Jump to content

List of massacres in India

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 50.115.207.97 (talk) at 20:18, 12 April 2018 (→Pre-colonial India). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

For other topics with similar names, see Indian massacre (disambiguation).

A massacre is the deliberate slaughter of members of one group by one or more members of another more powerful group. A massacre may be indiscriminate or highly methodical in application. A massacre is a single event, though it may occur during the course of an extended military campaign or war. A massacre is separate from a battle (an event in which opposing sides fight), but may follow in its immediate aftermath, when one side has surrendered or lost the ability to fight, yet the victors persist in killing their opponents.

SIKHS were killed.

Colonial India

Name/Place Date Location Deaths Notes Reference(s)
Massacres by General Neill June–July 1857 Allahabad, Kanpur and surrounding areas, Company rule in India Thousands of Indian mutineers, suspected rebels and civilians The massacres at Allahabad took place before the Bibighar massacre; the ones at Kanpur after it [1]
Delhi Palace, peepal tree massacre 16 May 1857 Delhi, Company rule in India ~ 40 - 52 Europeans Bahadur Shah's palace servants executed the European civilians captured in the previous day's riots.
Siege of Cawnpore, 5–25 June 1857 Cawnpore, Company rule in India ~ 1,000 Europeans soldiers, merchants, engineers, their wives and children, along with the East India Company sepoys, who were either Christian or refused to mutiny, and join Nana Sahib
Satichaura Ghat massacre 27 June 1857 Kanpur, Company rule in India ~ 200 British officers Massacre by Nana Sahib's forces [2]
Bibighar massacre 15 July 1857 Kanpur, Company rule in India ~ 200 British women and children The victims were prisoners under Nana Sahib's forces. The massacre was carried out by a group of butchers, but who ordered it remains unclear. [3]
Kuka (Namdhari) massacre at Malerkotla 17–18 January 1872 Malerkotla, Punjab, British Raj ~ 65 Kuka (Namdhari) Killed Mr. Cowan (the Deputy Commissioner of Ludhiana) and Mr. Forsyth (the Commissioner of Ambala) ordered the Namdharis to be blown away with guns, without any trial, on 17 and 18 January 1872 respectively. [4]
Jallianwala Bagh massacre 13 April 1919 Amritsar, Punjab, British Raj 379-381 dead, ~1,100 mostly Sikhs, some Muslims and Hindus injured Reginald Edward Harry Dyer ordered a unit of the British Indian Army to open fire on a unarmed, nonviolent group of protesters, along with Baishakhi pilgrims.
Moplah Rebellion Oct 1921 Malabar, Kerala, British Raj 2,337–10,000 Hindus (100,000 Hindus permanently migrated). Khilafat Movement considered as main cause.
Kohat riots 9–11 September 1924 Kohat, North-West Frontier Province, British Raj 155 Hindus and Sikhs were killed (100,000 Hindus permanently migrated).
Calcutta riots 15 July 1926 Calcutta, Bengal, British Raj 100+ dead, 200+ injured A Muslim mob attacked a Hindu possession, later broken up by a mounted Police charge on the Muslim rioters. [5]
United Provinces riots 1923 to 1927 United Provinces, British Raj thousands dead and injured 88 separate communal riots, including the: 4 September 1927 Nagpur riots, 3–7 May 1927 Lahore, November 1927 Lahore. [6][7][8]
Nagpur riots 4 September 1927 Nagpur, Bombay Presidency, British Raj 22 killed, 100+ injured
Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre 23 April 1930 Peshawar, British Raj 1 British Indian Army dispatch rider, and ~ 20 - 230 protesters After a British Indian Army despatch rider was killed and burned in the Bizarre two armoured cars were ordered to drive in and open fire on the protesters.
Calcutta Riots 15 August – 17 September 1946 West Bengal, British Raj 7,000 to 10,000 Hindus and Muslims. Hindus and Muslims clashed during a protest by All India Muslim League termed as Direct Action Day. [9]
Noakhali riots September–October 1946 East Bengal, British Raj 5,000 Hindus Muslim community attacked Hindu community for seizing wealth and forced conversion to Islam. Around 1,50,000 to 750,000 survivors were sheltered in temporary relief camps [10][11][12]
Bihar Massacre 30 October – 7 November 1946 Bihar, British Raj 2,000–3,000 Muslims By Hindus in reaction to Noakhali riots [13]
Garhmukteshwar Anti-Muslim Violence November 1946 United Provinces, British Raj at least 214 Muslims Partition of the country into India and Pakistan was looming. [14]
Partition of India 1947 Punjab, Delhi and Sindh, British Raj, Dominion of India and Dominion of Pakistan ~ 200,000 - 2,000,000 people Massacre of Sikhs and Hindus by Muslims in West Punjab and of Muslims by Sikhs and Hindus in East Punjab. The communal violence resulted in the murder of 20,000–25,000 Muslims in Delhi by Hindus. UNHCR estimates 14 million were displaced by the violence.
[15][16][17][18]

