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A shared universe or shared world is a set of creative works where more than one writer (or other artist) independently contributes a work that can stand alone but fits into the joint development of the storyline, characters, or world of the overall project. It is common in genres like science fiction.[1]

It differs from collaborative writing where multiple artists are working together on the same work and from crossovers where the works and characters are independent except for a single meeting.

The term shared universe is also used within comics to reflect the overall milieu created by the comic book publisher in which characters, events, and premises from one product line appear in other product lines in a media franchise.

The term has also been used in a wider, non-literary sense to convey interdisciplinary[2] or social commonality,[3] often in the context of a "shared universe of discourse".[4]

Definitions

Fiction in some media, such as most television programs and many comic book titles, is understood[by whom?] to require the contribution of multiple authors and does not by itself create a shared universe and is considered a collaborative art form. Incidental appearances, such as that of d'Artagnan in Cyrano de Bergerac, are considered literary cameo appearances. More substantial interaction between characters from different sources is often marketed as a crossover. While crossovers occur in a shared universe, not all crossovers are intended to merge their settings' back-stories and are instead used for marketing, parody, or to explore "what-if" scenarios.[5][6]

It can become difficult for writers contributing to a shared universe to maintain consistency and avoid contradicting details in earlier works, especially when a shared universe grows to be very large. The version deemed "official" by the author or company controlling the setting is known as canon. Not all shared universes have a controlling entity capable of or interested in determining canonicity, and not all fans agree with these determinations when they occur.[7] A fanon may instead find some degree of consensus within the setting's fandom.[8]

Some writers, in an effort to ensure that a canon can be established and to keep details of the setting believable, employ tools to correct contradictions and errors that result from multiple contributors working over a long period of time. One such tool is retconning, short for "retroactive continuity", which resolves errors in continuity that came about through previously-written conflicting material.[9]

Readers may also object when a story or series is integrated into a shared universe, feeling it "requir[es] one hero's fans to buy other heroes' titles".[10]

Originating in print publications

Originating in novels

Main article: List of fictional universes in literature

The expansion of existing material into a shared universe is not restricted to settings licensed from movies and television. For example, Larry Niven opened his Known Space setting to other writers initially because he considered his lack of military experience prevented him from adequately describing the wars between mankind and the Kzinti.[11] The degree to which he has made the setting available for other writers became a topic of controversy, when Elf Sternberg created an erotic short story set in Known Space following an author's note from Niven indicating that "[i]f you want more Known Space stories, you'll have to write them yourself".[12] Niven has since clarified that his setting is still to be used only "under restricted circumstances and with permission",[13] which Niven granted to the several authors of the Man-Kzin Wars series. By contrast, author Eric Flint has edited and published collaborations with fan fiction writers directly, expanding his 1632 series.[14]

A setting may also be expanded in a similar manner after the death of its creator, although this posthumous expansion does not meet some strict definitions of a shared universe. One such example is August Derleth's development of the Cthulhu Mythos from the writings of H. P. Lovecraft, an approach whose result is considered by some to be "completely dissimilar" to Lovecraft's own works.[15] Less controversial posthumous expansions include Ruth Plumly Thompson's and later authors' sequels to L. Frank Baum's Oz stories and the further development of Isaac Asimov's Foundation universe by Greg Bear, Gregory Benford, and David Brin.[16]

Many other published works of this nature take the form of a series of short-story anthologies with occasional standalone novels. Examples include Robert Lynn Asprin's Thieves' World,[17] C. J. Cherryh's Merovingen Nights[18] and Janet Morris' Heroes in Hell.[19]

Originating in comics/based upon comics

Main article: List of fictional universes in animation and comics
File:Crossgen Chronicles promo poster.jpg
Promotional poster for Crossgen Chronicles, listing some of the interconnected titles in the Sigilverse.

Within comics, the term shared universe has been used to reflect the overall milieu created by the comic book publisher in which characters, events, and premises from one product line appear in other product lines in a media franchise.

