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Khamag Mongol

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Khamag Mongol
Хамаг Монголын ханлиг
10th century–1206
Mongol Empire c.1207
Mongol Empire c.1207
StatusKhanate
CapitalCentered camp near Kherlen River
Common languagesMiddle Mongol
Religion
Tengrism
Shamanism
GovernmentElective monarchy
Khan 
• 11th century
Khaidu
• 1120–1148
Khabul Khan (1st recorded khan)
• 1148–1156
Ambaghai Khan (2nd)
• 1156–1160
Hotula Khan (3rd)
• 1189–1206
Genghis Khan (last)
LegislatureKurultai
Historical eraHigh Middle Ages
• Established
10th century
• First Khan recorded in history is Khabul Khan.
1130
• Temujin become Khagan of the Khamag and given honorary name of Genghis Khan.
1189
• Genghis Khan unified the tribes and established the Mongol Empire.
1206
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Khitan Empire
Proto-Mongols
Mongol Empire
Today part of Mongolia
 Russia
 China
History of Mongolia
Prehistoric period
Afanasievo culture 3300–2500 BC
Chemurchek culture 2750–1900 BC
Munkhkhairkhan culture 1800–1600 BC
Sagsai culture 1500–1000 BC
Ulaanzuukh culture 1450–1150 BC
Deer stones culture 1400–700 BC
Slab-grave culture 1100–300 BC
Chandman culture 700–300 BC
Pazyryk culture 600–300 BC
Ancient period
Xiongnu 209 BC–93 AD
Xianbei state 93–234
Rouran Khaganate 330–555
Göktürks (First, Eastern, and Second Turkic Khaganates) 555–630
682–744
Xueyantuo 628–646
Tang protectorate 647–682
Uyghur Khaganate 744–840
Liao dynasty 907–1125
Medieval period
Mongol khanates 9th–12th century
Khamag Mongol 1130–1206
Mongol Empire 1206–1368
Yuan dynasty 1271–1368
Northern Yuan 1368–1635
Oirat Confederation 1399–1634
Dzungar Khanate 1634–1757
Qing dynasty 1691–1911
Modern period
National Revolution 1911
Bogd Khaganate 1911–1919
Chinese occupation 1919–1921
People's Revolution (Soviet intervention in Bogd Khanate) 1921
1921–1924
People's Republic 1924–1992
Democratic Revolution 1990
Modern Mongolia 1990–present

Khamag Mongol (Template:Lang-mn, lit. "Whole Mongol") was a major Mongolic tribal confederation (khanlig) on the Mongolian Plateau in the 12th century. It is sometimes also considered a predecessor state[1] to the Mongol Empire.[2]

Existence of a somewhat mysterious tribal power known in Mongol tradition as Khamag Mongol Uls recorded in sources of Khitan Liao dynasty (907–1125) in North China and eastern Mongolia.[3] After the fall of Liao dynasty in 1125, the Khamag Mongols began to play an important role on the Mongolian plains.[4] They occupied one of the most fertile lands of the country, the basins of the river Onon, Kherlen and Tuul Rivers in the Khentii Mountains. The Taichiud (Cyrillic: Тайчууд) was one of the three core tribes in the Khamag Mongol Khanate of Mongolia during the 12th century and whose people lived in the southern part of Russian Zabaykalsky Krai. Zabaykalsky Krai and the Mongolian Khentii Province were core regions of the Khamag Mongol Khanate.[5] The Khamags consisted of the four core clans Khiyad, Taichuud, Jalairs and Jirukhen.

The first khan of Khamag Mongol recorded in history is Khabul Khan from the Borjigin clan. Khabul Khan successfully repelled the invasions of the Jurchen Jin armies. Khabul Khan was succeeded by Ambaghai Khagann of the Taichiud. Ambagai was captured by the Tatar confederation while delivering his daughter for marriage to their leadership. He was handed over to the Jin, who cruelly executed him. Ambaghai was succeeded by Hotula Khan, a son of Khabul Khan. Hotula Khan engaged the Tatars in 13 battles in an effort to obtain vengeance for the death of Ambagai Khan.

Khamag Mongol was unable to elect a khan after Hotula died. However, Khabul's grandson Yesugei, who was a chief of the Khiyad tribe, was an effective and preeminent leader of Khamag Mongol. Temujin, the future Genghis Khan, was born into Yesukhei's family as the first son in Delüün Boldog on the upper reaches of the Onon river in 1162.

When young Tooril Khan asked for help from Yesukhei, the ruler of the Khamag Mongol,[6] to dethrone his brothers among the Keraites, the Mongols helped him defeat the Keraite leaders and put him on the throne in the early 12th century.

Yesukhei was poisoned by the Tatars in 1170 and shortly after Yesukhei died. The Khamag Mongol began to disintegrate after Yesugei's death in 1171. Political anarchy and a power vacuum lasted until 1189 when Temujin became the Khan of the Khamag Mongol. War broke soon out between other Mongol tribes. Temujin's friend Jamukha was recognized by the rival tribes as Gur-Khan (the universal ruler) in 1201 but he was defeated by the alliance of Khamag Mongol and Keraites.

When Tooril Khan refused to cement the alliance with the Khamag, Temujin's wars with the clans nearly destroyed him. Temujin united all clans on the Mongolian plateau at last in 1206, when he was given the title Genghis Khan.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Bat-Ocher Bold (2001), Mongolian nomadic society: a reconstruction of the "medieval" history of Mongolia, Richmond, Surrey: Curzon, p. 176, ISBN 0-7007-1158-9
  2. ^ History of the Mongolian People's Republic By Akademii︠a︡ nauk SSSR, p.99
  3. ^ Khamag Mongol Uls
  4. ^ Histoire de la Mongolie By László Lőrincz, p.43
  5. ^ History of Mongolia, Volume II, 2003
  6. ^ He never assumed the title the Khan of the Khamag Mongol but baghatur (hero)

References

  • Akademiiya nauk SSSR – History of the Mongolian People's Republic, Nauka Pub. House, Central Dept. of Oriental Literature, 1973
  • Bat-Ochir Bold – Mongolian Nomadic Society, St. Martin's Press, 1999. ISBN 0-312-22827-9
  • The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, 1974: Macropaedia Me-Ne ISBN 0-85229-290-2
  • László Lőrincz – Histoire de la Mongolie, Akadémiai Kiadó,the University of Michigan, 1984. ISBN 963-05-3381-2
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