Independent India

Name/Place Date Location Deaths Notes Reference(s)
Jammu massacres September to November 1947 Jammu Division, Jammu and Kashmir (princely state) 20,000–100,000 Muslims[19][20]

200,000+ Hindus and Sikhs[21][22][23]

Anti-Brahmin riots of 1948 January 1948 Paschim Maharashtra Unknown Post the Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi on 30 January 1948, at the hands of Nathuram Godse, a Chitpavan Brahmin, there were heavy reprisals on the community by Congress supporters in notable regions of Western Maharashtra like Pune, Satara, Kolhapur, Sangli, Ahmednagar, Solapur. Pre-existing social tensions between the castes, resentment among non-Brahmins, especially Marathas, towards the socio-political dominance of Brahmins in the region was said to be a major cause. Aspects of the violence included arson, looting of Brahmin households, assaults on Brahmins, the nature of which turned fatal in numerous instances. [24][25]
Hyderabad massacre of 1948 1948 Hyderabad State 27,000 - 40,000 Muslims killed[26] Massacred by Hindus, and Indian army, as army and police unarmed Muslims in the state but let the Hindus keep their weapons after the Nizam was defeated. [26]
Kilvenmani massacre 25 December 1968 Nagapattinam Tamil Nadu 44 killed Striking agricultural workers murdered by a gang, allegedly by their landlords.
1969 Gujarat riots 1969 Gujarat Officially 660 total; 430 Muslims, 24 Hindus, 58 others/unidentified casualties Hindu-Muslim riots. 1074 injured and over 48,000 lost their property. Unofficial reports claim as high as 2000 deaths. Muslim community suffered the majority of the losses. Out of the 512 deaths reported in the police complaints, 430 were Muslims. Property worth 42 million rupees destroyed during the riots, with Muslims losing 32 million worth of property. [27][28][29]
Turkman gate demolition and rioting 1976 Delhi Officially 6, unofficially 15 killed by police (nearly all Muslims). Killing of Delhi residents who refused to move residence. [30]
Marichjhapi incident January 31, 1979 West Bengal Official figures 2, Hindustan Times quotes 50 to 1000 Hindu refugees. Actual numbers estimated to be around 3000-5000. Killing of refugees who came from East Pakistan. [31]
Moradabad riots 1980 Uttar Pradesh Officially 400; unofficial estimates as high as 2500. Started as a Muslim-Police conflict; later turned into a Hindu-Muslim riot. [32]
Mandai massacre 1980 Tripura 255-500 Bengali Hindu refugees [33]
Nellie massacre 18 February 1983 Assam 2,191 Bengali Muslims In Assam [34]
Train Passenger massacre I (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab) 23 February 1984 Punjab 11 Hindus
1984 anti-Sikh riots 31 October – 4 November 1984 Primarily Delhi but also other parts of India 2,800 to 8,000 Sikhs all over India Series of pogroms by Congress supporters after Assassination of Indira Gandhi.
Hondh-Chillar massacre (part of the 1984 anti-Sikh massacres) 2 November 1984 Hondh-Chillar, Haryana 32 Sikhs Rioting by Indian National Congress Party members after Assassination of Indira Gandhi.
Desri Ground massacre (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab) 28 March 1986 Ludhiana, Punjab 13 Hindus
Mallian massacre (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab) 29 March 1986 Jalandhar, Punjab 20 Hindu labourers
Bus Passenger massacre III (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab) 25 July 1986 Mukatsar, Punjab 15 Hindus
Bus Passenger massacre IV (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab) 30 November 1986 Khudda, Punjab 24 Hindus
Hashimpura massacre 22 May 1987 Meerut, Uttar Pradesh 42 Muslims
Bus Passenger massacre V (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab) July 1987 Fatehbad, Haryana 80 Hindus
Jagdev Kalan massacre (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab) 6 August 1987 Punjab 13 Hindus
Rajbah massacre (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab) 31 March 1988 Punjab 18 Hindus belonging to 1 family
Rajbah massacre (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab) 31 March 1988 Punjab 18 Hindus belonging to 1 family
Train Passenger massacre II (part of the 1991 Punjab killings) 15 June 1988 Ludhiana, Punjab 80 (mostly Hindus)
Train Passenger massacre III (part of the 1991 Punjab killings) December 1988 Ludhiana, Punjab 49 (mostly Hindus)
Hazaribagh massacre September 1989 Hazaribag 53 Hindus and 20 Muslims
Bhagalpur riots October 1989 Bhagalpur, Bihar The total dead numbered around 1000, around 900 were Muslims; it was difficult to establish the religious identity of other victims. Two false rumors about the killing of Hindu students started circulating: one rumor stated that nearly 200 Hindu university students had been killed by the Muslims, while another rumor stated that 31 Hindu boys had been murdered with their bodies dumped in a well at the Sanskrit College.
1990 Kashmiri Hindus killings 1990s Kashmir Valley 5000 Hindus Large numbers had fled since 1989 to escape targeted killings and abductions. 219 were killed from 1989 to 2004 according to government of Jammu and Kashmir, while an organization of the community in Kashmir carried out a survey whose data stated that 399 had been killed since 1990 with an estimated 75% killed in 1990 alone. [35][36]

