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Saint Louis Science Center

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Coordinates: 38°37′44″N 90°16′15″W / 38.6289°N 90.2708°W / 38.6289; -90.2708
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Saint Louis Science Center
Saint Louis Science Center Entrance
Map
Established1963
Location5050 Oakland Ave, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
Coordinates38°37′44″N 90°16′15″W / 38.6289°N 90.2708°W / 38.6289; -90.2708
WebsiteSaint Louis Science Center

The Saint Louis Science Center, founded as a planetarium in 1963, is a collection of buildings including a science museum and planetarium in St. Louis, Missouri, on the southeastern corner of Forest Park. With over 750 exhibits in a complex of over 300,000 square feet (28,000 m2), it is among the largest of its type in the country,[1] and according to the Association of Science and Technology Centers, is one of the top 5 science centers in the United States.[2] In 1991, it was the most visited science center in the world.[1] As of 2007, the complex hosts 1.2 million visitors each year, with another 200,000 served through offsite programs at schools and community centers.[3]

Admission to the Science Center is free through a public subsidy from the Metropolitan Zoological Park and Museum District. The Center is one of only two science centers in the United States which offers free general admission.[1]

The Saint Louis Science Center is a member of the Association of Science-Technology Centers(or ASTC) organization.

History

The roots of the Science Center date back to the mid-1800s, when a group of wealthy and well-traveled businessmen founded the Academy of Science of St. Louis in 1856, along with a museum in which to display their collections of cultural artifacts, scientific items, and collected flora and fauna. Over the next century, this grew into a more formal Museum of Science and Natural History which in 1959 was located in Oak Knoll Park in Clayton, Missouri.

The first building of the current complex, the Planetarium, opened in 1963, hosting about 300,000 visitors per year. In 1983, it was combined with an existing Museum of Science and Natural History that had been located in Clayton, Missouri, and the Planetarium was renamed as the Saint Louis Science Center. In 1991, a major expansion increased the size of the facility seven-fold, adding a main building and Omnimax theater across Interstate 64 from the Planetarium. In 1997, an air-supported building, the Exploradome, was added next to the main building, and in 2003, a Community Science Resource Center southeast of the main building was added to the complex. In October, 2011 Boeing Hall opened dedicating 13,000 square feet of exhibit space for traveling exhibitions, effectively replacing the Exploradome. Most recently, the 50,000 square foot area previously used for the EXPLORADOME was renovated into GROW, a permanent indoor/outdoor exhibit dedicated to the experience of the journey of the food supply from farm to fork. The agriculture exhibit opened to the public on June 18, 2016. The northern and southern sections of the Science Center are connected via a pedestrian bridge over the interstate, which also has science exhibits, such as radar guns which visitors can use to investigate traffic patterns.[1][2]

McDonnell Planetarium

The James S. McDonnell Planetarium, built in 1963 and featuring a thin-shell and hyperboloid structure by Gyo Obata. This building is one of the most distinctive components of the Saint Louis Science Center campus

Funding for the first structure of the current campus began in 1955, with $1 million of a $110 million city bond issue specified for the construction of a planetarium. Two years were spent surveying locations. The first proposed site, on the northern side of Forest Park near the Jefferson Memorial Building at Lindell and DeBaliviere, was scrapped because of restrictions on subdivisions. The location was changed to the southern part of the park, on the site of the old mounted police station, which was demolished in 1960. The plan was to build a planetarium, science museum, and natural history museum.[4]

The planetarium in 2005.

The Planetarium was designed by Gyo Obata of Hellmuth, Obata and Kassabaum with a unique shape (Obata was later tasked in the 1970s with designing the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.). Architectural Forum magazine described it as, "Looking like some strange craft spun down to earth from outer space... St. Louis's new planetarium perches gracefully on a rise in ... Forest Park".[4] But the bond funding proved insufficient for construction. James Smith McDonnell (1899–1980), an aviation pioneer and co-founder of St. Louis-based McDonnell Douglas, an aerospace manufacturer, came to the project's rescue, donating $200,000 for equipment such as the star projector. Opening day was April 1, 1963, and the first star show that month had a capacity audience of more than 400. The building was dedicated was on May 30, 1963. Public interest in the space race was high, as John Glenn had become the first American to orbit the Earth in February 1962. The Science Center recorded more than 100,000 visitors in its first four months. On the day that a full-scale replica of the Apollo space capsule was put on display, 3,000 visitors came through the doors. Over the next several years, average attendance was 300,000 per year. The planetarium broke even during its first year, but then lost $30,000 to $50,000 each year, with McDonnell regularly providing funding assistance. The facility was named after him in 1964.[4]

