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2018 Iraqi parliamentary election

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Iraqi parliamentary election, 2018
← 2014 12 May 2018 (2018-05-12) 2022 →
All 329 seats in the Council of Representatives
165 seats needed for a majority
Turnout44.52% (Decrease 17.48 pp)[1]
  First party Second party Third party
  File:Moqtada Sadr (01).jpg
Leader Muqtada al-Sadr Hadi Al-Amiri Haider al-Abadi
Party
Parties
Parties
Parties
Alliance Saairun Fatah Alliance Victory Alliance
Last election 34 – –
Seats won 54 47 42
Seat change Increase 20
(from the Al-Ahrar Bloc) 		New New
  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
 
Leader Nouri al-Maliki Nechervan Barzani Ayad Allawi
Party
Parties
 Kurdistan Democratic Party
Parties
Alliance State of Law None Al-Wataniya
Last election 92 25 21
Seats won 25 25 21
Seat change Decrease 67 Steady Steady
  Seventh party Eighth party Ninth party
 
Leader Ammar al-Hakim Kosrat Rasul Ali Usama al-Nujayfi
Party
Parties
 Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
Parties
Alliance National Wisdom Movement None Decision Alliance
Last election 29 21 23
Seats won 19 18 14
Seat change Decrease 10
(from Al-Muwatin-ISCI) 		Decrease 3 Decrease 9
Colours denote which list won the most votes in every governorate
Prime Minister before election

Haider al-Abadi
Victory Alliance

Prime Minister-designate

TBD

Parliamentary elections were held in Iraq on 12 May 2018.[4] The elections decided the 329 members of the Council of Representatives, the country's unicameral legislature, who in turn will elect the Iraqi President and Prime Minister.[5]

Background

The elections took place six months after a non-binding independence referendum in Iraqi Kurdistan, in which 93% voted in favour of independence. In retaliation, the Iraqi government led by Haider al-Abadi closed Erbil International Airport, seized control of all border crossings between Kurdistan and neighbouring countries and, with the help of the Hashd al-Shaabi militias, militarily seized control of disputed territories, including the oil-rich city of Kirkuk. Nonetheless, Iraqi politicians called for dialogue with the Iraqi Kurdistan government and force them to formally annul the results.[6]

The elections were originally scheduled for September 2017, but were delayed by six months due to the civil war with ISIS which ended in December 2017 with the recapture of their remaining territories. The largest Sunni Arab majority coalition, the Muttahidoon (Uniters for Reform), called for a further six month's delay to allow displaced voters to return to their homes.[7] A Sunni Arab MP described holding the elections at this time as a "military coup against the political process".[8] However, the Supreme Court ruled that delaying the elections would be unconstitutional.[9]

Electoral system

Members of the Council of Representatives are elected through the open list form of party-list proportional representation, using the 18 governorates of Iraq as the constituencies. The counting system uses the modified Sainte-Laguë method with a divisor of 1.7[10] which is considered as a disadvantage to smaller parties.[11] Eight seats remain reserved for minority groups at the national level: five for Assyrians and one each for Mandaeans, Yazidis, and Shabaks.[12][13] However, the Council of Representatives voted on 11 February 2018, to add an extra seat for minorities, in the Wasit Governorate for Feyli Kurds, making the total number of parliamentarians equal to 329.[citation needed]

In January, the Supreme Court ruled that the representation for Yazidis should be increased, although it is unclear whether this change will be implemented in time for these elections.[14]

International voting

Holding Iraqi parliamentary elections in Tehran

The Independent High Electoral Commission announced that Iraqis living outside of Iraq can vote in any of the 130 voting stations that were set up in 21 countries. 18 of the stations were in the United States, 15 in Sweden, 15 in Turkey, 14 in Iran, 13 in Jordan, 8 in the United Kingdom, 8 in Australia, 7 in Germany, 7 in Canada, 5 in Egypt, 4 in Denmark, 2 in Lebanon, and one each in France, Syria, Finland, Belgium, Austria, Norway, and New Zealand.[15]

Election day

Iraqi President Fuad Masum shows his inked finger after casting ballot at the central polling station in the Green Zone of Baghdad, capital of Iraq, May 12, 2018.

