Parkinsonism
| Parkinsonism | |
|---|---|
| Specialty | Neurology  |
Parkinsonism is a clinical syndrome characterized by tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability.[1][2] It is found in Parkinson's disease (PD)—after which it is named—dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD), and many other conditions. A wide range of causes may lead to this set of symptoms, including neurodegenerative conditions, drugs, toxins, metabolic diseases, and neurological conditions other than PD.[3]
Causes
Drug-induced
About 7% of people with parkinsonism developed symptoms as a result of side effects of medications, mainly neuroleptic antipsychotics especially the phenothiazines (such as perphenazine and chlorpromazine), thioxanthenes (such as flupenthixol and zuclopenthixol) and butyrophenones (such as haloperidol), and rarely, antidepressants. The incidence of drug-induced parkinsonism increases with age. Drug-induced parkinsonism tends to remain at its presenting level, not progress like Parkinson's disease.[4]
Toxins
Evidence exists of a link between exposure to pesticides and herbicides and PD; a two-fold increase in risk was seen with paraquat or maneb/mancozeb exposure.[5]
Chronic manganese (Mn) exposure has been shown to produce a parkinsonism-like illness characterized by movement abnormalities.[6] This condition is not responsive to typical therapies used in the treatment of PD, suggesting an alternative pathway than the typical dopaminergic loss within the substantia nigra. [6] Manganese may accumulate in the basal ganglia, leading to the abnormal movements.[7] A mutation of the SLC30A10 gene, a manganese efflux transporter necessary for decreasing intracellular Mn, has been linked with the development of this Parkinsonism-like disease.[8] The Lewy bodies typical to PD are not seen in Mn-induced parkinsonism.[7]
Diagnosis
Parkinsonism occurs in many conditions.
- Neurodegenerative conditions and Parkinson plus syndrome[9]
- Corticobasal degeneration[9]
- Dementia with Lewy bodies[9]
- Frontotemporal dementia (Pick's disease)[10]
- Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker syndrome[9]
- Huntington's disease[9]
- Lytico-bodig disease (ALS complex of Guam)[9]
- Multiple system atrophy (Shy–Drager syndrome)[9]
- Neuroacanthocytosis[9]
- Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis[9]
- Olivopontocerebellar atrophy[9]
- Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration, also known as neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation or Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome[9]
- Parkin mutation (hereditary juvenile dystonia)[9]
- Parkinson's disease[9]
- Parkinson's disease dementia[11]
- Progressive supranuclear palsy[9]
- Wilson's disease[9]
- X-linked dystonia parkinsonism (Lubag syndrome)[9]
- Drug-induced ("pseudoparkinsonism")
- Antipsychotics[9]
- Lithium[9]
- Metoclopramide[12]
- MDMA addiction and frequent use[13][14]
- Tetrabenazine[9]
- Infectious
- Toxins
- Annonaceae[17]
- Carbon monoxide[9]
- Carbon disulfide[9]
- Cyanide[9]
- Ethanol[9]
- Hexane[18]
- Maneb/Mancozeb[5]
- Manganese[9][6]
- Mercury[9]
- Methanol[9]
- MPTP[9][19]
- Paraquat[20][5]
- Rotenone[20]
- Toluene[21] (inhalant abuse: "huffing")[22]
- Trauma
- Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (boxer's dementia or pugilistic encephalopathy)[9]
- Vascular
- Binswanger's disease (subcortical leukoencephalopathy)[9]
- Vascular dementia (multi-infarct)[9]
- Other
- Hypothyroidism[9]
- Essential tremor[medical citation needed]
- Orthostatic tremor[medical citation needed]
- Paraneoplastic syndrome: neurological symptoms caused by antibodies associated with cancers[medical citation needed]
- Rapid onset dystonia parkinsonism[medical citation needed]
- Autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism[medical citation needed]
References
- ^ a b Aminoff MJ, Greenberg DA, Simon RP (2005). "Chapter 7: Movement disorders". Clinical Neurology (6th ed.). Lange: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 241–45. ISBN 0-07-142360-5.
- ^ Tobottom BJ, Weiner WJ, Shulman LM. "Chapter 42: Parkinsonism". In Lisak RP, Truong DD, Carroll W, Bhidayasiri R (eds.). International Neurology: A Clinical Approach. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 152–58. ISBN 978-1-405-15738-4.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|name-list-format=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help) - ^ Christine CW, Aminoff MJ (September 2004). "Clinical differentiation of parkinsonian syndromes: prognostic and therapeutic relevance". The American Journal of Medicine. 117 (6): 412–19. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.03.032. PMID 15380498.
- ^ "Information Sheet: Drug-induced Parkinsonism" (PDF). Parkinson’s Disease Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-06-26. Retrieved 2013-04-15.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c Pezzoli G, Cereda E (May 2013). "Exposure to pesticides or solvents and risk of Parkinson disease". Neurology (Meta-analysis). 80 (22): 2035–41. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e318294b3c8. PMID 23713084.