[37][38]

Gawakadal massacre 20 January 1990 Srinagar, Kashmir 50 Kashmiri Protestors Indian Forces opened fire, with heavy guns, on a group of Kashmiri protesters, who were pelting stones at the police
Ayodhya police firing October 30, 1990 Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh 16 Hindus (official figure) Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Mulayam Singh Yadav ordered the police to open fire on kar sevaks who reached Ayodhya. The dead bodies were allegedly thrown in Saryu river. [39][40][41]
1991 Anti-Tamil violence of Karnataka 12–13 December 1991 Mainly Bangalore, Mysore but also other parts of southern Karnataka 18 Tamils Response to anti-Kannada activities by Tamils in Bengaluru Nagara district.
Bombay Riots December 1992 – January 1993 Mumbai 575 Muslims, 275 Hindus, 45 unknown and 5 others Hindu-Muslim communal riot as an effect of Demolition of Babri Masjid in Ayodhya.
Sopore massacre 6 January 1993 Sopore, Kashmir 55 Kashmiri students Security forces fired on procession.
Bijbehara Massacre October 22, 1993 Bijbehara, Kashmir 55 Kashmiri protestors Indian armed forces fired upon unarmed Kashmiri protestors resulting in 55 civilian deaths.
1997 Ramabai killings 11 July 1997 Ramabai colony, Mumbai 10 people of the Dalit caste A team of State Reserve Police Force members fired upon a crowd protesting the recent desecration of a statue of Dalit activist B. R. Ambedkar.
Laxmanpur Bathe massacre 1 December 1997 Arwal district, Bihar 58 people of the Dalit caste Upper caste Ranvir Sena enter village at night and kill 58 Dalits, were sympathizers of the Maoists behind the killing of 37 upper caste men in Bara in Gaya district in 1992. [42]
1998 Wandhama massacre 25 January 1998 Wandhama, Jammu and Kashmir 23 Kashmiri Pandit Unknown terrorists
1998 Prankote massacre 17 April 1998 Jammu and Kashmir 26 Hindus
1998 Chapnari massacre 19 June 1998 Chapnari, Jammu and Kashmir 25 Hindus Allegedly perpetrated by Pakistani-backed insurgents.
1998 Chamba massacre 3 August 1998 Chamba district, Himachal Pradesh 35 Hindus Communal riots
Chittisinghpura massacre 20 March 2000 Chittisinghpura, Anantnag district, Jammu and Kashmir 36 Sikhs Attack by Islamic militant group
Gouranga Tilla massacre 2000 Tripura 16 non-tribal Hindus [43]
Bagber massacre 20 May 2000 Tripura 25 non-tribal Hindus [43]
Nanoor massacre 27 July 2000 West Bengal 11 labourers
2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre 1 August 2000 Jammu and Kashmir 30 (Hindu pilgrims) Attack by Muslim terrorists
2001 Kishtwar massacre 3 August 2001 Jammu and Kashmir 19 Hindus Attack by Muslim terrorists
Godhra massacre 27 February 2002 Godhra, Gujarat 59 Hindus Hindu passengers (mostly women and children) burnt alive and pelted with rocks in a train fire by radical Muslim mob of 200 surrounding the train. The commission set up by the Government of Gujarat to investigate the train burning spent 6 years going over the details of the case, and concluded that the fire was arson committed by a mob of 1000–2000 people. A court convicted 31 Muslims for the incident and the conspiracy for the crime. Along with the fact the mob purposefully attacked the train in an act of premeditated murder. [44][45][46]
