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Visual programming language

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File:Scratch Programming Example.png
This is an example of Scratch's Visual Programming Language, showing a cat saying a message.

In computing, a visual programming language (VPL) is any programming language that lets users create programs by manipulating program elements graphically rather than by specifying them textually.[1][2] A VPL allows programming with visual expressions, spatial arrangements of text and graphic symbols, used either as elements of syntax or secondary notation. For example, many VPLs (known as dataflow or diagrammatic programming)[3] are based on the idea of "boxes and arrows", where boxes or other screen objects are treated as entities, connected by arrows, lines or arcs which represent relations.

Definition

VPLs may be further classified, according to the type and extent of visual expression used, into icon-based languages, form-based languages, and diagram languages. Visual programming environments provide graphical or iconic elements which can be manipulated by users in an interactive way according to some specific spatial grammar for program construction.

The general goal of VPLs is to make programming more accessible to novices and to support programmers at three different levels [4]

  • Syntax: VPLs use icons/blocks, forms and diagrams trying to reduce or even to completely eliminate the potential of syntactic errors helping with the arrangement of programming primitives to create well-formed programs. Non VPLs examples would be spell check in word processors underlining or even auto correcting individual words or grammar.
  • Semantics: VPLs may provide some mechanisms to disclose the meaning of programming primitives. This could include help functions providing documentation functions built-in to programming languages.
  • Pragmatics: VPLs support the study of what programs mean in particular situations. This level of support allows users to put artifacts created with a VPL into a certain state in order to explore how the program would react to that state. Examples: In AgentSheets or AgentCubes users can set games or simulations into a particular state in order to see how program would react. With the Thymio programming language users can bring a robot into a certain state in order to see how it will react, i.e., which sensors will be activated.

A visually transformed language is a non-visual language with a superimposed visual representation. Naturally visual languages have an inherent visual expression for which there is no obvious textual equivalent.[citation needed]

Current developments try to integrate the visual programming approach with dataflow programming languages to either have immediate access to the program state, resulting in online debugging, or automatic program generation and documentation. Dataflow languages also allow automatic parallelization, which is likely to become one of the greatest programming challenges of the future.[5]

The "visual languages" (Visual Basic, Visual C#, Visual J#, etc.) of the Microsoft Visual Studio IDE are not visual programming languages. All of these languages are textual and not graphical. The MS Visual Studio is a visual programming environment[clarification needed], however.[citation needed]

Parsers for visual programming languages can be implemented using graph grammars.[6][7]

List of visual languages

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

The following contains a list of notable visual programming languages.

Educational

  • AgentCubes, 3D and 2D game design and simulation design computational thinking tools
  • AgentSheets, game authoring and computational science authoring tool
  • Alice, an object based language used to program 3D environments.
  • App Inventor for Android, a tool for creating applications for Google Android, based on Blockly and Kawa
  • Bubble, a visual programming language to build production-ready web applications without code
  • Etoys scripting
  • Flowgorithm, creates executable flowcharts which can be converted to several languages.
  • Hopscotch, a visual programming language for mobile touchscreen devices (available on the iPad).
  • Kodu, a visual programming tool which builds on ideas begun with Logo
  • Kojo, a programming language and integrated development environment (IDE) for computer programming and learning.
  • Open Roberta online programming environment from Fraunhofer IAIS designed for kids
  • Raptor, creates executable flowcharts.
  • Scratch, a product of MIT designed for children in K-12 and after school programs
  • Snap!, an extension of Scratch with first class procedures and lists which is used for teaching by UC Berkeley (browser-based reimplementation of BYOB (programming language))
  • Stagecast Creator, formerly Apple's Cocoa: Internet Authoring for Kids
  • StarLogo, an agent-based simulation language developed by Mitchel Resnick, Eric Klopfer, and others at MIT Media Lab. It is an extension of the Logo programming language, a dialect of Lisp.
  • ToonTalk, programming system for children
  • Visual Logic, creates executable flowcharts.

