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Jeff Bezos
Bezos in 2015
Born
Jeffrey Preston Jorgensen

(1964-01-12) January 12, 1964 (age 60)
Albuquerque, New Mexico, U.S.
Alma materPrinceton University
Occupation(s)Technology and retail entrepreneur and investor
Known forFounder of Amazon.com
Spouse
​
(m. 1993)​
[1]
Children4[2]

Jeffrey Preston Bezos (/ˈbeɪzoʊs/;[4] né Jorgensen; born January 12, 1964) is an American technology and retail entrepreneur, investor, electrical engineer, computer scientist, and philanthropist, best known as the founder, chairman, and chief executive officer of Amazon.com, the world's largest online shopping retailer.[5]

Born in Albuquerque and raised in Houston, Bezos graduated from Princeton University 1986 with degrees in electrical engineering and computer science. He went on to work on Wall Street in a variety of related fields from 1986 to 1994. Bezos founded Amazon.com in 1994. The company began as an Internet merchant of books and expanded to a wide variety of products and services, most recently video and audio streaming. It is currently the world's largest Internet sales online company, as well as the world's largest provider of cloud infrastructure services via its Amazon Web Services arm.[6] A number of his other business investments are managed through Bezos Expeditions.

Bezos diversified his business interests by founding aerospace company Blue Origin in 2000 and purchasing The Washington Post newspaper in 2013 for $250 million in cash. Blue Origin started test flights to space in 2015 and plans for commercial suborbital human spaceflight beginning in 2018.[7]

On July 27, 2017, he became the world's wealthiest person with an estimated net worth of just over $90 billion according to Forbes Magazine.[8] His net worth surpassed $100 billion for the first time on November 24, 2017, after Amazon's share price increased by more than 2.5%.[9] As of January 2, 2018, he is worth $108.1 billion[10] and is contended to be on track[nb 1] to become the wealthiest person in history.[12][13][14][15]

Early life and education

Bezos's father was born in Chicago.[16] His maternal ancestors were settlers who lived in Texas and over the generations acquired a 25,000-acre (101 km2 or 39 miles2) ranch near Cotulla, LaSalle County, Texas. As of March 2015, Bezos was among the largest landholders in Texas.[17]

Bezos's maternal grandfather was Lawrence Preston Gise, a regional director of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) in Albuquerque. Before joining the AEC, Gise had worked for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the research and development arm of the Department of Defense that was created in 1958 as the first response by the US government to the Russian launching of Sputnik I, the first artificial Earth satellite in 1957. Intended to be the counterbalance to military thinking in research and development, DARPA was formed, according to its official mission statement, to ensure that the US maintains a lead in applying technology for military capabilities and to prevent other technological surprises from her adversaries.

In 1970, DARPA's engineers created a model for a communications network for the military that could still function even if a nuclear attack demolished conventional lines of communication: ARPAnet, was the foundation of what would eventually become the Internet.[18] Gise retired early to the ranch, where Bezos spent many summers as a youth, working with him.[19] Bezos' maternal grandmother, was Mattie Louise Gise (née Strait), through whom Jeff Bezos is a cousin of country singer George Strait.

Bezos' mother Jacklyn (born c. 1946) was 17 years old and still in high school at the time of his birth. Her marriage to Ted Jorgensen only lasted a little over one year. In April 1968 (when Jeff was 4), she married her second husband, Miguel "Mike" Bezos,[20] a Cuban who immigrated alone to the United States when he was 15 years old. Mike Bezos had worked his way through the University of New Mexico. He married Jacklyn and adopted 4-year-old Jeff Jorgensen, whose surname was then changed to Bezos. After the wedding, the family moved to Houston, and Mike worked as an engineer for Exxon. Bezos attended River Oaks Elementary School in Houston from fourth to sixth grade.

Jeff Bezos often displayed scientific interests and technological proficiency; he once rigged an electric alarm to keep his younger siblings out of his room.[21] The family moved to Miami, Florida, where he attended Miami Palmetto High School. While in high school, he attended the Student Science Training Program at the University of Florida, receiving a Silver Knight Award in 1982.[22] He was high school valedictorian[23] and a National Merit Scholar.[24]

In 1986, Bezos graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Princeton University with Bachelor of Science degrees in electrical engineering and computer science.[25] While at Princeton, he was also elected to Tau Beta Pi. He served as the president of the Princeton chapter of the Students for the Exploration and Development of Space.[26]

