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2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit

Coordinates: 01°14′58″N 103°49′28″E / 1.24944°N 103.82444°E / 1.24944; 103.82444
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2018 North Korea–United States Summit
DPRK–USA Singapore Summit



Kim Jong-un and Donald Trump shaking hands at the start of the summit
Host countrySingapore
DateJune 12, 2018
09:00 SGT (01:00 UTC)
Venue(s)Capella Hotel[1]
Participants
2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit
Korean name
Hangul조미 수뇌상봉
Hanja朝美 首腦相逢
Transcriptions
Revised RomanizationJomi sunoesangbong
McCune–ReischauerChomi sunoesangbong
Alternative Korean name
Hangul북미 정상회담
Hanja北美 頂上會談
Transcriptions
Revised RomanizationBungmi jeongsanghoedam
McCune–ReischauerPungmi jŏngsanghoedam

Donald Trump, the President of the United States, met with Kim Jong-un, the leader of North Korea, on June 12, 2018, in Singapore, in the first summit meeting between the leaders of the two countries. They signed a joint statement, agreeing to security guarantees for North Korea, new peaceful relations, reaffirmation of the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula, recovery of soldiers' remains, and follow-up negotiations between high-level officials. Immediately following the summit, Trump announced that the US would discontinue "provocative" joint military exercises with South Korea and would "eventually" withdraw troops stationed there. [2]

Singapore, considered politically benign territory by both sides, made thorough preparations to host the summit, which took place at the Capella Hotel on Sentosa Island. According to Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, the summit had cost the Singaporean government S$20 million (US$15 million), half of which was spent on security measures. Each leader also met with Prime Minister Lee prior to their summit meeting.

High-level exchanges between the two sides took place prior to the meeting, including a visit by then CIA Director Mike Pompeo to Pyongyang and a visit by Kim Yong-chol, Vice Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea, to the White House. Both sides threatened to cancel the summit after a round of joint military exercises by the US and South Korea, with Trump even delivering a formal letter to Kim to call off the meeting; however, the two sides eventually agreed to meet.[3]

Background

USS Carl Vinson carrier strike group and South Korean Navy vessels having a joint exercise on May 3, 2017
See also: North Korea–United States relations

Korea has been divided since 1945. The Korean War of 1950–1953 ended with an armistice agreement but not a peace settlement. A sporadic conflict has continued, with American troops remaining in the South. The North began building a nuclear reactor in 1963, and it began a nuclear weapons program in the 1980s. North Korea first committed to denuclearization in 1992 in the Joint Declaration of the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula. President George W. Bush referred to North Korea as part of an "axis of evil" during his 2002 State of the Union address,[4] but in the 2005 Joint Statement of the Fourth Round of the Six-Party Talks, North Korea reaffirmed the 1992 Joint Declaration and the goal of verifiable denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula. In 2008, North Korea voluntarily gave information on its nuclear program in exchange for sanction relief, and they were taken off the State Sponsors of Terrorism list. Despite this, nuclear inspectors were barred from surveying any North Korean weapons facilities.[5] The Obama administration had a policy of "strategic patience", in which provocations would not be rewarded with presidential attention or the sending of high-level envoys but instead be punished with sanctions and greater military coordination with South Korea and Japan.[6] More nuclear tests were conducted in the succeeding years, and the 2010 bombardment of Yeonpyeong markedly raised tensions between North Korea and South Korea. The escalation of North Korea's nuclear program advanced particularly under the rule of Kim Jong-un who became the leader in December 2011, after his father died.[4]

Donald Trump was elected US President in 2016 with a position of opposition to Barack Obama's policy of "strategic patience" towards North Korea. While advocating a tough stance, he also expressed openness to dialogue, saying he would be prepared to "eat a hamburger" with Chairman Kim Jong-un. He put himself at odds with military allies, saying that it would be better if South Korea and Japan protect themselves. In return a North Korean-linked website described him as a "wise politician".[7] In 2017, Moon Jae-in was elected President of South Korea with a promise to return to the Sunshine Policy of friendly relations with the North.[8]

After the successful Hwasong-15 ICBM test, Kim Jong-un proposed holding talks with South Korea.