By 1961, Marvel Comics writer and editor Stan Lee, working with artists Jack Kirby and Steve Ditko, merged the bulk of the publisher's comics characters into the Marvel Universe.[10] Marvel sets its stories in an increasing number of alternate realities, each with an assigned number in a greater "multiverse".[20] DC Comics and Marvel have also periodically co-published series in which their respective characters meet and interact. These intercompany crossovers have typically been written as self-limiting events that avoid implying that the DC Universe and Marvel Universe co-exist. Exceptions include the twenty-four comics released under the metafictional imprint Amalgam Comics in 1996, depicting a shared universe populated by hybridizations of the two companies' characters. Marvel has since referred to this as part of its setting's greater multiverse by labeling it Earth-692.[20]

Although DC and Marvel's shared universe approaches to comics have set them apart from competitors in the industry,[21] other companies have attempted similar models. Valiant Comics and Crossgen both produced titles primarily set from their inception in a single, publisher-wide shared universe, known respectively as Unity[22] and the Sigilverse.[23]

Universes in films and television

Main article: List of fictional shared universes in film and television

Universes in films (or television) mostly consist of a franchise featuring an umbrella of multiple franchises (film or television) set within the same continuity, each franchise within telling its own stand-alone story focusing on a different character (or group of characters), as well as featuring its own cast, of directors, writers, while also being part of a coherent, non-contradictory continuity shared with the other works. Fictional universes with major presence in films are referred to as cinematic universes, while fictional universes with major presence in television are refereed to as television universes. Universes with major presence in films and television, generally are refereed as cinematic universes as that's the medium that reaches the most audiences. Some film and television universes are accompanied by video games, and print works such as novels or comics, telling additional canonical stories set within the same continuity.

Universes in films

An early universe in cinema history was the Universal Monsters series of Dracula, Frankenstein, The Invisible Man and The Wolf Man, which ran from 1931 to 1951 and featured recurring cast and characters.

Some universes in film have originated as film adaptations of novels, such as the James Bond film series based on the spy novels by Ian Fleming. The films adapt some elements from the novels, however they are not direct adaptations, additionally they were not adapted in the same order as the books released. The first film in the series is Dr. No (1962), and has produced 23 sequels, with the most recent one being Spectre (2015). Due to the series spanning more than 50 years, James Bond has been portrayed by six actors, all the other frequent cast of characters has also gone through replacements, additionally after all Fleming's novels were adapted the series shifted towards original scripts. However, all films are set within a single, coherent fictional continuity, even if the writers, directors and cast change between films. Aspects of the fictional universe are retained between films.[24]

The Planet of the Apes film series also originated as a film adaptation of the novel of the same name, taking many creative liberties. The original film titled Planet of the Apes (1968) focused on present-day astronaut George Taylor landing on a mysterious planet ruled by apes, which is revealed to be a future planet Earth at the end of the film. The sequel Beneath focused on Brent, an astronaut sent on a rescue mission to save Taylor. The third film Escape introduced time travel and shifted the focus towards the apes Zira and Cornelius, who appeared as supporting characters in the previous films, as they travel to the past in Taylor's spaceship. The fourth and fifth films, Conquest and Battle, focus on Zira and Cornelius' son Cesar leading the up-rise against the humans and to the future depicted in the original film. A television series and an animated series are also considered part of the story.[25] The origin of the Planet of the Apes in the original timeline before the time travel occurred was explained in a prequel-reboot film series with the ape Cesar becoming the main protagonist again, with the story focused on his life from childhood to an old ape, and how the conflict between the apes and the humans, started.[26]