Business career

Early career

After graduating from Princeton, Bezos worked on Wall Street in the computer science field.[27] He then worked on building a network for international trade for a company known as Fitel.[28] He next worked at Bankers Trust.[29] Later on, he worked on Internet-enabled business opportunities at the hedge fund company D. E. Shaw & Co.[30]

Amazon.com

Main article: Amazon.com

Bezos founded Amazon.com in 1994 after making a cross-country drive from New York to Seattle, writing up the Amazon business plan on the way. He initially set up the company in his garage.[31] He had left his well-paying job at a New York City hedge fund after learning "about the rapid growth in Internet use," which coincided with a new U.S. Supreme Court ruling that exempted mail order companies from collecting sales taxes in states where they lack a physical presence.[32] Bezos' parents invested $300,000 from their retirement savings into Amazon.[33]

Bezos in 2005

Bezos is known for his attention to business details. As described by Portfolio.com, he "is at once a happy-go-lucky mogul and a notorious micromanager [...] an executive who wants to know about everything from contract minutiae to how he is quoted in all Amazon press releases."[31]

On Saturday, August 15, 2015, The New York Times published an article entitled "Inside Amazon: Wrestling Big Ideas in a Bruising Workplace" about Amazon's business practices.[34]

Bezos responded to his employees with a Sunday memo,[35] rebutting the article's inferences that the company was "a soulless, dystopian workplace where no fun is had and no laughter heard",[36] and that anyone who believed the story was true should contact him directly.[citation needed]

In May 2016, Bezos sold slightly more than one million shares of his holdings in the company for $671 million, making it the largest amount of money he had ever raised in a sale of his Amazon holdings.[37] On August 4, 2016, he sold another million of his shares at a value of $756.7 million. As of June 19, 2016, Bezos owned 83.9 million shares of Amazon stock,[38] being 16.9% of all shares outstanding, with a market value of $83.9 billion.[39] On January 19, 2018, Amazon stock rose to $1300 per share,[40] at which price those 83.9 million shares would be worth slightly over $109 billion, although Bezos has sold stock to raise cash for other enterprises since 2016, in particular Blue Origin.

Blue Origin

Main article: Blue Origin

In 2000, Bezos founded Blue Origin, a human spaceflight startup company,[41] partially as a result of his fascination with space travel,[42] including an early interest in developing "space hotels, amusement parks, colonies and small cities for 2 million or 3 million people orbiting the Earth."[23] The company was kept secret for a few years; it became publicly known only in 2006 when it purchased a sizable aggregation of land in west Texas for a launch and test facility.[43]

In a 2011 interview, Bezos indicated that he founded the space company to help enable "anybody to go into space" and stated that the company was committed to decreasing the cost and increasing the safety of spaceflight.[44] "Blue Origin is one of several start-ups aiming to open up space travel to paying customers. Like Amazon, the company is secretive, but [in September 2011] revealed that it had lost an unmanned prototype vehicle during a short-hop test flight. Although this was a setback, the announcement of the loss revealed for the first time just how far Blue Origin's team had advanced," he stated.[42]

Bezos said that the crash was 'not the outcome that any of us wanted, but we're signed up for this to be hard.'"[42] A profile published in 2013 described a 1982 Miami Herald interview he gave after he was named high school class valedictorian. The 18-year-old Bezos "said he wanted to build space hotels, amusement parks and colonies for 2 million or 3 million people who would be in orbit. 'The whole idea is to preserve the earth' he told the newspaper .... The goal was to be able to evacuate humans. The planet would become a park."[45]

Bezos at the 2010 ENCORE Awards.

In 2013, Bezos reportedly discussed commercial spaceflight opportunities and strategies with Richard Branson, multibillionaire founder of Virgin Group and chairman of Virgin Galactic.[46]

In 2015, Bezos further discussed the motivation for his spaceflight-related business when he announced a new orbital launch vehicle under development for late-2010s first flight. He indicated that his ambitions in space are not location dependent—Mars, Lunar, asteroidal, etc.—"we want to go everywhere, [requiring significantly lower launch costs.] Our number-one opponent is gravity. ... The vision for Blue is pretty simple. We want to see millions of people living and working in space. That's going to take a long time. I think it's a worthwhile goal."[47]

In 2016, Bezos opened up the Blue rocket design and manufacturing facility to journalists for the first time, and gave extensive interviews that included an articulation of his vision for space and for Blue Origin. Bezos sees space as being "chock full of resources" and foresees a "Great Inversion" where there will emerge "space commercialization that stretches out for hundreds of years, leading to an era when millions of people would be living and working in space." He sees both energy and heavy manufacturing occurring in space, having the effect of reduced pollution on Earth, in effect reducing the probability that something "bad happens to the Earth."[7] Bezos has said he is trying to change the fundamental cost structure of accessing space.[48]