North Korea successfully tested its first intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), named Hwasong-14, in July 2017.[9] In response to heightened North Korean rhetoric, President Trump warned that any North Korean attack "will be met with fire, fury and frankly power, the likes of which the world has never seen before". In response, North Korea announced that it was considering a missile test in which the missiles would land near the US territory of Guam.[10][11] North Korea tested its first hydrogen bomb on September 3.[12] The test was internationally condemned, and further economic sanctions were put on North Korea.[13] The United States also added North Korea back to its State Sponsors of Terrorism list after nine years.[14] On November 28, North Korea launched the Hwasong-15, which, according to analysts, would be capable of reaching anywhere in the United States.[15] The United Nations responded by placing further sanctions on the country.[16] After North Korea claimed that the missile was capable of "carrying [a] super-heavy [nuclear] warhead and hitting the whole mainland of the U.S.", Kim-Jong-Un announced that they had "finally realized the great historic cause of completing the state nuclear force",[17] putting them in a position of strength to push the United States into talks.[18]

In his New Year address for 2018, North Korean leader Kim Jong-un celebrated completing their nuclear capabilities and proposed talks for sending a delegation to the upcoming Winter Olympics in South Korea.[19] In January a false missile alert alarmed Hawaii.[20] The Seoul–Pyongyang hotline was reopened after almost two years.[21] North and South Korea marched together in the Olympics opening ceremony and fielded a united women's ice hockey team.[22] As well as the athletes, North Korea sent an unprecedented high-level delegation, headed by Kim Yo-jong, sister of Kim Jong-un, and nominal head of state Kim Yong-nam, and including performers like the Samjiyon Orchestra.[23] The delegation passed on an invitation to President Moon to visit North Korea.[23]

Announcement

ROK President Moon Jae-in and US President Donald Trump, November 2017
A commemorative coin prepared by the White House Communications Agency for the summit

On March 5, 2018, South Korea's special delegation agreed to hold the third inter-Korean summit at Inter-Korean Peace House in Panmunjom on April 27, 2018.[24] On March 6, after returning to South Korea, the national security adviser, Chung Eui-yong, and National Information Director Suh Hoon traveled to the United States on March 8 to report to President Trump about the upcoming inter-Korean summit, and relayed to Trump the North Korean leader Kim Jong-un's invitation.[25] Trump endorsed the North Korea–United States summit about an hour after receiving the report. The South Korean National Security Adviser (SKNS), Mr Jeong briefed the public that the North Korea–United States summit would be held sometime in May 2018.[26]

The White House announced that the UN Sanctions would remain in place until an agreement between the United States and North Korea is reached.[27] On March 6, Sarah Sanders said that the White House would need to see "concrete and verifiable steps" toward the denuclearization of North Korea before Trump would meet with Kim Jong-un. Later that day, an unidentified Trump official told The Wall Street Journal that Trump had still accepted Kim Jong-un's invitation.[28]

South Korean national security adviser Chung Eui-yong visited China March 12–13, 2018, and met Chinese leader Xi Jinping inclusive of the foreign officials to report about the planned inter-Korean summit as well as the North Korea–United States summit and ask their advice and assistance. He is also planning to visit Russia on March 14, 2018, for explaining North Korea and the United States Visit Summary, seeking guidance for upcoming 2018 inter-Korean summit.[29] National Information Director Suh Hoon visited Japan and had a consultation with Prime Minister Shinzō Abe including the foreign officials about the denuclearization and Permanent Peace on the Korean Peninsula.[30][31]

Preparations

Preparatory talks

South Korea's foreign ministry announced on March 18 that selected informal delegations from North Korea, South Korea, and the US would meet for denuclearization discussions in April in Vantaa, Finland. (This type of discussions, as held previously, had sometimes been referred to as track-2 talks.)[32] According to South Korea's Yonhap news, Choe Kang-il, a deputy director general for North American affairs at North Korea's foreign ministry, would also attend the event, which Yonhap termed "track-1.5 talks".[33]

Kim Jong-un's meeting with Xi Jinping

Main article: Kim–Xi meetings
File:Xi Jinping October 2013 (cropped) (cropped).jpg
Chinese leader Xi Jinping met Kim in China in March and May 2018, the North Korean leader's first known international visits.