- ^ a b c Guilarte TR, Gonzales KK (August 2015). "Manganese-Induced Parkinsonism Is Not Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease: Environmental and Genetic Evidence". Toxicol. Sci. (Review). 146 (2): 204–12. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfv099. PMC 4607750. PMID 26220508.
- ^ a b Kwakye GF, Paoliello MM, Mukhopadhyay S, Bowman AB, Aschner M (July 2015). "Manganese-Induced Parkinsonism and Parkinson's Disease: Shared and Distinguishable Features". Int J Environ Res Public Health (Review). 12 (7): 7519–40. doi:10.3390/ijerph120707519. PMC 4515672. PMID 26154659.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Peres TV, Schettinger MR, Chen P, Carvalho F, Avila DS, Bowman AB, Aschner M (November 2016). ""Manganese-induced neurotoxicity: a review of its behavioral consequences and neuroprotective strategies"". BMC Pharmacol Toxicol (Review). 17 (1): 57. doi:10.1186/s40360-016-0099-0. PMC 5097420. PMID 27814772.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Jankovic J, Lang AE (2004). "Diagnosis and Assessment". In Bradley, Walter George (ed.). Neurology in Clinical Practice: Principles of diagnosis and management. Vol. Volume 1. Taylor & Francis. pp. 295–96. ISBN 9789997625885.
{{cite book}}:|volume=has extra text (help) - ^ Finger EC (April 2016). "Frontotemporal Dementias". Continuum (Minneap Minn) (Review). 22 (2 Dementia): 464–89. doi:10.1212/CON.0000000000000300. PMC 5390934. PMID 27042904.
- ^ McKeith IG, Boeve BF, Dickson DW, et al. (July 2017). "Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: Fourth consensus report of the DLB Consortium". Neurology (Review). 89 (1): 88–100. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000004058. PMC 5496518. PMID 28592453.
- ^ Shuaib UA, Rajput AH, Robinson CA, Rajput A (March 2016). "Neuroleptic-induced Parkinsonism: Clinicopathological study". Mov. Disord. 31 (3): 360–5. doi:10.1002/mds.26467. PMC 5064745. PMID 26660063.
- ^ Louis ED, Ottman R (November 2013). "Is there a one-way street from essential tremor to Parkinson's disease? Possible biological ramifications". Eur. J. Neurol. (Review). 20 (11): 1440–4. doi:10.1111/ene.12256. PMC 3801177. PMID 24033795.
- ^ Fabrizi, Monaco, Dalla Libera (2004). "Parkinsonian syndrome following MDMA (Ecstasy) addiction". Movement Disorders. 19: S73–S74.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Tse W, Cersosimo MG, Gracies JM, Morgello S, Olanow CW, Koller W (August 2004). "Movement disorders and AIDS: a review". Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 10 (6): 323–34. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2004.03.001. PMID 15261874.
- ^ Maltête D, Guyant-Maréchal L, Mihout B, Hannequin D (March 2006). "Movement disorders and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: a review". Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 12 (2): 65–71. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2005.10.004. PMID 16364674.
- ^ Carod-Artal FJ (2003). "[Neurological syndromes linked with the intake of plants and fungi containing a toxic component (I). Neurotoxic syndromes caused by the ingestion of plants, seeds and fruits]". Rev Neurol (Review) (in Spanish; Castilian). 36 (9): 860–71. PMID 12717675.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Kim EA, Kang SK (December 2010). "Occupational neurological disorders in Korea". J. Korean Med. Sci. (Review). 25 (Suppl): S26–35. doi:10.3346/jkms.2010.25.S.S26. PMC 3023358. PMID 21258587.
- ^ Watanabe Y, Himeda T, Araki T (January 2005). "Mechanisms of MPTP toxicity and their implications for therapy of Parkinson's disease" (PDF). Medical Science Monitor. 11 (1): RA17-23. PMID 15614202.
- ^ a b Nandipati S, Litvan I (September 2016). "Environmental Exposures and Parkinson's Disease". Int J Environ Res Public Health (Review). 13 (9). doi:10.3390/ijerph13090881. PMC 5036714. PMID 27598189.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Weiss J. Chapter 151. Toluene and Xylene. In: Olson KR, ed. Poisoning & Drug Overdose. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2012. http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=55982958. Accessed April 21, 2013.
- ^ Uitti RJ, Snow BJ, Shinotoh H, Vingerhoets FJ, Hayward M, Hashimoto S, Richmond J, Markey SP, Markey CJ, Calne DB (May 1994). "Parkinsonism induced by solvent abuse". Annals of Neurology. 35 (5): 616–9. doi:10.1002/ana.410350516. PMID 8179306.