2002 Gujarat Violence 28 February 2002 Ahmedabad 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus killed, 223 reported missing, 2,500 injured Communal violence [47]
Gulbarg Society massacre (part of the 2002 Gujarat violence) 28 February 2002 Ahmedabad 69 (mostly Muslims)
Naroda Patiya massacre (part of the 2002 Gujarat violence) 28 February 2002 Naroda, Ahmedabad 97 Muslims [48][49][50]
March 2002 Raghunath attack (part of 2002 Raghunath temple attacks) 30 March 2002 Jammu & Kashmir 11 Hindus killed, 20 injured (Hindu devotees) Muslim terrorist
2002 Qasim Nagar massacre 13 July 2002 Jammu and Kashmir 29 Hindus Terrorist attack
Akshardham Temple attack 24 September 2002 Gujarat 29 killed, 79 injured (Hindus) Terrorist attack
November 2002 Raghunath temple attack (part of 2002 Raghunath temple attacks) 24 November 2002 Jammu & Kashmir 14 killed, 45 injured (mostly Hindu devotees) Blamed on Lashkar-e-Taiba [51]
2003 Nadimarg Massacre 23 March 2002 Jammu and Kashmir 24 Hindus Terrorist attack
2002 Kaluchak massacre 14 May 2002 Jammu and Kashmir 31 Terrorist attack on a tourist bus and Army's family quarter.
Marad Massacre May 2003 Kerala 8 killed, 58 injured - A.
2006 Varanasi bombings March 2006 Uttar Pradesh 28 killed, 101 injured - Devotees of Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple targeted Terrorist attack on a Hindu temple.
2006 Doda massacre 30 April 2006 Jammu & Kashmir 35 Hindus Terrorist attack
Samjhauta Express Massacre 18 February 2007 Diwana station 68 people mostly Pakistani nationals and some Indians including some Railway employees [52]
26/11 Mumbai attacks 26 November 2008 Mumbai Over 164 killed, over 600 injured 11 coordinated attacks by Pakistani terrorists; casualties include people of various nationalities, and Israeli victims were reportedly tortured before being killed. [53]
April 2010 Maoist attack in Dantewada 6 April 2010 Chhattisgarh 76 Maoist terrorist ambushed CRPF
2010 Dantewada bus bombing 17 May 2010 Chhattisgarh 44 Maoist terrorist attacked a civilian bus.
2012 Assam violence July 2012 Assam 77 Racial sentiments of the majority Assamese and Bodo community towards the local Bengali speaking Bangladeshi Muslim community leads to several attempts to deport the minority Bengali Muslums to Bangladesh forcefully, thus with a protest in defence from the other party, Communal violence broke out between Assamese, Bodos (Tribal, Christian, and Hindu faith) and Bengali speaking Bangaldeshi Muslims.
2013 Naxal attack in Darbha valley 25 May 2013 Chhattisgarh 28 28 people from a Congress Party motorcade
2013 Muzaffarnagar riots 25 August 2013 – 17 September 2013 Muzaffarnagar district, Uttar Pradesh 42 Muslims and 20 Hindus killed and 93 injured Eve-teasing of Hindu Girls, murder of a Muslim boy, then public lynching of the murderers (two Hindu boys) triggered communal riot between the Hindu and the Muslim community.
2017 Amarnath Yatra attack 10 July 2017 Anantnag district, Jammu and Kashmir 8 Hindu pilgrims A bus carrying Hindu pilgrims of Amarnath Yatra was attacked by Lashkar-e-Taiba, resulting in deaths of 8 pilgrims. [54]

