List of Florida hurricanes
The List of Florida hurricanes encompasses approximately 500 tropical or subtropical cyclones that affected the state of Florida. More storms hit Florida than any other U.S. state,[1] and since 1851 only eighteen hurricane seasons passed without a known storm impacting the state. Collectively, cyclones that hit the region have resulted in over 10,000 deaths, most of which occurring prior to the start of Hurricane Hunters flights in 1943. Additionally, the cumulative impact from the storms totaled over $141 billion in damage (2017 USD), primarily from Hurricane Andrew, Hurricane Irma and hurricanes in the 2004 and 2005 seasons.
Climatology
| Most intense landfalling tropical cyclones in the United States Intensity is measured solely by central pressure | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | System | Season | Landfall pressure |
| 1 | "Labor Day" | 1935 | 892 mbar (hPa) |
| 2 | Camille | 1969 | 900 mbar (hPa) |
| Yutu | 2018 | ||
| 4 | Michael | 2018 | 919 mbar (hPa) |
| 5 | Katrina | 2005 | 920 mbar (hPa) |
| Maria | 2017 | ||
| 7 | Andrew | 1992 | 922 mbar (hPa) |
| 8 | "Indianola" | 1886 | 925 mbar (hPa) |
| 9 | "Guam" | 1900 | 926 mbar (hPa) |
| 10 | "Florida Keys" | 1919 | 927 mbar (hPa) |
| Source: HURDAT,[2] Hurricane Research Division[3] | |||
Tropical cyclones have affected Florida in every month of the year with the exceptions of January and March. Nearly one-third of the cyclones affected the state in September, and nearly three-fourths of the storms affected the state between August and October, which coincides with the peak of the hurricane season. Portions of the coastline have the lowest return period, or the frequency at which a certain intensity or category of hurricane can be expected within 86 mi (139 km) of a given location, in the country. Monroe County was struck by 26 hurricanes since 1926, which is the greatest total for any county in the United States.[4]
In a Monthly Weather Review paper published in 1934, the U.S. Weather Bureau recognized Key West and Pensacola as the most hurricane-prone cities in the state; Key West experiences both storms developing from the western Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, while Pensacola has received hurricanes crossing the state as well as storms recurving in the northern Gulf of Mexico.[5] The earliest storm to affect the state was the 1952 Groundhog Day Tropical Storm, and the latest storm to impact the state was a hurricane making landfall on December 1, 1925.
The strongest tropical cyclone to make landfall on the state was the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935, which crossed the Florida Keys with a pressure of 892 mbar (hPa; 26.35 inHg); it is also the strongest hurricane on record to strike the United States. Out of the ten most intense landfalling United States hurricanes, four struck Florida at peak strength.[2]
Pre-1900
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The first recorded tropical cyclone to affect the area that is now the state of Florida occurred in 1523, when two ships and their crews were lost along the western coastline.[6] A total 159 hurricanes are known to have affected the state prior to 1900, which collectively resulted in at least 6,504 fatalities and monetary damage of over $102 million (2017 USD). Additionally, at least 109 boats or ships were either driven ashore, wrecked, or damaged due to the storms. A strong hurricane struck northwest Florida on May 28, 1863, and is the earliest landfall during the year known in the US.[7]
Information is sparse for earlier years due to limitations in tropical cyclone observation, though as coastlines became more populated, more data became available. The National Hurricane Center recognizes the uncertainty in both the death tolls and the dates of the events.[8]
1900–1949
In the period between 1900 and 1949, 108 tropical cyclones affected the state, which collectively resulted in about $4.5 billion (2017 USD) in damage. Additionally, tropical cyclones in Florida were directly responsible for about 3,500 fatalities during the period, most of which from the 1928 Okeechobee Hurricane. The 1947 season was the year with the most tropical cyclones affecting the state, with a total of 6 systems. The 1905, 1908, 1913, 1927, 1931, 1942, and 1943 seasons were the only years during the period in which a storm did not affect the state.
The strongest hurricane to hit the state during the period was the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935, which is the strongest hurricane on record to strike the United States.[9] Several other major hurricanes struck the state during the period, including the 1926 Miami Hurricane, the 1928 Okeechobee Hurricane, and a cyclone each in 1945 and 1949 which made landfall as a Category 4 hurricane.
1950–1974
In the period between 1950 and 1974, 85 tropical or subtropical cyclones impacted the state, which collectively resulted in about $7 billion (2017 USD) in damage, primarily from Hurricanes Donna and Dora. Additionally, the storms were directly responsible for 93 fatalities and indirectly for 23 more deaths. Several tropical cyclones produced over 20 inches (500 mm) of rainfall in the state, including Hurricane Easy, which is the highest total during the period. The 1969 season was the year with the most tropical cyclones affecting the state, with a total of 8 systems. The 1954 and 1967 seasons were the only years during the period in which a storm did not affect the state.