A curfew was declared by prime minister Al-Abadi from midnight Friday to 7 pm Saturday in all governorates except Baghdad, where the curfew started at noon Friday.[16] A 24 hour closure of all airports and other border crossing was also implemented. The Iraqi airspace was open later on the day as well as the lifting of the curfew.[17] Election day in Iraq was extremely successful from a security aspect, as no attacks were registered anywhere in the country.[18]

Seat allocation

Seats are allocated to governorates as follows:

Governorate Seats
Anbar 15
Babil 17
Baghdad 69
Basra 25
Dohuk 11
Dhi Qar 19
Diyala 14
Erbil 15
Karbala 11
Kirkuk 12
Maysan 10
Muthanna 7
Najaf 12
Nineveh 31
Al-Qadisiyyah 11
Saladin 12
Sulaymaniyah 18
Wasit 11
Minorities 9
Total 329

Campaign

Supporters of Sadr's alliance in Liberation Square, Baghdad celebrating after a successful election campaign

A total of 6,904 candidates participated in the elections, representing parties:[19][20]

Governorate Number of Candidates
Anbar 383
Babil 338
Baghdad 1,985
Basra 522
Duhok 115
Dhi Qar 279
Diyala 259
Erbil 173
Karbala 197
Kirkuk 291
Maysan 105
Muthanna 102
Najaf 244
Nineveh 907
Al-Qadisiyyah 191
Saladin 332
Sulaymaniyah 211
Wasit 180
Minorities 90
Total 6,904

Alliances

As of 26 December, a total of 204 parties had registered to contest the elections.[21] The deadline for registering coalitions was 11 January.[22] A total of 27 coalitions were registered by the deadline, grouping 143 political parties, with registered parties not part of a coalition also free to contest separately.[23]

The ruling State of Law Coalition, which won the last election with 92 seats, contested the election with two separate coalitions. Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi entered the election as head of a coalition called "Victory" (a reference to the victory over Daesh) while his predecessor, Vice President Nouri al-Maliki, headed the State of Law list.[24][25] Members of the Dawa Party, which they both come from, are free to support either list.[26]

Leading members from the Hashd al-Shaabi (Popular Mobilization Forces), mainly Shiite Arab militias who fought alongside the Iraqi army to defeat Daesh from 2014 to 2017 have formed an alliance to contest the election. The Fatah Alliance includes the Badr Organisation, Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq, Kata'ib Hezbollah, Kata'ib al-Imam Ali, all key components of the Hashd; the Badr Organisation, headed by Hadi Al-Amiri, which currently have 22 seats was previously part of the ruling State of Law Coalition and announced their withdrawal in December 2017.[27][28] The Fatah Alliance agreed to run jointly with al-Abadi's Nasr al-Iraq (Victory of Iraq) list, but the agreement fell apart after only 24 hours, reportedly over Abadi's conditions.[29][30]

Ammar al-Hakim, the leader of the Citizen Alliance, the third largest bloc in parliament, announced in July 2017 that he was leaving the veteran Shiite Islamist party, the Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq – which he had led since the death of his father, Abdul Aziz al-Hakim – and forming a new "non-Islamic national movement" called the National Wisdom Movement (al-Hikma). All except 5 of the existing 29 MPs from the Citizens Alliance joined Al-Hikma.[31] The remaining members of the Citizen Alliance joined the Fatah Alliance.[32]

Muqtada al-Sadr announced a joint list with the Iraqi Communist Party, called the Alliance of Revolutionaries for Reform. This builds on previous collaboration with communists since 2016, when they have held joint protests in Baghdad against corruption and sectarianism in government.[22][33]

Kurdistan Region

Within the Kurdish parties, there had been significant changes since the previous election with the death of both Jalal Talabani, the long-time leader of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, the second largest party, and the opposition leader Nawshirwan Mustafa. In September 2017, Barham Salih, a former Prime Minister of Iraqi Kurdistan and deputy leader of the PUK, announced that he was leaving the party and forming a new opposition party—the Coalition for Democracy and Justice. The party was seen to have the potential to change the Kurdish political landscape. He said he hoped to gather all the other opposition parties, including Gorran and Komal, to challenge the governing KDP–PUK alliance.[34] The three parties formed a coalition called Nishtiman (Homeland) to run in the elections.[22] The ruling KDP–PUK alliance have agreed to run again as a single list and all the Kurdish parties in Kirkuk have discussed running as a single list.[35] However, the KDP announced they would boycott elections in Kirkuk and other areas they described as "under military occupation".[36]