A tradition each year during the holiday season is for the Planetarium's unique hyperboloid structure to be wrapped with a holiday ribbon. It began as a prank in 1970 when students tied a ribbon around the building for Christmas, but it was so popular that the tradition continued, with local businesses donating the funds and materials each year for the Planetarium to be wrapped with a bright red ribbon and a massive bow.[1]

In the 1970s, the planetarium hosted telescope tours on its roof, and in 1975 it ran Laserium shows. In the 1980s, the Planetarium had an Evans & Sutherland Digistar 1 star projector. In 1983, a tax increase was approved for the science museum, and the city sold the planetarium to the museum, then leasing it the land under the building. The Planetarium was closed in 1983 and re-opened after a $3 million renovation on July 20, 1985, as the Saint Louis Science Center.[4] In January 2000 the Planetarium closed for renovations, and it reopened on June 22, 2001, fitted with the world's fourth Zeiss Universarium Mark IX star projector, capable of projecting over 9,000 stars onto a dome 80 feet (24 m) in diameter. The planetarium also contains related exhibits on astronomy, aviation, and space travel.[1][3]

The Planetarium features exhibits on its grounds. The F/A-18B Hornet on display was manufactured in St. Louis at McDonnell-Douglas, now Boeing Defense, Space & Security. F/A-18s were developed in the 1970’s in response to the U.S. military’s requirements for a lightweight fighter jet. The F/A-18B is a dual-seater, twin engine, mid-wing, multi-mission tactical aircraft. In September of 2017, Tom Friedman's dazzling 33 feet-tall stainless steel figure 'Looking Up' went on permanent display outside the Planetarium in the circle drive. The artist originates from St. Louis.

Main building

Dinosaur diorama on the lower level

In 1972, the Science Center in Clayton began to receive funds from sales tax through the Metropolitan Zoological Park and Museum District.[5] In 1983, the St. Louis Museum of Science and Natural History purchased the Planetarium from the city, and closed it for remodeling. On July 20, 1985, the Planetarium reopened as the Saint Louis Science Center.[1] On November 2, 1991, as part of a $34 million expansion, a new building opened across from the Planetarium south of I-64, on Oakland Avenue, increasing the size of the Science Center by a factor of seven. The new building was constructed on land that had previously been the site of the Falstaff Brewing Corporation headquarters.[1] New exhibits in the main building were devoted to Earth science, emerging technology, life sciences, physical science, and chemistry.[1][3] Within two months, the newly remodeled Saint Louis Science Center became the most visited science center in the world.[1]

Designed by E. Verner Johnson and Associates, the new building included an Omnimax, now called IMAX Dome theater, as well as a pedestrian bridge over the interstate 64 highway. The OMNIMAX is a large format, IMAX® 70 mm film projection system. Films are projected onto a giant dome screen with unsurpassed resolution and impact. IMAX film is the largest film frame in motion picture history, 10 times the size of a standard 35 mm frame and three times the size of standard 70 mm frames. In just 45 minutes, the projector moves more than 13,500 feet of film at 24 frames per second. The OMNIMAX sound system surrounds film goers with 14,400 watts and six channels of crystal clear, thunderous audio. The projector houses a water-cooled, 15,000 watt pressurized xenon arc lamp with a light output of more than 600,000 lumens. Thanks to a glass-enclosed projection room, visitors can watch from the theater lobby as the Projectionist loads the projector and elevates it into position.

Exhibitions

On February 8, 1997, an air-supported building was added to the main building, the Exploradome. With an additional 18,000 square feet (1,700 m2), it was intended as a temporary facility for traveling exhibitions, additional classrooms, and to host large group events. Notable exhibits have included shows on the RMS Titanic ocean liner, and Body Worlds, a traveling exhibition of preserved human bodies.[2][3] From October 2011 until May 2012, the main building hosted Star Trek: The Exhibition, a major showcase of Star Trek props, costumes and artifacts, including a full-size bridge from the USS Enterprise.[6]

In 2012, the Exploradome was retired. The exhibit space is now found in Boeing Hall - a 36,000-square-foot exhibit hall that incorporates defining elements of an ultra-modern exhibit hall: clear floor areas and ceiling heights capable of supporting display loads with flexible access to utilities, energy-efficient temperature and humidity controls for the protection of fragile objects, ease of load-out of traveling exhibits, and uncomplicated visitor access while remaining respectful of the existing building façade. [7] The Exploradome was officially removed in June 2013[8] and has since been replaced by an outdoor agriculture exhibit called GROW.[9]

The Saint Louis Science Center was named a Smithsonian Institution Affiliate in 2016. This status provides access to Smithsonian artifacts, traveling exhibitions, and educational collaborations locally and nationally.

“We are very pleased to join the ranks of some very distinguished organizations and institutions across the country,” said Bert Vescolani, president and CEO of the Saint Louis Science Center. “Having the opportunity to share Smithsonian artifacts, including space capsules, aircraft and rare minerals with our visitors will help to spark interest and excitement in science and the important role it plays in our lives.”