The Star Wars film series is produced by Lucasfilm and was created by George Lucas, it originated with the film Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope (1977), followed by two sequels under the subtitles Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back (1980) and Episode VI: Return of the Jedi (1983); together, those three films are known as the original trilogy and focuses on Luke Skywalker, Han Solo and Princess Leia. The prequel trilogy composed of Episode I: The Phantom Menace (1999), Episode II: Attack of the Clones (2002), and Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (2005) expanded the series into a Saga, and focused on Luke Skywalker's father Anakin Skywalker, new cast members portrayed younger versions of characters from the Original trilogy, while other actors returned to their original trilogy roles. On television, the lore was expanded through animation, the animated film titled Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008) served as the pilot of an animated series of the same name (2008-2014). Creator of Star Wars George Lucas had only been deeply creatively involved in the previously mentioned works. After this, Lucas announced he would cease his creative involvement with the Star Wars franchise in 2014. Production company Lucasfilm announced that from April 2014, only the previously mentioned works on which Lucas was deeply involved would be considered canonical to the franchise, and that all of the fictional works released after April 2014 would also be considered canonical. Shortly after, the animated series was released Star Wars Rebels (2014-2018). The sequel trilogy formed by Episode VII: The Force Awakens (2015), Episode VIII: The Last Jedi (2017) and the upcoming Episode IX (2019) featured many returning cast members along newcomers. The films, main saga is conformed of the original, prequel, and sequel trilogies. A spin-off film series known as the anthology films, focuses on expanding the stories of plot points and characters from the main series, films released between the releases of the sequel trilogy. Additionally the series expanded, into video games, comics, and novels, telling original stories based on the franchise. Unlike other franchises in which the films follow a different continuity than the other media formats, Star Wars is unique in that all its works share the same continuity regardless of the different media formats. Lucasfilm created a "Story Group" to coordinate a cohesive story-telling, as well as to ensure consistency, synergy and avoid plot holes between all the films and non-films works. The Star Wars Legends brand is used to brand all the re-prints of non-canonical works (television films, animated series, video-games, comics and novels) of the franchise whose were produced and ceased production before April 2014. Lucas himself considered the Legends works as non-canonical, because he considered such works to diminish the meaning to his films or not adhere to his vision. However, Lucas did included within his works a few of the Legends elements he supported, such as characters and places; those included elements are considered canonical. Storytellers after Lucas have also incorporated Legends elements into their stories, sometimes with the help of the original creators, such incorporated elements become canonical.[27]

As for comic book based films, there are two cinematic universes based on Marvel Comics characters, both set within a different continuity. The X-Men film series, which originated in 2000, is the longest-running superhero film franchise to be set within the same continuity. While the Marvel Cinematic Universe has the most films, as well as multiple TV shows that co-exist and share the same continuity. The DC Extended Universe is a movie franchise that encompasses different movies series based on the DC Comics characters, all of them sharing a continuity.

Writer/director Kevin Smith created a fictional universe used in several of his films, as well as comics and a television series: the View Askewniverse,[28] which is named for Smith's production company, View Askew Productions. The characters Jay and Silent Bob (played by Smith) appear in almost all the View Askewniverse media, and characters from one story often reappear or are referred to in others. Recurring characters, settings, and motifs of the View Askewniverse first appeared in Smith's debut film, Clerks, in 1994.

Among the most successful novel-to-film adaptations are the film trilogies of The Hobbit (2012–2014) and The Lord of the Rings (2001–2003), all of which were directed by Peter Jackson, while serving as faithful adaptations of the novels by J. R. R. Tolkien (especially The Lord of the Rings). The first work in the series was The Hobbit novel published in 1937. The novels focused on the hobbits Bilbo Baggins and his nephew Frodo Baggins, as well as the wizard Gandalf, among other species such as dwarves and elves.[29] Videogames taking place between the films of the saga have been produced.[30]

A cinematic universe consisting of films whose titles are the names of songs by Simon and Garfunkel was proposed and publicly discussed by movie creators in 2017.[31] Filmmaker Edgar Wright wrote that the Simon and Garfunkel cinematic universe could begin with his movie Baby Driver and Marc Webb's The Only Living Boy in New York, and Wright suggested creation of a film named So Long, Frank Lloyd Wright.[32] Subsequently, other writers, directors, and actors expressed their interest in making films within the universe, such as Rian Johnson: Keep the Customer Satisfied; Lin-Manuel Miranda: Cecilia; Marc Webb and Dwayne Johnson: I Am a Rock.[33]

Universes in television

This refers to universes that are based on television shows without any films. Television series may lead to a spin-off series set in the same universe, often focusing on a single character from the original. The American sitcom Cheers led to two spin-off series based on its characters, in the form of Frasier and The Tortellis.

A significant example of shared universes among television shows is the Tommy Westphall Universe Hypothesis, which suggests that hundreds of American television series take place in the same universe. It builds from the assumption that when an actor playing a character from one series guest-stars in a second series, in character, both of those series must take place in the same universe. The theory takes its name from a character in the final episode of St. Elsewhere, where the common interpretation of the events of that finale is that the entire St. Elsewhere universe – including all connected series – exist only within Westphall's imagination.[34]

The spin-off media from Doctor Who, known as the "Whoniverse", has relatively little consistency given its division into audio plays produced by Big Finish and the BBC, the New Adventures universe novel, or a universe based on comics published in Doctor Who Magazine and other publications.[35]

Universes in animated films and animated series

Main article: List of fictional universes in animation and comics

The Mickey Mouse universe dates back to the 1930s when the animated cartoon was expanded into a newspaper strip. Although the characters occasionally portray other roles and with other names, the writers address this discrepancy by thinking of the characters as being "employed" by Disney as actors. Walt Disney, when asked whether or not Mickey Mouse and Minnie Mouse were married, replied that the mice were indeed married in their "private li[ves]", but that they sometimes appeared as boyfriend and girlfriend for "screen purposes."[36] The Mickey Mouse universe also includes the Donald Duck universe as a subset.

