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Ideophone

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Not to be confused with Idiophone, a class of musical instruments.

Ideophones are words that evoke an idea in sound, often a vivid impression of certain sensations or sensory perceptions, e.g. sound (onomatopoeia), movement, color, shape, or action. Ideophones are found in many of the world's languages, though they are claimed to be relatively uncommon in Western languages.[1] In many languages, they are a major lexical class of the same order of magnitude as nouns and verbs:[2] dictionaries of languages like Japanese, Korean, and Zulu list thousands of them.[3] The word class of ideophones is sometimes called phonosemantic to indicate that it is not a grammatical word class in the traditional sense of the word (like 'verb' or 'noun'), but rather a lexical class based on the special relation between form and meaning exhibited by ideophones. In the discipline of linguistics, ideophones have long been overlooked or treated as mysterious words,[4] though a recent surge of interest in sound symbolism, iconicity and linguistic diversity has brought them renewed attention.[5]

An example of Japanese sound symbolism jaan!

Characteristics

An often-cited definition of the notion of ideophone is the following by Clement Martyn Doke[6]

Ideophone
‘A vivid representation of an idea in sound. A word, often onomatopoeic, which describes a predicate, qualificative or adverb in respect to manner, color, sound, smell, action, state or intensity.’

Ideophones evoke sensory events. A well known instance of ideophones are onomatopoeic words – words that imitate the sound (of the event) they refer to. Some ideophones may be derived from onomatopoeic notions. A case in point is the English ideophonic verb to tinkle, which imitates a brief metallic sound. In many languages, however, ideophones go far beyond onomatopoeia in imitating many things beyond sound.[6] For instance, in Gbaya, kpuk 'a rap on the door' may be onomatopoeic, but other ideophones depict motion and visual scenes: loɓoto-loɓoto 'large animals plodding through mud', kiláŋ-kiláŋ 'in a zigzagging motion', pɛɗɛŋ-pɛɗɛŋ 'razor sharp'.[7]

Ideophones are often characterized as iconic or sound-symbolic words, meaning that there can be a resemblance between their form and their meaning. For instance, in West-African languages, voiced consonants and low tone in ideophones are often connected to large and heavy meanings, whereas voiceless consonants and high tones tend to relate to small and light things.[8] Reduplication figures quite prominently in ideophones, often conveying a sense of repetition or plurality present in the evoked event.[9] The iconicity of ideophones is shown by the fact that people can guess the meanings of ideophones from various languages at a level above chance.[10] However, not everything about the form of ideophones directly relates to their meaning; as conventionalized words, they contain arbitrary, language-specific phonemes just like other parts of the vocabulary.

Grammar

The grammatical function of ideophones varies by language. In some languages (e.g. Welayta, Yir-Yiront, Semai, Korean), they form a separate word class, while in others, they occur across a number of different word classes (e.g. Mundang, Ewe, Sotho, Hausa).[11]

Despite this diversity, ideophones show a number of robust regularities across languages. One is that they are often marked in the same way as quoted speech and demonstrations.[12] Sometimes ideophones can form a complete utterance on their own, as in English "ta-da!" or Japanese jaan (ジャーン, ta-da).[2] However, ideophones also often occur within utterances, depicting a scene described by other elements of the utterance, as in Japanese Taro wa sutasuta to haya-aruki o si-ta 'Taro walked hurriedly' (literally 'Taro did haste-walk sutasuta').[13]

Whether they occur as part of other utterances or on their own, ideophones tend show a high degree of grammatical independence. They often occur at the edge of the utterance; they may be syntactically optional; and they tend to carry little inflectional or derivational morphology.[12] Other signs of their relative independence are that they are often produced with higher intonation and expressive lengthening, and set off from the rest of the utterance by a brief pause.[14]

Because of their relative independence, ideophones are sometimes compared to interjections: direct expressions of emotions like "Wow!" or "Ouch!". However, they are distinct in a number of ways.[15] Whereas interjections usually occur on their own, ideophones more often modify other utterances, providing an illustration of a scene the utterance is about. Also, ideophones are more like illustrations of events than responses to events. An ideophone like Gbaya kiláŋ-kiláŋ 'in a zigzagging motion' displays a certain resemblance to the event (for instance, its irregular vowels and tones depicting the irregularity of the motion). An interjection like 'Wow!' indexes someone's response to an event but does not resemble that event itself.