On November 23, 2015, Blue Origin's New Shepard space vehicle successfully flew to space, reaching its planned test altitude of 329,839 feet (100.5 kilometers) before executing a vertical landing back at the launch site in West Texas.[49]

Blue Origin is in an extensive flight test program of New Shepard which expects to begin carrying "test passengers" in 2017 and initiate commercial flights in 2018.[7] Blue is currently building six of the vehicles to support all phases of testing and operations: no-passenger test flights, flights with test passengers, and commercial-passenger weekly operations.[50]

In June 2016, Bezos reiterated his long term goal to see nearly all heavy-industry manufacturing factories in space as part of a wide-ranging, but rare, interview.[51] In September 2016, he added that he hoped to colonize the solar system.[52] Recently, Bezos also revealed that he was selling about $1 billion in Amazon stock a year to finance his Blue Origin rocket company.[53]

The Washington Post

U.S. Secretary of Defense Ash Carter and Bezos, 2016

On August 5, 2013, Bezos announced his purchase of The Washington Post for $250 million in cash. Amazon.com was not to be involved.[54] "This is uncharted terrain", he told the newspaper, "and it will require experimentation."[54] Shortly after the announcement of intent to purchase, The Washington Post published a long-form profile of Bezos on August 10, 2013.[45] The sale closed on October 1, 2013, and Bezos's Nash Holdings LLC took control.[55]

In March 2014, Bezos made his first significant change at The Washington Post and lifted the online paywall for subscribers of a number of U.S. local newspapers including The Dallas Morning News, the Honolulu Star-Advertiser, and the Minneapolis Star-Tribune.[56] Bezos revealed in 2016 that he conducted no due diligence when accepting the first offer from former Washington Post owner Donald E. Graham.[57]

Other investments

Bezos was one of the first shareholders in Google, when he invested $250,000 in 1998. That $250,000 investment resulted in 3.3 million shares of Google stock, worth about $3.1 billion today.[58][59]

He also invested in Unity Biotechnology, a life-extension research firm hoping to slow or stop the process of aging.[60]

Bezos makes personal investments through venture capital vehicle Bezos Expeditions and has backed companies across a wide range of industries.[61]

Bezos Expeditions

Companies that have been funded at least in part by Bezos Expeditions include (this list is incomplete):[62][63]

3

Philanthropy

In July 2012, Bezos and his wife personally donated $2.5 million to support a same-sex marriage referendum that successfully passed in Washington.[65] In January 2018, they announced a $33 million donation to TheDream.US, a college scholarship fund for undocumented immigrants brought to the United States when they were minors.[66]

Nonprofit projects funded by Bezos Expeditions include:

  • Bezos Center for Innovation at the Seattle Museum of History and Industry – $10 million[67]
  • Recovery of two Saturn V first-stage Rocketdyne F-1 engines from the floor of the Atlantic Ocean.[68] They were positively identified as belonging to the Apollo 11 mission's S-1C stage in July 2013.[69]
  • Bezos Center for Neural Circuit Dynamics at Princeton Neuroscience Institute – $15 million[70]
  • Bezos Family Foundation, an educational charity[71] The foundation is reported being mainly funded by Bezos's parents from their holdings in Amazon as early investors in the enterprise.[72]

The foundation gave $10 million in 2009 and $20 million in 2010 to the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center.[73] Bezos also donated $800,000 to Worldreader, founded by a former Amazon employee.[74]

Recognition

Bezos with the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, 2014.

He was named Time Magazine's Person of the Year in 1999.[75] In 2008, he was selected by U.S. News & World Report as one of America's best leaders.[76] Bezos was awarded an honorary doctorate in Science and Technology from Carnegie Mellon University in 2008.