See also

References

  1. ^ Heather Streets (2004). Martial Races: The Military, Race and Masculinity in British Imperial Culture, 1857–1914. Manchester University Press. pp. 39–. ISBN 978-0-7190-6962-8. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  2. ^ Alex Tickell (17 June 2013). Terrorism, Insurgency and Indian-English Literature, 1830–1947. Routledge. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-136-61841-3. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  3. ^ Michael Gorra (15 April 2008). After Empire: Scott, Naipaul, Rushdie. University of Chicago Press. pp. 21–. ISBN 978-0-226-30476-2. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  4. ^ Rebels Against the British Rule (1995). Bhai Nahar Singh & Bhai Kirpal Singh. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors; Page XXI
  5. ^ "THE CALCUTTA RIOTS (15 July 1926)". Townsville Daily Bulletin. Townsville Daily Bulletin. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  6. ^ Singh Nijjar, Bakhshish (1996). History of the United Panjab, Volume 1. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 153. ISBN 8171565344. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  7. ^ Ganesan, A (1988). The Press in Tamil Nadu and the Struggle for Freedom, 1917–1937. Mittal Publications. p. 109. ISBN 8170990823. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  8. ^ "The British Empire - India". The British Empire. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  9. ^ Sengupta, Debjani (2006). A City Feeding on Itself: Testimonies and Histories of 'Direct Action' Day. Sarai Reader.
  10. ^ Khan, Yasmin (2007). The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan. Yale University Press. pp. 68–69. ISBN 9780300120783.
  11. ^ "India from 1900 to 1947 | Sciences Po Encyclopédie des violences de masse". www.sciencespo.fr. 2016-01-20. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  12. ^ Sinha, Dinesh Chandra; Dasgupta, Ashok (2011). 1946: The Great Calcutta Killings and Noakhali Genocide. Kolkata: Himangshu Maity. pp. 278–280. ISBN 9788192246406.
  13. ^ Ian Stephens, Pakistan (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1963), p. 111.
  14. ^ Pandey, Gyanendra (2001). Remembering Partition: Violence, Nationalism and History in India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 94–98. ISBN 9780521002509.
  15. ^ D'Costa, Bina (2011). Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia. Routledge. p. 53. ISBN 9780415565660.
  16. ^ Sikand, Yoginder (2004). Muslims in India Since 1947: Islamic Perspectives on Inter-Faith Relations. Routledge. p. 5. ISBN 9781134378258.
  17. ^ Butalia, Urvashi (2000). The Other Side of Silence: Voices From the Partition of India. Duke University Press.
  18. ^ Zamindar, Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali (2010). The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia: Refugees, Boundaries, Histories. Columbia University Press. p. 247. ISBN 978-0-231-13847-5.
  19. ^ Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris 2015, p. 167.
  20. ^ Khalid Bashir Ahmad. "circa 1947: A Long Story". www.kashmirlife.net. Retrieved 2017-03-27. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  21. ^ Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History 2013, p. 56.
  22. ^ Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir 2012, p. 97.
  23. ^ Hasan, Mirpur 1947 (2013)
  24. ^ Dossal, Mariam; Maloni, Ruby (1999-01-01). State Intervention and Popular Response: Western India in the Nineteenth Century. Popular Prakashan. p. 11. ISBN 9788171548552.
  25. ^ "Gandhi Assassination Backlash in Satara by Arvind Kolhatkar". www.dadinani.com. Retrieved 2017-05-05.