North Korea's supreme leader Kim was in Beijing on March 25–28, 2018, arriving by special train for talks with China's paramount leader Xi Jinping, Kim's first known out-of-country excursion since taking power six years previously.[34] China stated that North Korea was "committed to denuclearization" and willing to hold a summit with the United States.[35][36] It was organised by the invitation of Xi. During the meeting between two leaders, Kim officially invited Xi to the North Korean capital Pyongyang in his convenient schedule, and Xi accepted the invitation pleasedly.[37] Xi urged Kim to strengthen its strategic and diplomatic future partnership between China and North Korea. Kim stressed to Xi that North Korea and China are long communist countries and that there are many ways to cooperate in various aspects in the future.[38][39] Kim and Xi met again on May 7, 2018, in the city of Dalian, China.[40]

Announcement within North Korea

According to North Korea's state media Korean Central News Agency (KCNA), Chairman Kim led a meeting of the ruling Workers' Party of Korea’s political bureau on April 9, where he spoke about the planned summit with President Trump for the first time.[41]

Proposed conditions by North Korea

On April 11, North Korea presented five entreaties as conditions for the dismissal of their nuclear-capable ICBMs:

  1. Ensuring the United States and South Korea do not locate nuclear weapons strategic assets within the vicinity of the Korean Peninsula[42]
  2. Ceasing development or operation of strategic nuclear assets during USFK–ROK combined military training
  3. Ensuring the United States will not attack North Korea with conventional or nuclear weapons
  4. Converting the 1953 Korean Armistice Agreement into a peace treaty on the Korean Peninsula
  5. Establishing official diplomatic ties between North Korea and the United States.

Although North Korea was previously expected to request the withdrawal of United States Forces Korea (USFK) from South Korea, North Korea publicized they would embrace the continuous deployment of 25,000 USFK troops in South Korea as long as the security of North Korea is guaranteed.[43]

April 2018 inter-Korean summit

Main article: April 2018 inter-Korean summit
Kim and President of South Korea Moon Jae-in shake hands in greeting, in an initiating gesture for the April 2018 inter-Korean summit.

At an inter-Korean summit on April 27, 2018, held at the Peace House in Panmunjom, the leaders of North and South Korea agreed to formally end the Korean War before the end of the year and confirmed the goal of a nuclear-free Korean Peninsula through denuclearization.[44]

Tensions, cancellation, and reinstatement

Letter sent to North Korean leader Kim Jong-un by US President Donald Trump informing Kim of the cancellation of the summit

American Vice President Mike Pence said on May 21, 2018, that "this will only end like the Libyan model ended if Kim Jong-un doesn't make a deal" to "dismantle his nuclear weapons program". Trump had made similar remarks on May 17, as he described that Libya's fate is "what will take place if we don't make a deal". These comments were in reference to the killing of Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi after military intervention by Americans and Europeans in 2011. After a NATO airstrike prevented Gaddafi’s escape, the Libyan rebels captured, beat up, sodomized, and executed Gaddafi. However, Libya under Gaddafi had already in 2003 voluntarily ended its nuclear weapons program and complied with conditions set by Western powers.[citation needed] As a result, North Korean vice foreign minister Choe Son-hui called Pence's remarks "ignorant and stupid" and threatened a "nuclear-to-nuclear showdown".[45][46][47]

Trump cancelled the summit on May 24, 2018, via a letter to Chairman Kim, writing that "based on the tremendous anger and open hostility displayed in your most recent statement, I feel it is inappropriate, at this time, to have this long-planned meeting ... You talk about your nuclear capabilities, but ours are so massive and powerful that I pray to God they will never have to be used." Even though it was Trump who decided to cancel, Trump told Kim, "If you change your mind having to do with this most important summit, please do not hesitate to call me or write."[48][49]