In 2011, The Economist gave Bezos and Gregg Zehr an Innovation Award for the Amazon Kindle.[77]

In 2012, Bezos was named Businessperson of The Year by Fortune.[78] He is also a member of the Bilderberg Group and attended the 2011 Bilderberg conference in St. Moritz, Switzerland,[79] and the 2013 conference in Watford, Hertfordshire, England. He was a member of the Executive Committee of The Business Council for 2011 and 2012.[80]

Wealth

Chart showing increase in Bezos' wealth since 1999
Year Billions Year Billions
1999 10.1 2009 6.8
2000 6.0 2010 12.6
2001 2.0 2011 18.1
2002 1.5 2012 23.2
2003 2.5 2013 28.9
2004 5.1 2014 30.5
2005 4.8 2015 34.8
2006 4.3 2016 53.2
2007 8.7 2017 72.8
2008 8.2 2018 108.1

According to Forbes, Bezos was listed in January 2018 as the wealthiest person in the world, with an estimated net worth of US$108.1 billion.[81]

In 2014, he was ranked the best-performing CEO in the world by Harvard Business Review.[82] As of October 2017, Bezos has been the wealthiest person in the world according to Forbes, surpassing Microsoft cofounder Bill Gates.[83]

He has also figured in Fortune's list of 50 great leaders of the world for three straight years, topping the list in 2015. In September 2016, Bezos was awarded the Heinlein Prize for Advances in Space Commercialization, which earned him $250,000. The prize money was donated to the Students for the Exploration and Development of Space by Bezos.[84]

Recent gains

During the year 2017, Bezos became richer by about 100 million each day. Since January 1, 2018, Bezos' wealth has increased by nearly 1 billion every two days.

Criticism

In May 2014, Bezos was named World's Worst Boss by the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC), at their World Congress. In making the award, Sharan Burrow, general secretary of the ITUC, said "Jeff Bezos represents the inhumanity of employers who are promoting the North American corporate model."[85] An article in The New York Times described working for Bezos and in the offices of Amazon as a grueling and inhumane experience, with many employees regularly being terminated or quitting.[86]

Personal life

In 1992, MacKenzie Tuttle worked for Bezos at D.E. Shaw, a New York City hedge fund.[87] They married in 1993,[88] and moved to Seattle in 1994. Bezos and his wife have four children together.[45][89] In 2016, Bezos played a Starfleet official in the movie Star Trek Beyond, later joining the cast and crew at a San Diego Comic-Con screening.[90]

Politics

In 2012, the Bezos family donated $2.5 million to a Washington State campaign to legalize same-sex marriage.[91] Bezos criticized Donald Trump during the 2016 presidential election.[92]

References

Notes

  1. ^ According to a 2018 Forbes article, the growth of his net worth from 1988 to 2018 has outstripped the economic growth of Iceland, Belize or Monaco.[11]

Citations

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  12. ^ Frank, Robert (January 9, 2018). "Jeff Bezos is now the richest of all time — sort of". CNBC. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
  13. ^ Partington, Richard; Elliott, Larry (January 10, 2018). "Jeff Bezos: where the $106bn man belongs on the all-time rich list". the Guardian. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
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  15. ^ Complex News (January 9, 2018), Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos Is Now the Richest Person In History, retrieved January 18, 2018
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  18. ^ Robert Spector (2000): Amazon.com: Get Big Fast. New York: HarperBusiness. p. 2
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  20. ^ Robinson, Tom (2009). Jeff Bezos: Amazon.com Architect. ABDO. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-60453-759-8.
  21. ^ "Biography and Video Interview of Jeff Bezos at Academy of Achievement". Achievement.org. Archived from the original on March 2, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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  33. ^ Smith, Andrew (February 10, 2001). "Brought to book". The Guradian. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
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  42. ^ a b c "Taking the long view: Jeff Bezos, the founder and chief executive of Amazon, owes much of his success to his ability to look beyond the short-term view of things". The Economist. March 3, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2013. Mr Bezos's willingness to take a long-term view also explains his fascination with space travel, and his decision to found a secretive company called Blue Origin, one of several start-ups now building spacecraft with private funding.
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  46. ^ Veverka, Mark (May 27, 2013). "Unplugged: Richard Branson's otherworldly space quest". USA Today. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
  47. ^ Foust, Jeff (September 15, 2015). "Bezos Not Concerned About Competition, Possible ULA Sale". Space News. Retrieved September 16, 2015.
  48. ^ Berger, Eric (March 10, 2016). "Jeff Bezos says he wants to fly into space "as soon as possible"". Ars Technica. Retrieved March 11, 2016. Bezos: I want to change the whole cost structure of accessing space.
  49. ^ "Historic Rocket Landing (video clip)". Retrieved November 25, 2015.
  50. ^ Foust, Jeff (March 8, 2016). "Blue Origin plans growth spurt this year". SpaceNews. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
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  92. ^ "The Hillary Clinton billionaires club". CNN. August 2, 2016.

Further reading

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