  26. ^ a b Thomson, Mike (2013-09-24). "India's hidden massacre". BBC. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  27. ^ Pingle Jagamohan Reddy; Nusserwanji K Vakil; Akbar S Sarela (1971). Report: Inquiry into the communal disturbances at Ahmedabad and other places in Gujarat on and after 18th September 1969. Commission of Inquiry on Communal Disturbances at Ahmedabad and at Various Places in the State of Gujarat on and after 18 September 1969, Home Department, Government of Gujarat. p. 180. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |last-author-amp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  28. ^ Muslims in Indian cities : trajectories of marginalisation. Gayer, Laurent., Jaffrelot, Christophe. New York (N.Y.): Columbia University Press. 2012. ISBN 9780231703086. OCLC 730413638.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  29. ^ 1982-, Kumar, Megha,. Communalism and sexual violence in India : the politics of gender, ethnicity and conflict. London. ISBN 9781786720689. OCLC 958926230. {{cite book}}: |last= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  30. ^ India Since Independence: Making Sense of Indian Politics ISBN 9788131725672
  31. ^ Bhattacharya,, Snigdhendu (25 April 2011). "Ghost of Marichjhapi returns to haunt". The Hindustan Times. Retrieved 5 August 2013.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  32. ^ Satish Saberwal, Mushirul Hasan (1991). "14. Moradabad Riots, 1980: Causes and Meanings". In Asgharali Engineer (ed.). Communal riots in post-independence India. Universities Press. pp. 209–227. ISBN 978-81-7370-102-3. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
  33. ^ "350 Bengalis Are Massacred in Indian Village". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. June 16, 1980. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  34. ^ * Chadha, Vivek, Low Intensity Conflicts in India. Sage Publications, 2005.
  35. ^ "U S Congress Bill". thomas.loc.gov. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
  36. ^ "219 Kashmiri Pandits killed by militants since 1989". The Hindu.
  37. ^ "399 Pandits killed since 1990: KPSS". greaterkashmir.com. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
  38. ^ Template:Cite url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=pkt7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA46
  39. ^ "1990 decision to order firing on 'kar sevaks' painful, Mulayam Singh Yadav says - The Times of India". The Times Of India. 16 July 2013.
  40. ^ "Firing on kar sevaks was sad but needed: Mulayam Singh Yadav". The Indian Express. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  41. ^ "Ayodhya DeQoded". the quint. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  42. ^ Arun Kumar (April 8, 2010). "16 to hang for killing 58 in Bihar village". The Times of India. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
  43. ^ a b "19 Killed in Tripura Massacre Rerun". telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
  44. ^ "South Asia | Gujarat riot death toll revealed". BBC News. 2005-05-11. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  45. ^ "Times Of India". Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  46. ^ Godhra verdict: 31 convicted, 63 acquitted NDTV – 1 March 2011
  47. ^ "Gujarat riot death toll revealed". BBC. 11 May 2005.
  48. ^ "Ex-BJP Minister among 32 convicted of Naroda-Patiya massacre". The Hindu. August 29, 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
  49. ^ "Naroda Patiya massacre: BJP MLA Maya Kodnani, Bajrang Dal leader Babu Bajrangi and 30 others convicted". CNN-IBN. August 29, 2012.
  50. ^ "Godhra verdict: 31 convicted in Sabarmati Express burning case - Times Of India". Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  51. ^ Pasricha, Anjana. "Security Increased in Jammu City Following Attack on Hindu Temple". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 15 September 2008. Retrieved 2016-01-11. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  52. ^ "Direct hand of Aseemanand in Samjhauta blasts: NIA". hindustantimes.com/.
  53. ^ "HM announces measures to enhance security" (Press release). Press Information Bureau (Government of India). 11 December 2008. Retrieved 14 December 2008.
  54. ^ "Amarnath Terror Attack: Pilgrim Dies In Hospital, Number Of Deaths Now 8". NDTV.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_India&oldid=836124263"