South Korean President Moon was left "very perplexed" by Trump's cancellation, while the South Korean minister in charge of inter-Korean affairs Cho Myoung-gyon said that North Korea "remains sincere" on "efforts on denuclearization and peace building".[50]

In response to Trump's cancellation, North Korean vice foreign minister Kim Kye-gwan expressed his country's "willingness to sit down face-to-face with the US and resolve issues anytime and in any format", being "open-minded in giving time and opportunity to the US" for the "peace and stability for the world and the Korean Peninsula".[50] Trump's cancellation had come on the day North Korea had detonated explosives at its only known nuclear test site, at Punggye-ri in front of international journalists; North Korea claimed that this would have demolished the test site.[51]

On May 25, however, Trump announced that the summit could resume as scheduled following a "very nice statement" he received from North Korea and that talks were now resuming.[52]

The following day, White House Press Secretary Sarah Sanders confirmed in a statement that a "pre-advance team for Singapore will leave as scheduled in order to prepare the summit should take place". The team, consisting of about thirty staffers from both the White House and State Department, met with North Korean counterparts over Memorial Day weekend.[53]

Kim Yong-chol met with Pompeo on May 30, and with Trump on June 1.

On May 30, North Korean general Kim Yong-chol arrived in New York City to meet with US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo.[54] Negotiations between Kim and Pompeo continued the next day, and Pompeo later stated at a press conference that "good progress" had been made.[55] Kim Yong-chol, who is the Vice Chair of Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea, is the highest-ranking North Korean official to visit the US since 2000 (when Jo Myong-rok met with US President Bill Clinton in Washington, D.C.).[56][57][58]

On June 1, Trump announced the summit would resume as scheduled for June 12 after he met Kim Yong-chol at the White House. Kim Yong-chol delivered a letter from Kim Jong-un to Trump,[59] of which Trump first told reporters that it was "a very nice" and "a very interesting letter", yet eight minutes later said "I haven't seen the letter yet. I purposely didn't open the letter".[60][61]

Replacement of North Korean generals

On June 3, North Korea's supreme leader Kim Jong-un replaced three generals of highest military officers who are responsible for the development of North Korea's ICBM nuclear weapons.[62]

Potential denuclearization process

During President Donald Trump's meeting with North Korea envoy, the former spy chief Kim Yong-chol[63] at the White House, US President Trump said that he would choose the "denuclearization process" in North Korea. The nuclear warheads and the ICBM nuclear missiles completed in North Korea could be transferred outside of North Korea and economic sanctions on North Korea could be partly alleviated. The next step would be comprehensive inspections on North Korea's nuclear facilities and nuclear ICBM weapons program by IAEA.[64][65][66]

Logistical preparations

On June 3, a "special event area" was declared by the Ministry of Home Affairs around the area surrounding the Shangri-La Hotel Singapore and stringent security measures will be in force from June 10–14. On the same day, a smaller segment within the "special event area" was declared a "special zone" by the Singapore Police Force where enhanced police powers will be in effect during the same period.[67] On June 5, the Ministry of Home Affairs (Singapore) declared the whole of Sentosa Island, including waters off its south-west beaches, a "special event area" from June 10–14. The summit venue Capella Singapore sits on the "special event area". The government also issued an order exempting four bulletproof and bombproof vehicles from certain traffic rules for the purposes of conveying "non-citizen" individuals for the summit from June 5–30.[68]

The F1 Pit Building has also been designated as the summit's International Media Centre for international journalists to cover the summit and will be operated from 10am on June 10 to 10pm on June 13.[69]

On June 6, Singapore's aviation authorities announced that temporary airspace restrictions will be put in place for parts of June 11, 12 and 13. Aircraft arriving at Singapore Changi Airport will be required to reduce speed and some restrictions are placed on runway use. Aviators are also informed to stay away from Paya Lebar Air Base, a facility used by US Presidents on their previous visits to Singapore.[70][71]