The Pixar universe is an elaborate fan theory suggesting that all Pixar animated movies take place in the same universe. At the 2015 D23 Expo, during the "Pixar Secrets Revealed" panel, director Mark Andrews rejected the theory, with Inside Out co-director Ronnie del Carmen adding "Do you know what kinds of meetings we'd have to have to make sure all our movies line up?!"[37]

Originating in video games and the Internet

The influence of the Internet on collaborative and interactive fiction has also resulted in a large number of amateur shared universe settings. Amateur authors have created shared universes by contributing to mailing lists, story archives and Usenet. One of the earliest of these settings, SFStory, saw its spin-off setting Superguy cited as illustrative of the potential of the Internet.[38] Another example is the furry-themed Tales from the Blind Pig created at the Transformation Story Archive which some limited publication.[39][40] Other early examples include the Dargon Project, Devilbunnies,[41] and the SCP Foundation.[citation needed].

One of the lesser known, but still widely popular shared universes is the Whateley Academy stories, a series set in a fictional superhero-themed universe detailing the events occurring at the titular mutant school Whateley Academy. The shared universe of these stories originated in 2004, and has attracted a dedicated fanbase from all over the world.[42]

Other

The 2000 musical Seussical presented several works of Dr. Seuss as taking place in the same fictional world.

Hasbro toy products including G.I. Joe and Transformers are considered by their manufacturer to exist fictionally within the Hasbro Universe.