The strongest hurricane to hit the state during the period was Hurricane Donna, which was the 8th strongest hurricane on record to strike the United States.[9] Additionally, Hurricanes Easy, King, Cleo, Isbell, and Betsy hit the state as major hurricanes.
1975–1999
In the period between 1975 and 1999, 83 tropical or subtropical cyclones affected the state, which collectively resulted in $51.1 billion (2017 USD) in damage, primarily from Hurricane Andrew, and 54 direct casualties. The 1985 season was the year with the most tropical cyclones affecting the state, with a total of 8 systems. Every year included at least 1 tropical cyclone affecting the state. The strongest hurricane to hit the state during the period was Hurricane Andrew, which was one of only three Category 5 hurricanes to strike the United States. Andrew, at the time, was the costliest tropical cyclone in United States history and remains the sixth-costliest. Additionally, Hurricanes Eloise, David, and Opal hit the state as major hurricanes.
2000–present
The period from 2000 to the present was marked by several devastating North Atlantic hurricanes; as of 2017[update], 79 tropical or subtropical cyclones have affected the U.S. state of Florida. Collectively, cyclones in Florida over that period resulted in over $173 billion in damage, most of it from Hurricane Irma.[10] Additionally, tropical cyclones in Florida were responsible for 156 direct fatalities and at least 92 indirect ones during the period. Eight cyclones affected the state in both 2004 and 2005, which were the years with the most tropical cyclones impacting the state. Every year included at least one tropical cyclone affecting the state.
The strongest hurricane to hit the state during the period was Hurricane Charley, which was the strongest hurricane to strike the United States since Hurricane Andrew. Additionally, hurricanes Jeanne, Dennis, Wilma, and Irma made landfall on the state as major hurricanes.
Florida major hurricanes
The following major hurricanes either made landfall on the state as a major hurricane or brought winds of Category 3 status to the state. For storms that made landfall twice or more, the maximum sustained wind speed, and hence the highest Saffir-Simpson category, at the strongest landfall is listed. Only the landfalls at major hurricane intensity are listed. A * indicates that the storm made landfall outside Florida, but brought winds of major hurricane intensity to part of the state. Storms are listed since 1851, which is the official start of the Atlantic hurricane database.[2][3] Originally, hurricanes were classified by central pressure in the 20th century;[3][11] however, modern practices quantify storm intensities by maximum sustained winds.[12] United States hurricanes are still classified by central pressure from 1921–1979;[3][11] therefore, the maximum sustained winds in the Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT) are utilized for storms from 1921–1979,[2] since this period has not been reanalyzed by the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project.[13]
| Storm | Saffir-Simpson Category |
Date of landfall | Year | Landfall Intensity (in knots) |
Landfall Location |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Great Middle Florida | 3 | August 23 | 1851 | 100 | Panama City |
| Unnamed | 3 | August 17 | 1871 | 100 | Jupiter Island |
| Unnamed | 3 | October 7 | 1873 | 100 | Captiva Island |
| Unnamed | 3 | October 3 | 1877 | 100 | Panama City |
| Unnamed | 3 | September 10 | 1882 | 100 | Navarre |
| Unnamed | 3 | August 16 | 1888 | 110 | Miami Beach |
| Unnamed | 3 | October 9 | 1894 | 105 | Panama City |
| Unnamed | 3 | September 10 | 1896 | 110 | Cedar Key |
| Unnamed | 3 | October 18 | 1906 | 105 | Marathon (1st landfall)/ Near Flamingo (2nd landfall) |
| Unnamed | 3 | October 11 | 1909 | 100 | Marathon |
| Unnamed | 3 | September 29 | 1917 | 100 | Okaloosa County (Ft. Walton Beach) |
| Unnamed | 4 | September 10 | 1919 | 130 | Dry Tortugas |
| Great Miami | 4 | September 18–20 | 1926 | 125 | Palmetto Bay (1st landfall)/ Orange Beach, AL (2nd landfall)* |
| Okeechobee | 4 | September 17 | 1928 | 125 | Palm Beach |
| Unnamed | 3 | September 4 | 1933 | 110 | Jupiter |
| Labor Day | 5 | September 3 | 1935 | 160 | Craig Key |
| Unnamed | 3 | October 18 | 1944 | 105 | Dry Tortugas |
| Unnamed | 4 | September 15 | 1945 | 115 | North Key Largo (1st landfall)/ Florida City (2nd landfall) |
| Unnamed | 4 | September 17 | 1947 | 115 | Port Everglades (Ft. Lauderdale) |
| Unnamed | 4 | September 21–22 | 1948 | 115 | Saddlebunch Keys (1st landfall)/ Near Chokoloskee (2nd landfall) |
| Unnamed | 4 | August 26 | 1949 | 115 | Lantana/ Lake Worth |
| Easy | 3 | September 5 | 1950 | 105 | Near Cedar Key |
| King | 4 | October 18 | 1950 | 115 | Downtown Miami |
| Donna | 4 | September 10 | 1960 | 115 | Conch Key (1st landfall)/ Near Naples (2nd landfall) |
| Betsy | 3 | September 8 | 1965 | 110 | Tavernier |
| Eloise | 3 | September 23 | 1975 | 110 | Bay County |
| Elena | 3 | September 2 | 1985 | 100 | Gulfport, MS* |
| Andrew | 5 | August 24 | 1992 | 145 | Elliott Key (1st landfall)/ Near Homestead (2nd landfall) |
| Opal | 3 | October 4 | 1995 | 100 | Pensacola Beach |
| Charley | 4 | August 13 | 2004 | 130 | Cayo Costa (1st landfall)/ Near Punta Gorda (2nd landfall) |
| Ivan | 3 | September 16 | 2004 | 105 | Near Gulf Shores, AL* |
| Jeanne | 3 | September 26 | 2004 | 105 | Hutchinson Island |
| Dennis | 3 | July 10 | 2005 | 105 | Santa Rosa Island |
| Wilma | 3 | October 24 | 2005 | 105 | Cape Romano |
| Irma | 4 | September 10 | 2017 | 115 | Cudjoe Key (1st landfall)/ Marco Island (2nd landfall) |
Deadliest storms
The following is a list of hurricanes with 100 or more deaths in the state.