Sunni Region

Within the Sunni Arab parties, the main Uniters for Reform Coalition (Muttahidoon), led by Osama al-Nujaifi, which won 23 seats in 2014, is running again, although the Iraqi Islamic Party, led by Speaker of Parliament Salim Jabouri, has left this coalition to join up with former Prime Minister Ayad Allawi's Al-Wataniya and Salah al-Mutlak's Al-Arabiya. The combined list was called Al-Wataniya. Other parties as well have left the Muttahidoon coalition including the al-Hal Party and formed various alliances in the name of the provinces they ran in, such as Salahuddin Our Identity in Saladin Governorate, and Anbar Our Identity in Al Anbar Governorate and Baghdad Alliance in Baghdad.[37][citation needed]

Civil parties

Within the nonsectarian parties who aim to establish a civil state, the main alliance formed is the Civilized Alliance,[38][39] led by Faiq Al Sheikh Ali, which currently has 4 seats. The alliance consists of four liberal, non-sectarian, national parties, the People's Party for Reform, the Al-Etifak National Party, the National Civil Movement and Iraq's National Movement, and includes a number of independent figures. The Civil Democratic Alliance are also running in the elections as another major civil party.[40]

Christian parties

Of the 329 seats in parliament, five are reserved for the country's Christian minority. One reserved seat is allotted for each of five governorates: Baghdad, Duhok, Erbil, Kirkuk and Nineveh.[41] At the time of voting, only about 200,000 Christians remained in the country.[42]

Attacks

In early May 2018, ISIL claimed to have assassinated Faruq Zarzur al-Juburi, a candidate in the Iraqi elections. The attack reportedly took place in Mosul, outside al-Juburi's house.[43] This was later on proven to be false; due to a family dispute, the candidate was killed by his son.[44]

On election day, a roadside bomb in Kirkuk killed six members of Hashd Al-Ashaeri (a pro-government Sunni tribal force) and injured three police officers.[45]

One Iraqi border guard was killed by a bomb in the outskirts of Khanaqin in Diyala on 13 May.[46]

Two offices linked to Muqtada al-Sadr in Maysan were bombed on 15 May but there were no casualties since both offices were empty at the time.[47][48] It is still unclear whether the attacks were a response to the parliamentary gains in the election made by Sadr's coalition.[49]

On 16 May, a polling station in Kirkuk was reportedly under siege by gunmen pressuring them to change the results after the PUK was indicated to have won the province.[50]

Results

National results

Template:Iraqi parliamentary election, 2018

Results by governorate

Baghdad Governorate

Party Total votes[51] Percentage Seats
Forward 466,137 23.4% 17
Conquest Alliance 264,011 13.2% 9
State of Law Coalition 236,374 11.8% 9
National Alliance 220,457 11% 8
Victory Coalition 216,185 10.8% 8
National Wisdom Movement 100,058 5% 4
Arab Decision Alliance 99,866 5% 4
Baghdad Alliance 97,747 4.9% 4
Banners of Benevolence 50,783 2.5% 2
Civilized Alliance 35,148 1.8% 1
Democratic Approach 33,116 1.7% 1
Civic Party 32,496 1.6% 1
Movement of the Will 27,550 1.4% 1
Ability Coalition for Change 21,903 1.1% 0
Solidarity (Tadamun) 20,588 1% 0
Others 73,653 3.7% 0
Total 1,996,072 100% 69

Anbar Governorate

Party Total votes[52] Percentage Seats
Anbar is Our Identity 144,182 35.9% 6
National Alliance 63,076 15.7% 3
Arab Decision Alliance 58,576 14.6% 2
The Passing 50,243 12.5% 2
Victory Coalition 46,513 11.6% 2
Forward 7,684 1.9% 0
Others 31,883 7.9% 0
Total 402,157 100% 15