See also

References

  1. ^ Nielsen, Jakob (1995). Multimedia and Hypertext: The Internet and Beyond. Morgan Kaufmann. pp. 120–. ISBN 978-0-12-518408-3. Retrieved August 5, 2015.
  2. ^ Smith, Harvey L. (January 1958). "Contingencies of Professional Differentiation". The American Journal of Sociology. 63 (4): 410. doi:10.1086/222264.
  3. ^ Tannen, Deborah (1987). "Repetition in Conversation: Toward a Poetics of Talk". Language. 63 (63). Language, Vol. 63, No. 3: 574–605. doi:10.2307/415006. JSTOR 415006.
  4. ^ *Blumenthal, David R. (1993). Facing the Abusing God: A Theology of Protest. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 34–. ISBN 978-0-664-25464-3. Retrieved August 5, 2015.
  5. ^ Reynolds, Richard (March 1994). Super Heroes: A Modern Mythology. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-0-87805-694-1.
  6. ^ Magnussen, Anne and Hans-christian Christiansen, eds. (April 2000). Comics & Culture: analytical and theoretical approaches to comics. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 978-87-7289-580-2. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Pustz, Matthew (1999). Comic Book Culture: Fanboys and True Believers. University Press of Mississippi.
  8. ^ Moore, Rebecca C. (April 2005). "All Shapes of Hunger: Teenagers and Fanfiction". Voya.
  9. ^ Jones, Nick (February 2002). "Retcon Tricks". Star Trek Monthly Magazine: 18–21.
  10. ^ a b Burt, Stephen (Winter 2005). ""Blown To Atoms or Reshaped At Will": Recent Books About Comics". College Literature. 32: 166. doi:10.1353/lit.2005.0004.
  11. ^ Scribner, Ted; et al. "Novel Collaborations". Archived from the original on January 10, 2007. Retrieved January 13, 2007.
  12. ^ Niven, Larry (1980). The Ringworld Engineers. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
  13. ^ "Ladies and Gentlemen, Dr. Larry Niven". Slashdot. March 10, 2003. Retrieved January 13, 2007.
  14. ^ Eves, David (September 2005). "1632: About this Site". Retrieved June 14, 2007.
  15. ^ Tierney, Richard L. (September 9, 2004). "The Derleth Mythos". Nightscapes. Retrieved January 14, 2007.
  16. ^ "Following Asimov's Foundation". Cyberhaven. 1999. Archived from the original on August 11, 2007. Retrieved June 14, 2007.
  17. ^ Silver, Steven H. (October 2002). "A Conversation with Lynn Abbey". SF Site. Retrieved June 14, 2007.
  18. ^ Cherryh, C.J. "C.J.Cherryh's Book Order Page". Retrieved January 10, 2007.
  19. ^ Orson Scott Card (1990). How to write science fiction & fantasy. Writer's Digest Books. p. 126.
  20. ^ a b writer, Kit Kiefer. (November 24, 2004). Marvel Encyclopedia Volume 6: Fantastic Four. Marvel Comics. ISBN 978-0-7851-1480-2.
  21. ^ Fowler, Brant W. (June 5, 2006). "Myth Conceptions: 'Summer Blockbusters'". Silver Bullet Comics. Archived from the original on October 26, 2006. Retrieved January 10, 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ Smith, Andy (July 10, 2006). "The Valiant Comics F.A.Q." Sequart. Archived from the original on October 23, 2006. Retrieved January 12, 2007.
  23. ^ Lander, Randy. "Negation War #1". The 4th Rail. Archived from the original on November 20, 2006. Retrieved January 12, 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ "Every James Bond Movie Ever, Ranked Worst To Best". April 16, 2017.
  25. ^ Newitz, Annalee. "Planet of the Apes: A Timeline and an Explanation".
  26. ^ "The Planet of the Apes series is quietly showing the world how to reboot a franchise right". The Verge.
  27. ^ "How Star Wars Mastered the Shared Universe". May 4, 2017.
  28. ^ "The View Askewniverse". The View Askewniverse. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
  29. ^ "Looking back on what made the Lord of the Rings trilogy special, 15 years later".
  30. ^ "Middle-earth: Shadow of War - PlayStation 4 - www.GameInformer.com". www.gameinformer.com.
  31. ^ Holloway, Daniel (May 26, 2017). "Edgar Wright, Dwayne Johnson, Rian Johnson, Marc Webb, Lin-Manuel Miranda Plot Simon & Garfunkel Movie Universe". Variety. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  32. ^ Butler, Will (May 27, 2017). "Edgar Wright, Dwayne Johnson and Star Wars' Rian Johnson plan Simon and Garfunkel movie universe". NME. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  33. ^ Bui, Hoai-Tran (May 29, 2017). "Edgar Wright Recruits Everyone for a Totally Real, Not a Joke Simon and Garfunkel Song Title Universe". Slashfilm. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  34. ^ Gravely, Gary (August 2015). A Multiverse of Narratives: Possible Worlds Theory and Authorship From the Lone Artist to Corporate Authors (Ph.D. thesis). Murfreesboro, TN: Middle Tennessee State University. pp. 166–167. No.3719757 – via ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
  35. ^ "Gary Russell two". BBC. January 1, 2004. Archived from the original on July 21, 2012. Retrieved January 14, 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  36. ^ Holliss, Richard; Brian Sibley (1986). Walt Disney's Mickey Mouse: His Life and Times. New York: Harper & Row. p. 33. ISBN 0-06-015619-8.
  37. ^ "10 Things We Learned from the 'Pixar Secrets Revealed' Panel". Oh My Disney. August 16, 2015. Retrieved August 17, 2015.
  38. ^ Engst, Adam C.; William Dickson (January 15, 1994). Internet Explorer Kit. Hayden Books. ISBN 978-1-56830-089-4. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  39. ^ "Index". Anthro. Retrieved December 3, 2006.
  40. ^ "Stories". TSAT: Transformation Stories, Art, Talk (21). April–May 2002. Retrieved December 3, 2006.
  41. ^ Miller, Steve (July 1994). "alt.pave.the.earth". Wired (2.07). Retrieved May 13, 2007.
  42. ^ Darken, Kristin. "Site - Whateley Academy - Home". whateleyacademy.net. Retrieved March 4, 2018.

Literature

  • James Lowder. Shared Worlds // The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders / Edited by Gary Westfahl. Advisory Board Richard Bleiler, John Clute, Fiona Kelleghan, David Langford, Andy Sawyer, and Darrell Schweitzer. — Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2005. — 1395 pp. ISBN 0-313-32950-8, ISBN 978-0-313-32950-0
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