Multimedia

  • AudioMulch, an audio signal flow based sound and music creation environment
  • Blender (software), the open source 3D graphics package, includes a "node editor" to create shading programs as graphs. Also, custom nodes allows create systems as sverchok, blendgraph or other.
  • Cameleon, graphical functional language
  • Clickteam's The games factory/Multimedia fusion series, environments made for visually developing games
  • Autodesk Dynamo, a generative modeling interface for Revit
  • Filter Forge Node based filter generation for image processing.
  • Grasshopper 3d, a generative modeling interface for Rhinoceros 3D
  • Kyma (sound design language), a visual programming language for sound design used by musicians, researchers, and sound designers.
  • Mama (software) – a programming language and IDE for building 3D animations and games
  • Max (software), visual programming environment for building interactive, real-time music and multimedia applications
  • Nodal, a node-based generative programming software application for music composition
  • Nuke, a node-based visual programming software for visual effects compositing by The Foundry powered by Tcl, Python and Blink-script.
  • OpenMusic, a visual programming language for music composition (based on Common Lisp Object System (CLOS)) applications, and mobile applications
  • Pure Data (Pd) is a visual programming language developed for creating interactive computer music and multimedia works.
  • Quartz Composer, a language for processing and rendering graphical data (macOS)
  • Reaktor, a DSP and MIDI-processing language by Native Instruments
  • Scala Multimedia Authoring suite and complete multimedia system for AmigaOS and Windows
  • Softimage,with ICE Interactive Creative Environment.
  • SynthEdit, a Synthesizer construction tool using a VPL.
  • TouchDesigner, visual programming language for real-time multimedia content
  • Virtools, a middleware used to create interactive 3D experiences
  • WireFusion, visual programming environment for creating interactive 3D web presentations
  • Vsxu, music visual / real-time 3D graphics generation (Windows, GNU/Linux, and macOS)
  • vvvv, real-time video synthesis

Video games

  • Blender Game Engine (Graphical logic editor)
  • Construct 2 is an HTML5-based 2D game editor, developed by Scirra Ltd.
  • CryEngine has a node-based visual programming language called FlowGraph.
  • GameMaker: Studio, has a drag and drop game creation system developed by YoYo Games.
  • GameSalad is a visual game creation tool developed by GameSalad, Inc.
  • Godot, in-house open source MIT Licensed game development software made by OKAM Studio.
  • Human Resource Machine is a visual programming-based puzzle game developed by Tomorrow Corporation.
  • Kodu, a software designed to program games with a 3D Interface developed by Microsoft Research.
  • Snowdrop has a visual scripting system.
  • Stencyl, a video game creation tool.
  • Unity has an editor extension on the Unity Asset Store called Playmaker made by Hutong Games.
  • Unreal Engine 4 has a node-based visual programming language called Blueprints.
  • Verge3D includes Puzzles, a visual programming environment for creating interactive 3D experiences running on websites.[10]


Many modern video games make use of behavior trees, which are in principle a family of simple programming languages designed to model behaviors for non-player characters. The behaviors are modeled as trees, and are often edited in graphical editors.

Systems / simulation

Automation

Data warehousing / business intelligence

Miscellaneous

  • Kwikpoint, an isotype visual translator created by Alan Stillman
  • Lava, an experimental object oriented RAD language
  • Limnor, a general purpose programming system. Limnor Studio is an IDE for rapid software development.
  • Morphic (software), makes it easier to build and edit graphical objects by direct manipulation and from within programs; the whole Self (programming language) programming environment is built using Morphic
  • StreamBase Systems, StreamBase EventFlow is a visual programming language for processing streaming events
  • Tersus, an open source platform for the development of rich web applications by visually defining user interface, client side behavior and server side processing
  • WebML, is a visual language for designing complex data-intensive Web applications that can be automatically generated
  • Yahoo! Pipes is a visual data-flow programming system to process web data [11]
  • YAWL, graphical workflow language

Legacy

Visual styles

See also

References

  1. ^ Graphical Programming Environments for Educational Robots: Open Roberta - Yet Another One? from the IEEE
  2. ^ The Maturity of Visual Programming
  3. ^ Diagrammatic-graphical programming languages and DoD-STD-2167A from the IEEE
  4. ^ Repenning, A., "Moving Beyond Syntax: Lessons from 20 Years of Blocks Programing in AgentSheets", Journal of Visual Languages and Sentient Systems, July 2017.
  5. ^ Johnston, W.M.; Hanna, J.R.P.; Millar, R.J. (2004). "Advances in dataflow programming languages" (PDF). ACM Computing Surveys. 36 (1): 1–34. doi:10.1145/1013208.1013209. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
  6. ^ Rekers, Jan, and Andy Schürr. "Defining and parsing visual languages with layered graph grammars." Journal of Visual Languages & Computing 8.1 (1997): 27-55.
  7. ^ Zhang, Da-Qian, Kang Zhang, and Jiannong Cao. "A context-sensitive graph grammar formalism for the specification of visual languages." The Computer Journal 44.3 (2001): 186-200.
  8. ^ Construct Classic home page
  9. ^ Construct Classic page on SourceForge
  10. ^ "Verge3D Official Website". Retrieved 2018-05-02.
  11. ^ Yahoo! pipes

This article was originally based on material from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing, used with permission. Update as needed.

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