Steel design
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Steel design, or more specifically, structural steel design, is an area of knowledge of structural engineering used to design steel structures. The structures can range from schools to homes to bridges.
In structural engineering, a structure is a body or combination of pieces of rigid bodies in space to form a fitness system for supporting loads. Structures such as buildings, bridges, aircraft and ships are all examples under steel structure. The effects of loads on structures are determined through structural analysis. Steel structure is steel construction material, a profile, formed with a specific shape or cross section and certain standards of chemical composition and mechanical properties.
There are currently two common methods of steel design: The first method is the Allowable Strength Design (ASD) method. The second is the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) method. Both use a strength, or ultimate level design approach. [1]
Load combination equations
Allowable Strength Design
For ASD, the required strength, Ra, is determined from the following load combinations (according to the AISC SCM, 13 ed.) and:[2]
D + F
D + H + F + L + T
D + H + F + (Lr or S or R)
D + H + F + 0.75(L + T) + 0.75(Lr or S or R)
D + H + F ± (0.6W or 0.7E)
D + H + F + (0.75W or 0.7E) + 0.75L + 0.75(Lr or S or R)
0.6D + 0.6W
0.6D ± 0.7E
where:
- D = dead load,
- Di = weight of Ice,
- E = earthquake load,
- F = load due to fluids with well-defined pressures and maximum heights,
- Fa = flood load,
- H = load due to lateral earth pressure, ground water pressure, or pressure of bulk materials,
- L = live load due to occupancy,
- Lr = roof live load,
- S = snow load,
- R = nominal load due to initial rainwater or ice, exclusive of the ponding contribution,
- T = self straining load,
- W = wind load,
- Wi = wind on ice..
Special Provisions exist for accounting flood loads and atmospheric loads i.e. Di and Wi
Note that Allowable Strength Design is NOT equivalent to Allowable Stress Design, as governed by AISC 9th Edition. Allowable Strength Design still uses a strength, or ultimate level, design approach.
Load and Resistance Factor Design
For LRFD, the required strength, Ru, is determined from the following factored load combinations:
1.4(D + F)
1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (L or 0.8W)
1.2D + 1.0W + L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
1.2D ± 1.0E + L + 0.2S + 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H
0.9D + 1.6 H ± (1.6W or 1.0E)
where the letters for the loads are the same as for ASD.
For the wind consideration, the ASCE allows a "position correction factor" which turns the coefficient of wind action to 1.36:
1.2D + 1.36W + .... the same above or 0.9D - 1.36W
AISC Steel Construction Manual
The American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), Inc. publishes the Steel Construction Manual (Steel construction manual, or SCM), which is currently in its 15th edition. Structural engineers use this manual in analyzing, and designing various steel structures. Some of the chapters of the book are as follows.
- Dimensions and properties of various types of steel sections available on the market (W, S, C, WT, HSS, etc.)
- General Design Considerations
- Design of Flexural Members
- Design of Compression Members
- Design of Tension members
- Design of Members Subject to Combined Loading
- Design Consideration for Bolts
- Design Considerations for Welds
- Design of Connecting Elements
- Design of Simple Shear Connections
- Design of Flexure Moment Connections
- Design of Fully Restrained (FR) Moment Connections
- Design of Bracing Connections and Truss Connections
- Design of Beam Bearing Plates, Column Base Plates, Anchor Rods, and Column Splices
- Design of Hanger Connections, Bracket Plates, and Crane-Rail Connections
- General Nomenclature
- Specification and Commentary for Structural Steel Buildings
- RCSC Specification and Commentary for Structural Joints Using High-Strength Bolts
- Code of Standard Practice and Commentary for Structural Steel Buildings and Bridges
- Miscellaneous Data and Mathematical Information
CISC Handbook of Steel Construction
Canadian Institute of Steel Construction publishes the "CISC Handbook of steel Construction". CISC is a national industry organization representing the structural steel, open-web steel joist and steel plate fabrication industries in Canada. It serves the same purpose as the AISC manual, but conforms with Canadian standards.
References
- ^ Steel Construction Manual (13th ed.). American Institute of Steel Construction. 2006. ISBN 1-56424-055-X.
- ^ http://peer.berkeley.edu/~yang/courses/ce248/CE248_CN_Loading_and_Gravity_loads.pdf