Anbar Governorate

Party Total votes[53] Percentage Seats
Conquest Alliance 132,421 22.5% 5
Forward 123,001 20.9% 6
Victory Coalition 88,753 15.1% 3
National Wisdom Movement 75637 12.9% 2
State of Law Coalition 61726 10.5% 3
Ability Coalition for Change 33620 5.7% 0
Movement of the Will 23451 4% 0
National Alliance 17264 2.9% 0
National Movement of the Majority 14,847 2.5% 0
Solidarity (Tadamun) 5542 0.9% 0
Civilized Alliance 4840 0.8% 0
Babylon Movement 1254 0.2% 0
Mesopotamia Coalition 1069 0.2% 0
Others 4578 0.8% 0
Total 588,003 100% 17

Dhi Qar Governorate

Party Total votes[54] Percentage Seats
Forward 157,763 28.6% 6
Conquest Alliance 118,991 21.5% 5
State of Law Coalition 83,789 15.2% 3
Victory Coalition 81,575 14.8% 3
National Wisdom Movement 56,361 10.2% 2
Movement of the Will 20,024 3.6% 0
National Alliance 13,577 2.5% 0
Others 20,279 3.7% 0
Total 552,359 100% 19

Diyala Governorate

Party Total votes[55] Percentage Seats
Conquest Alliance 108,601 20.2% 3
Arab Decision Alliance 103,625 19.3% 3
National Alliance 84,213 15.7% 3
Forward 53,923 10% 2
Victory Coalition 38,690 7.2% 1
National Wisdom Movement 29,090 5.4% 1
Patriotic Union of Kurdistan 27,416 5.1% 1
Diyala Challenge 26,339 4.9% 0
Others 65,858 12.2% 0
Total 537,845 100% 14

Dohuk Governorate

Party Total votes[56] Percentage Seats
Kurdistan Democratic Party 353,177 71.4% 10
Kurdistan Islamic Union 43,417 8.9% 1
Coalition for Democracy and Justice 25,656 5.3% 0
Patriotic Union of Kurdistan 25,575 5.2% 0
New Generation Movement 18,026 3.7% 0
Rafidain List
Reserved Christian Seat		 4,077 0.8% 1
Movement for Change 3,797 0.8% 0
Kurdistan Islamic Group 3,627 0.7% 0
Chaldean Syriac Assyrian Popular Council 3,483 0.7% 0
Others 7,471 1.5% 0
Total 488,306 100% 11(+1)

Erbil Governorate

Party Total votes[57] Percentage Seats
Kurdistan Democratic Party 321,833 50.1% 8
Patriotic Union of Kurdistan 79,727 12.4% 2
New Generation Movement 70,848 11% 2
Coalition for Democracy and Justice 50,561 7.9% 1
Movement for Change 40,941 6.4% 1
Kurdistan Islamic Group 36,855 5.7% 1
Kurdistan Islamic Union 24,564 3.8% 0
Bet-Nahrain Democratic Party
Reserved Christian Seat		 2,329 0.4% 1
Others 14,779 2.3% 0
Total 642,437 100% 15(+1)

Karbala Governorate

Party Total votes[58][59] Percentage Seats
Conquest Alliance 76,679 25.2% 3
Forward 74,820 24.6% 3
Victory Coalition 52,674 17.3% 2
State of Law Coalition 39,927 13.1% 2
National Wisdom Movement 20,388 6.7% 1
Ability Coalition for Change 12,261 4% 0
National Alliance 7,646 2.5% 0
Civilized Alliance 6,236 2% 0
New Generation Movement 3,608 1.2% 0
Others 9,969 3.3% 0
Total 304,208 100% 11

Kirkuk Governorate

Party Total vote[60] Percentage Seats
Patriotic Union of Kurdistan 183,283 37.8% 6
Arab Alliance of Kirkuk 84,102 17.4% 3
Turkman Front of Kirkuk 79,694 16.4% 3
Victory Coalition 24,328 5% 0
Conquest Alliance 18,427 3.8% 0
National Alliance 14,979 3.1% 0
Nishtiman coalition
Movement for Change
Coalition for Democracy and Justice
Kurdistan Islamic Group		 14,118 2.9% 0
New Generation Movement 13,096 2.7% 0
Chaldean Coalition
Reserved Christian Seat		 4,864 1% 1
Kurdistan Islamic Group 4,631 1% 0
Chaldean Syriac Assyrian Popular Council 3,810 0.8% 0
Others 39,286 8.1% 0
Total 484,618 100% 12(+1)