Due to the new Smithsonian Affiliate status, in April of 2018 the Science Center will also be hosting “Destination Moon: The Apollo 11 Mission,”[10] a special exhibition from the Smithsonian’s National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C. It is one of four science museums nationwide to host “Destination Moon: The Apollo 11 Mission,” a traveling exhibition from the Smithsonian’s National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C. The exhibition will feature the Apollo 11 command module Columbia, marking the first time in 46 years the module has left the museum, as well as 20 artifacts from the historic mission. After the exhibition tour, the artifacts will return to the Smithsonian for a new exhibition, also titled “Destination Moon,” which will open in 2020. [11]

Taylor Community Science Resource Center

The Taylor Community Science Resource Center opened in 2003. The building was donated by Jack Taylor, founder of Enterprise Rent-A-Car and houses programs such as the YES Program, a mentoring program for urban teens. YES teens are chosen through community partners who provide technical and developmental skills to youth throughout the St. Louis area. The teens interact directly with these organizations and community partner members to facilitate science events as well as participate in meaningful internships.[12] The TCSRC also houses administrative offices for several departments at the science center.

Admission and Permanent Exhibits

Energizer Ball Machine in lobby of main building

The main building consists of four levels. The Ecology and Environment Gallery is located on the lower level along with meeting rooms, CenterStage, the Dana Brown Fossil Prep Lab and Dig Site, a dinosaur habitat, and May Hall.

The first floor contains the Life Science Lab, the main entrance, ExploreStore gift shop, food court, Energizer human hamster wheel that powers the Energizer Ball Machine, access to the outdoor GROW exhibit, and Boeing Exhibit Hall entrance.

On the second floor there is an interactive, community-oriented spaces where you can create and learn skills using a variety of different tools and materials, called Makerspace. There is also the Structures Gallery featuring build-your-own-arch, the Discovery Room for young children and their parents, and the Omnimax Movie Theater. The Third floor of the Main building leads to the handicap entrance to the Omnimax theater, it's main exit, and private offices.

In the bridge-tunnel connecting the main building to the Planetarium, there is a Flight! Gallery.[1] A visitor can choose to ride in The Pulseworks Simulator which allows you to board an eight-seat, high-tech simulator that will transform the world around you into a variety of scenarios or the I-360 Interactive Flight Simulator; a two-person flight simulation that allows the "pilot" to be completely in control of the entire experience while the "gunner" locks on targets and takes down enemies.

All three floors of the main building showcase the Energizer Ball Machine, which is three stories high.

In June 2016 an acre of exhibit space, located on the site of the Exploradome, reopened as GROW. GROW is a one-of-a-kind permanent indoor/outdoor gallery dedicated to the experience of the journey of our food supply from farm to table. This immersive and hands-on destination shows visitors the role that each of us plays in the stewardship of our food supply. It is the largest expansion of the Science Center in 25 years. At the heart of the exhibit is a 5,000-square-foot pavilion designed by St. Louis-based Arcturis[13] in collaboration with HOK founder Gyo Obata. Obata is also the designer of the James S. McDonnell Planetarium.

SciFest

In 2008, St. Louis and the Saint Louis Science Center won a national competition to host SciFest, an International Science Festival. It has since returned in 2017.[14]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Altman, Sally; Weiss, Richard (2007). The Jewel of St. Louis: Forest Park. Marceline, Missouri: Walsworth Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-9796054-1-3.
  2. ^ a b c Craske, Oliver; Peacock, Sarah; Shoolbred, Andrew (2007). Forest Park, Saint Louis. Scala Publishers. ISBN 978-1-85759-340-2.
  3. ^ a b c d Corrigan, Patricia (2007). Bringing Science to Life: A Guide from the Saint Louis Science Center. Virginia Publishing Co. ISBN 978-1-933370-16-3.
  4. ^ a b c d Loughlin, Caroline; Anderson, Catherine (1986). Forest Park. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. p. 207–209. ISBN 0-9638298-0-7.
  5. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-01-25. Retrieved 2009-12-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  6. ^ "Star Trek: The Exhibition opened at Saint Louis Science Center". Saint Louis Science Center. September 22, 2011. Retrieved October 23, 2011.
  7. ^ https://alberici.com/projects/stl-science-center-boeing-hall/
  8. ^ KSDK (12 June 2013). "Exploradome set to be removed this month". KSDK.com. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
  9. ^ "GROW: Explore the Journey of Food!". GROW. Saint Louis Science Center. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
  10. ^ https://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/destination-moon
  11. ^ https://www.slsc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/destination_moon_-_stl_press_release_-_final-1.pdf
  12. ^ https://www.youthexploringscience.com/
  13. ^ http://www.arcturis.com/
  14. ^ [1]
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