

Table showing how the education system is organized in Brazil

Education is divided into three levels, with grades in each level:

  • Pre-school education (educação infantil)
  • Basic education (ensino básico) is free and mandatory for those between the ages of 6 and 17.[10][11] It consists of Elementary school (ensino fundamental) and High school (ensino médio)
  • Higher education (ensino superior) (including graduate degrees) is free at public universities.

Private institutions are also found in Brazil.

Pre-school education (educação infantil)

Pre-school education is optional and exists to aid in the development of children under 6. It aims to assist in all areas of child development, including motor skills, cognitive skills, and social skills while providing fertile ground for the later acquisition of knowledge and learning. There are day nurseries for children under 2, kindergartens for 2- to 3-year-olds, and preschools for children 4 and up. Public preschools are provided by city governments.

Elementary school (ensino fundamental)

Elementary school is mandatory for children ages 6–14. There are nine "years" (as opposed to the former eight "grades").[12] The current "first year" broadly corresponds to the former pre-school last year of private institutions, and its aim is to achieve literacy. Generally speaking, the only prerequisite for enrolling in first year is that a child should be 6 years old, but some education systems allow children younger than 6 to enroll in first year (as long as they turn 6 during the first academic semester). Older students who have not completed their elementary education are allowed to attend, though those over 18 are separated from the younger children.

The National Council of Education (Conselho Nacional de Educação) establishes a core curriculum consisting of Portuguese language, history, geography, science, mathematics, arts and physical education (for years 2, 3, 4 and 5). As for years 6, 7, 8 and 9, one or two foreign languages are also compulsory (usually English and an optional language).

Each education system supplements this core curriculum with a diversified curriculum defined by the needs of the region and the abilities of individual students.

Elementary education is divided in two stages, called Ensino Fundamental I (years 1–5) and Ensino Fundamental II (years 6–9). During Ensino Fundamental I each group of students is usually assisted by a single teacher. In Ensino Fundamental II, there are as many teachers as subjects.

The length of the school year is set by the National Education Bases and Guidelines Law (Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação) to at least 200 days. Elementary schools must provide students with at least 800 hours of activities per year. The school calendar is set by individual schools which, in rural areas, often organize their calendars according to planting and harvesting seasons.

Public elementary schools are funded by municipal and state governments. The education is similar to the British.

High school (ensino médio)

Students must have finished their elementary school before they enroll in high school. Secondary education takes three years. The minimum is 2,200 hours of teaching over four years. Secondary education core curriculum comprises Portuguese (including Portuguese language, essay studies, Brazilian and Portuguese literatures), foreign language (usually English, also Spanish and very rarely French), History, Geography, Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry and Biology. Philosophy and Sociology, which were banned during the military dictatorship (1964–1985), have become compulsory again.

High school education is provided by all levels of government.

Technical education (ensino técnico)

The movement of the eleventh or twelfth grade of high school or the end of those grades is mandatory for those wishing to pursue technical education[13], through courses in various areas. In addition, students must pass a entrance examination for their specific course. These institutions usually have a greater amount of hours per week. The instruction of the technical course usually lasts from one year and a half to two years.[14]

Higher education (ensino superior)

Main article: Universities and higher education in Brazil
TV station in Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte

The secondary education is mandatory for those wishing to pursue higher education. In addition, students must pass a competitive entrance examination (known as vestibular) for their specific course of study. The number of candidates per available place in the freshman class may be in excess of 30 or 40 to one in the not so competitive courses at the top public universities. The most competitive ones excess 80 or 150. In some courses with small number of vacancies, this number can be as high as 200 (medical school, for example).[15]

As is the case in many nations, higher education in Brazil can be divided into undergraduate and graduate work. In addition to providing education, universities promote research and provide separate classes to the community.

The standard Brazilian undergraduate degree, styled "bacharelado", is awarded in most fields of arts, humanities, social sciences, mathematical sciences, or natural sciences, and normally requires four years of post-secondary studies at a certified university. Students who wish to qualify as secondary school teachers must complete a separate licentiate ("licenciatura") degree course, which, like a "bacharelado", has a normal length of four years and has a stronger emphasis on teaching methods and pedagogy.

There is a graduate in technology (whose graduates are called technologists), which emphasizes professional education geared to the labor market and the development of studies in the area of technology, especially in health, information technology, engineering, and management. The degree in technology normally requires two to four years of studies in a certified university or college. Technologists degrees are undergraduate diplomas as bachelor but with academic difference in the focus.

Five-year degrees leading to a professional diploma are awarded in select state-regulated careers such as architecture, engineering, veterinary medicine, psychology, and law. The professional degree in medicine requires in turn six years of full-time post-secondary studies. Residência, a two- to five-year internship in a teaching hospital is not required, but it is pursued by many professionals, especially those who wish to specialize in an area.

Federal University of Minas Gerais

Students who hold a technology diploma, a licenciatura diploma, a bachelor's degree or a five-year professional diploma are qualified for admission into graduate school (pós-graduação). Graduate master's degrees are normally awarded following the completion of a two-year program requiring satisfactory performance in a minimum number of advanced graduate courses (typically between five and eight classes), plus the submission by the degree candidate of a master's thesis (dissertação de mestrado) that is examined by an oral panel of at least three faculty members, including at least one external examiner.