Maysan Governorate

Party Total votes[61][59] Percentage Seats
Forward 134,430 42.8% 5
Conquest Alliance 63,835 20.3% 2
National Wisdom Movement 40,237 12.8% 1
Victory Coalition 36,412 11.6% 1
State of Law Coalition 32,213 10.3% 1
National Alliance 1,972 0.6% 0
New Generation Movement 952 0.3% 0
Others 3,681 1.2% 0
Total 313,732 100% 10

Muthanna Governorate

Party Total votes[62][59] Percentage Seats
Forward 71,058 31% 2
Conquest Alliance 46,363 20.2% 2
Victory Coalition 35,712 15.6% 1
National Wisdom Movement 35,686 15.6% 1
State of Law Coalition 31,051 13.5% 1
Movement of the Will 3,759 1.6% 0
Babylon Movement 1,492 0.7% 0
National Alliance 1,113 0.5% 0
Construction and Reform 920 0.4% 0
Others 2,156 0.9% 0
Total 229,310 100% 7

Najaf Governorate

Party Total votes[63][59] Percentage Seats
Forward 92,219 24.6% 4
Conquest Alliance 83,070 22.1% 3
Victory Coalition 71,971 19.2% 3
National Wisdom Movement 38,163 10.2% 1
State of Law Coalition 37,057 9.9% 1
Movement of the Will 14,883 4% 0
Others 37,779 10.1% 0
Total 375,142 100% 12

Nineveh Governorate

Party Total votes[64] Percentage Seats
Victory Coalition 168,112 17.9% 7
Kurdistan Democratic Party 139,489 14.9% 6
National Alliance 104,025 11.1% 4
Nineveh Is Our Identity 83,102 8.9% 3
Conquest Alliance 75,043 8% 3
Arab Decision Alliance 67,117 7.2% 3
National Party of the Masses 54,135 5.8% 2
Democratic Approach 37,035 3.9% 1
Patriotic Union of Kurdistan 32,789 3.5% 1
Civilized Alliance 28,513 3% 1
Solidarity (Tadamun) 14,936 1.6% 0
Independent Qusay Abbas
Shabak Reserved Seat		 14,824 1.6% 1
Yazidi Democratic Party
Yazidi Reserved Seat		 11,141 1.2% 1
Babylon Movement
Christian Reserved Seat		 9,753 1% 1
Others 98,640 10.5% 0
Total 938,654 100% 31(+3)

Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate

Party Total votes[65] Percentage Seats
Conquest Alliance 88,895 24.8% 3
Forward 73,294 20.4% 3
Victory Coalition 59,883 16.7% 2
State of Law Coalition 42,878 12% 1
National Wisdom Movement 42,139 11.8% 1
Movement of the Will 24,771 6.9% 1
Civil Democratic Alliance 6535 1.8% 0
National Alliance 4861 1.4% 0
Others 15,191 4.2% 0
Total 358,447 100% 11

Saladin Governorate

Party Total votes[66] Percentage Seats
National Fortress Coalition 77,624 19.2% 3
Conquest Alliance 64,267 15.9% 2
National Alliance 56,325 13.9% 2
Victory Coalition 50,898 12.6% 2
Arab Decision Alliance 38,755 9.6% 2
Saladin Is Our Identity 31,994 7.9% 1
Iraq's Earth 20,778 5.1% 0
Forward 15,816 3.9% 0
Others 47,562 11.8% 0
Total 404,019 100% 12