Registers

Languages may differ in the context in which ideophones are used. In some languages, ideophones are primarily used in spoken language (e.g. narrative contexts) and are rarely encountered in written language.[7] In other languages (e.g. Ewe, Japanese), ideophones can be freely used in all registers. In general, however, ideophones tend to occur more extensively in spoken language because of their expressive or dramaturgic function.[14]

Examples

English

  • boing; the sound of a spring being released
  • boom; the sound of an explosion
  • bang; the sound of a gunshot
  • bling-bling; glitter, sparkle
  • pitter-patter; the sound of rain drops
  • swish; the sound of swift movement
  • splish-splash; the sound of water splashing
  • ta-daa!; the sound of a fanfare
  • thud; the sound of something heavy falling on the ground
  • tick-tock; the sound of time passing
  • twinkle; the glow of something sparkling or shiny

Japanese

Main article: Japanese sound symbolism

The Japanese language has thousands of ideophones, often called mimetics. The constructions are quite metrical 2-2, or 3-3, where mora plays a role in the symmetry. The second item of the reduplication may become voiced if phonological conditions allow, rendaku. Japanese ideophones are used extensively in daily conversations as well as in the written language.

  • ドキドキ doki doki — heartbeat -> excitement
  • キラキラ kira kira — glitter
  • シーン shiin — silence
  • ニコニコ niko niko — smile

See also

References

  1. ^ Nuckolls 2004
  2. ^ a b Diffloth 1972
  3. ^ Akita, Kimi (2009). A Grammar of Sound-Symbolic Words in Japanese: Theoretical Approaches to Iconic and Lexical Properties of Japanese Mimetics. Kobe University.
  4. ^ Voeltz and Kilian-Hatz 2001:2
  5. ^ Imai & Kita 2014, Dingemanse et al. 2015
  6. ^ a b Doke 1935 as cited in Voeltz & Kilian-Hatz 2001
  7. ^ a b Noss in Voeltz & Kilian-Hatz 2001
  8. ^ Westermann 1927
  9. ^ Watson in Voeltz & Kilian-Hatz 2001
  10. ^ Iwasaki et al. 2007, Dingemanse et al. 2015
  11. ^ Voeltz & Kilian-Hatz 2001
  12. ^ a b Samarin, William J. (1971). "Survey of Bantu ideophones". African Language Studies. 12: 130–168.
  13. ^ Kita, Sotaro (1997). "Two-dimensional semantic analysis of Japanese mimetics". Linguistics. 35: 379–415. doi:10.1515/ling.1997.35.2.379.
  14. ^ a b Kunene in Voeltz & Kilian-Hatz 2001
  15. ^ Ameka, Felix K. (1992). "Interjections: the universal yet neglected part of speech". Journal of Pragmatics. 18: 101–118. doi:10.1016/0378-2166(92)90048-g.

Bibliography

  • Childs, G. Tucker (1994). "African Ideophones". Sound Symbolism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 178–204. ISBN 0-521-45219-8. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
  • Diffloth, Gérard (1972). "Notes on expressive meaning". Chicago Linguistic Society. 8: 440–447.
  • Dingemanse, Mark; Blasi, Damián E.; Lupyan, Gary; Christiansen, Morten H.; Monaghan, Padraic (2015). "Arbitrariness, iconicity and systematicity in language". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 19 (10): 603–615. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.07.013. PMID 26412098.
  • Dingemanse, Mark; Schuerman, Will; Reinisch, Eva; Tufvesson, Sylvia; Mitterer, Holger (2016). "What sound symbolism can and cannot do: testing the iconicity of ideophones from five languages". Language. 92 (2): –117-e133. doi:10.1353/lan.2016.0034.
  • Imai, Mutsumi; Kita, Sotaro (2014-09-19). "The sound symbolism bootstrapping hypothesis for language acquisition and language evolution". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 369 (1651): 20130298. doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0298. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 4123677. PMID 25092666.
  • Iwasaki, Noriko; Vinson, David P.; Vigliocco, Gabriella (2007). "What do English Speakers know about gera-gera and yota-yota?: A Cross-linguistic Investigation of Mimetic Words for Laughing and Walking". Japanese Language Education around the Globe. 17: 53–78.
  • Kellersmann, Jana (2017): Hindi-Ideophone. Berlin: Verlag Paul Schmitt.
  • Nuckolls, Janis B. (2004). "To be or to be not ideophonically impoverished". SALSA XI: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Symposium about Language and Society. Texas Linguistic Forum. Austin: University of Texas. pp. 131–142. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
  • Ideophones. Typological Studies in Language. F. K. Erhard Voeltz, Christa Kilian-Hatz (eds.). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 2001. ISBN 978-90-272-2946-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  • Westermann, Diedrich Hermann (1927). "Laut, Ton und Sinn in westafrikanischen Sudansprachen". Festschrift Meinhof. Hamburg: L. Friederichsen. pp. 315–328. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
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