Doctoral degrees normally require four years of full-time studies during which the degree candidate is required to complete further advanced graduate coursework, pass a doctoral qualifying exam, and submit an extensive doctoral dissertation (tese de doutorado) that must represent an original and relevant contribution to knowledge in the field of study of the dissertation topic. The doctoral dissertation is examined in a final public oral exam administered by a panel of at least five faculty members, two of whom must be external examiners. Results from the dissertation are normally expected to be published in peer-reviewed journals, proceedings of international conferences, and/or in the form of books/book chapters.

There are more than 2,600 universities in Brazil, between private and public, according to MEC. [16] Higher vocational education is in general assumed by non-university institutions and the federal Institutions for Education, Science and Technology (38 in 2008).[17]

Teacher training and qualification

Teacher training is available only at universities. Those who aim to be a secondary school teacher must attend a teacher-degree program (Licenciatura), which are specific courses for the teaching of each field of knowledge, such as Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics, History, Geography, Portuguese, English, Philosophy, etc. Those who aim to be a primary school teacher must attend a pedagogy course (Pedagogia). Most Licenciatura courses require that the student do an internship in teaching before graduation. Master and doctoral degree in Education are available at most public universities, which is a requirement for those who aim to be a headmaster or a school coordinator.

Educational statistics

Private German school in São Paulo.

As a large middle-income country, Brazil has several regions. Its education system is accordingly plagued by many deficiencies and social and regional disparities.[9][18][19][20]

As of 2016:

  • Literacy rate of 94.5% for people age 15 or older
  • 10.5 years of formal education, on average.
11.1 years for white people, 9.5 years for black people
10.1 years in the Northeast versus 11.5 years in the Southeast and 11 years in the South.

As of 2016:

  • The nation invests 9.2% of GDP on education. The federal government aims to gradually increase this number to 19%.

As of 2016:[21]

  • Literacy rate of 99.8% for people age 6 to 14
  • Literacy rate of 90.1% for people age 15 to 17
  • Literacy rate of 94.6% of Brazil.

The Brazilian education level is considered low compared to developed countries, especially in public schools, despite its being high in many of their private counterparts.[citation needed]

International education

As of January 2015, the International Schools Consultancy (ISC)[22] listed Brazil as having 136 international schools.[23] ISC defines an 'international school' in the following terms: "ISC includes an international school if the school delivers a curriculum to any combination of pre-school, primary or secondary students, wholly or partly in English outside an English-speaking country, or if a school in a country where English is one of the official languages, offers an English-medium curriculum other than the country’s national curriculum and is international in its orientation."[23] This definition is used by publications including The Economist.[24]

See also

References

  1. ^ Planalto, Portal do. "Precedência". Palácio do Planalto. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  2. ^ "Gasto público em ensino atinge 6,6% do PIB, mas crise ameaça expansão". Folha de São Paulo. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  3. ^ "Educação". Mre.gov.br. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  4. ^ Ralph Harbison and Eric Hanushek, Educational performance of the poor: lessons from rural northeast Brazil (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992).
  5. ^ Ignoramuses Academy, 2016
  6. ^ "Plano Nacional de Educação Especial - Ministry of Education" (PDF). Portal.mec.gov.br. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  7. ^ "Edudata Brasil". Edudatabrasil.inep.gov.br. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  8. ^ "COELHO DE SOUZA, Marcos Medeiros. O Analfabetismo no Brasil sob o Enfoque Demográfico" (PDF). Ipea.gov.br. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  9. ^ a b "IBGE". Ibge.gov.br. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  10. ^ "L9394". Planalto.gov.br. Retrieved 2016-05-08.
  11. ^ Ensino fundamental de nove anos: Passo a passo do processo de implementação [Nine years secondary school: Implementation step by step] (PDF) (Report). Ministério da Educaçao (Ministry of Education). Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  12. ^ "Folha Online - Educação - Ensino fundamental de 9 anos beneficia estudantes mais pobres, diz Lula - 06/02/2006". Folha.uol.com.br. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  13. ^ "Technical education". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2017-12-02.
  14. ^ "Dilma destaca importância do ensino técnico para desenvolvimento do país". Ebc.com.br. Retrieved 2017-12-01.
  15. ^ "UEM/CVU - Cursos, Turnos e Vagas". Cvu.uem.br. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  16. ^ "Ser Universitário - Tudo sobre o mundo universitário e estudantil!". Seruniversitario.com.br. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  17. ^ "UNESCO-UNEVOC World TVET Database". Unevoc.unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  18. ^ "Universidade de Brasília - Assessoria de Comunicação". Unb.br. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  19. ^ "Política Educacional - O Desafio da Qualidade". Missaocrianca.org.br. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  20. ^ [1] [dead link‍]
  21. ^ "Pnad 2008 - Atualidades - UOL Educação". Mre.gov.br. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  22. ^ "Home - International School Consultancy". Iscresearch.com. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  23. ^ a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-02-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  24. ^ "The new local". The Economist. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
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