Sulaymaniyah Governorate

Party Total votes[67] Percentage Seats
Patriotic Union of Kurdistan 267,442 39.4% 8
Movement for Change 156,973 23.1% 4
New Generation Movement 64,389 9.5% 2
Kurdistan Islamic Group 51,763 7.6% 1
Kurdistan Democratic Party 48,820 7.2% 1
Coalition for Democracy and Justice 46,967 6.9% 1
Kurdistan Islamic Union 30,297 4.5% 1
Kurdistan Socialist Democratic Party 4,895 0.7% 0
Communist Party of Kurdistan – Iraq 1,792 0.3% 0
Babylonian Movement
Christian Reserved Seat		 1,148 0.2% 1
Others 4,198 0.6% 0
Total 678,684 100% 18(+1)

Wasit Governorate

Party Total votes[68] Percentage Seats
Forward 101,402 25.7% 3
Conquest Alliance 73,912 18.7% 2
Victory Coalition 53,819 13.6% 2
National Wisdom Movement 51,928 13.2% 2
State of Law Coalition 44,537 11.3% 1
Ability Coalition for Change 37,782 9.6% 1
National Alliance 7,941 2% 0
Independent Mazen Abdel Moneim Gomaa
Reserved Feyli Kurdish Seat		 5,078 1.3% 1
Others 18,142 4.6% 0
Total 394,541 100% 11(+1)

Reactions

A communist woman representing the Alliance of Revolutionaries for Reform, Suhad al-Khateeb, was elected in the elections to represent the city of Najaf, deemed to be one of the holiest religious and conservative cities in Iraq. Khateeb, who is a teacher, anti-poverty and women's rights activist said upon her victory "the Communist party have a long history of honesty - we were not agents for foreign occupations. We want social justice, citizenship, and are against sectarianism, and this is also what Iraqis want."[69]

References

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  43. ^ "ISIL Reportedly Claims Assassination of Iraqi Election Candidate". Shiite News. Shiitenews.com. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
  44. ^ "Iraq says election candidate killed in family dispute, after IS claim". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
  45. ^ Barakat, Mahmoud (12 May 2018). "Roadside bombs kill 6 in Iraq's Kirkuk". Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
  46. ^ Ebraheem, Mohammed (13 May 2018). "Bomb attack leaves Iraqi border guard killed in Diyala". Iraqi News. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
  47. ^ Jawad, Ali (15 May 2018). "Unknown attackers target Sadr-linked sites in S. Iraq". Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
  48. ^ Griffis, Margaret (16 May 2018). "Sadr Offices Bombed; 10 Killed in Iraq". Antiwar.com. Retrieved 16 May 2018. {{cite news}}: no-break space character in |title= at position 24 (help)
  49. ^ "In Pictures: Bomb Explosion Hits Sadr's Sayirun Affiliated Organization in Iraq". Basnews. 15 May 2018. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  50. ^ https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-election-kirkuk/iraqi-election-commission-says-kirkuk-voting-stations-under-siege-staff-inside-idUSKCN1IH1YA
  51. ^ "Ihec Results - Baghdad" (PDF). Retrieved 27 May 2018.
  52. ^ "Ihec Results - Dhe Qar" (PDF). Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  53. ^ "Ihec Results - Babil" (PDF). Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  54. ^ "Ihec Results - Dhe Qar" (PDF). Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  55. ^ "IHEC results - Diyala" (PDF). Retrieved 23 May 2018.
  56. ^ "IHEC Results - Dohuk" (PDF). Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  57. ^ "IHEC results of Erbil" (PDF) (in Arabic). Retrieved 22 May 2018.
  58. ^ [http://iheciraq.net/2018/karbalaa.pdf.
  59. ^ a b c d Rudaw 2018
  60. ^ "IHEC results - Kirkuk" (PDF) (in Arabic). Retrieved 22 May 2018.
  61. ^ [1],iheciraq.
  62. ^ [2],iheciraq.
  63. ^ [http://iheciraq.net/2018/najaf.pdf.
  64. ^ "IHEC Results - Ninewa" (PDF). Retrieved 23 May 2018.
  65. ^ "http://iheciraq.net/2018/qadesia.pdf". {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
  66. ^ "IHEC results - Saladin" (PDF). Retrieved 22 May 2018.
  67. ^ "IHEC Results - Sulaymaniyah" (PDF). Retrieved 23 May 2018.
  68. ^ "IHEC Results - Wassit" (PDF). Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  69. ^ "First female Communist elected in Iraq's holiest city calls for 'social justice'". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
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