| Name | Year | Number of deaths |
|---|---|---|
| "Okeechobee" | 1928 | 2,500+ |
| Unnamed | 1781 | 2,000 |
| Unnamed | 1622 | 1,090 |
| Unnamed | Around 1553 | 700 |
| Unnamed | 1553 | <700 |
| Unnamed | 1559 | 500 |
| Unnamed | 1559 | ~500 |
| Unnamed | 1683 | 496 |
| "Labor Day" | 1935 | 409 |
| "Miami" | 1926 | 372 |
| Unnamed | 1563 | 284 |
| "Florida Keys" | 1906 | 240 |
Paths of Florida Hurricanes, 1916-2015
Lazaro Gamio of the Washington Post created a series of maps depicting the paths of all hurricanes to impact Florida from 1916 to 2015.[14]
See also
- Atlantic hurricane
- Climate of Florida
- List of Atlantic hurricane seasons
- List of Atlantic hurricanes
- List of wettest known tropical cyclones in Florida
- Tropical cyclone
References
- ^ "After Great Hurricane of 1896". World Digital Library. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
- ^ a b c d "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 5, 2023. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ a b c d Landsea, Chris; Anderson, Craig; Bredemeyer, William; et al. (January 2022). Continental United States Hurricanes (Detailed Description). Re-Analysis Project (Report). Miami, Florida: Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Hurricane Research Division. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
- ^ National Hurricane Center (2006). "Tropical Cyclone Climatology". Retrieved 2007-10-02.
- ^ Richard Gray (1933). "Florida Hurricanes" (PDF). U.S. Weather Bureau. Retrieved 2007-10-02.
- ^ Edward N. Rappaport; Jose Fernandez-Partagas; Jack Beven (1997). "The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492-1996: Cyclones that may have caused 25+ deaths". NOAA. Retrieved 2007-01-02.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|last-author-amp=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help) - ^ Chenoweth, M.; C.J. Mock (2013). "Hurricane "Amanda": Rediscovery of a Forgotten U.S. Civil War Florida Hurricane". Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 94 (11): 1735–42. Bibcode:2013BAMS...94.1735C. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00171.1.
- ^ Edward N. Rappaport; Jose Fernandez-Partagas (1995). "Notes to the Appendices for the Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492-1996". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-02-02.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|lastauthoramp=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Eric S. Blake; Edward N. Rappaport; Christopher W. Landsea (April 2007). "THE DEADLIEST, COSTLIEST, AND MOST INTENSE UNITED STATES TROPICAL CYCLONES FROM 1851 TO 2006 (AND OTHER FREQUENTLY REQUESTED HURRICANE FACTS)" (PDF). p. 26. Retrieved 2007-04-11.
- ^ Weather Underground. "Hurricane and Tropical Cyclones" (web).
- ^ a b Jarrell, Jerry D.; et al. (1992). "Hurricane Experience Levels of Coastal County Populations from Texas to Maine" (PDF). NOAA. Retrieved 2008-11-22.
- ^ Landsea, Christopher W.; et al. (2007). "A Reanalysis of the 1911–20 Atlantic Hurricane Database" (PDF). Journal of Climate. Retrieved 2008-11-22.
- ^ Atlantic Hurricane Research Division. "Re-Analysis Project". Retrieved 2008-11-22.
- ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/national/one-hundred-years-of-hurricanes/
Further reading
- Barnes, Jay (2007). Florida's Hurricane History. Chapel Hill Press. ISBN 0-8078-3068-2.