The Singapore Mint also released three commemorative medallions to mark the summit.[72] They are available in gold proof, silver proof, and nickel plated zinc proof.[73]

On June 9, the Singapore Police Force and the Land Transport Authority announced that security measures, such as road closures and security checks, will kick in. Some bus stops in the Tanglin area will be skipped and security checks will be conducted along stretches of roads around the Shangri-La Hotel Singapore and the St Regis Hotel Singapore, the two hotels Trump and Kim are believed to be staying in. Bag searches and other security checks may be conducted for visitors entering Sentosa Island.[74]

On June 11, Singapore's Minister for Foreign Affairs Vivian Balakrishnan announced that the Singapore government would be paying for the North Korean contingent's hotel bill, forming part of the total S$20 million expenditure for the summit, as it was "hospitality that we would have offered them".[75]

Diplomatic preparations

In preparation for the summit, Singapore's Minister for Foreign Affairs Vivian Balakrishnan visited the United States on a working visit and met with the United States Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and National Security Advisor John R. Bolton.[76] He will also be visiting North Korea and meeting with North Korea's Minister of Foreign Affairs Ri Yong-ho and President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly Kim Yong-nam to further lay groundwork for the Trump-Kim summit.[77]

The United States did not convene a Cabinet-level National Security Council meeting to discuss the summit with North Korea. President Trump said: "I think I'm very well prepared ... I don't think I have to prepare very much ... this isn't a question of preparation, it's a question of whether or not people want it to happen, and we'll know that very quickly."[78]

Media centre

Logo used at the International Media Centre

Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong visited the summit's International Media Centre on June 10 when it opened. At a media conference, Lee mentioned that the summit cost S$20 million, with security costs taking up S$10 million and the setting up of the International Media Centre costing S$5 million, but it is a cost that Singapore is "willing to pay".[79] The media centre opened to journalists and they were given customised items, including a bottled water, a fan and a notebook. The centre hosted more than 2500 local and international journalists.[80]

Meeting location

U.S. Secretary of State (then CIA Director) Mike Pompeo and Kim Jong-un meet in Pyongyang, North Korea on March 31, 2018

Background

On March 31 and possibly also April 1, then-CIA director Mike Pompeo had secretly met with Kim in Pyongyang[81] to lay groundwork for the summit, including their discussing possible venues.[82] On April 17, on the day of a meeting at Mar-a-Lago of Trump with Prime Minister of Japan Shinzō Abe, sources revealed to reporters the identities involved in the discussions in Pyongyang.[83]

Locations considered

Trump administration sources said on April 28 that the meeting would be held in either Singapore or Mongolia.[84] On April 30, Trump remarked on a possibility the Peace House and inter-Korean House of Freedom (Joint Security Area) in Panmunjom would serve as venues.[85] Trump believes that Panmunjom in DMZ would be the reasonable location for the meeting to remove nuclear weapons and to sign the preparatory peace treaty on Korean peninsula.[86]

The inter-Korean Peace House was where the 2018 inter-Korean summit was held earlier in April. Singapore was the site of a recent China–Taiwan summit. Mongolia has sponsored a number of talks in recent years involving regional and international players, and is accessible by train from North Korea.[87]

On April 30, Trump confirmed that Singapore, the Peace House and the inter-Korean House of Freedom were under consideration.[88]

American officials said the most likely mutually-agreed-upon choice of venue would be in Southeast Asia or Europe, especially from among the choices of Singapore, Vietnam (Communist country recognized by the US since 1995), Thailand, Switzerland (where Kim and his two siblings had some schooling),[89] or Sweden (whose embassy acts as intermediary for Americans traveling in North Korea).[90] Another possible location of the summit would be Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.[91][92]

Additionally proposed venues included Pyongyang, North Korea (favored by Kim); the Inter-Korean Peace House in Panmunjom near the boundary of the Demilitarized Zone between North and South Korea (site for the April 27, 2018 inter-Korean summit; a site possibly favored by Kim for the summit with the US as well);[93][94] the Russian port city of Vladivostok (accessible to Kim by land or sea and nearby Vyatskoye, Kim's predecessor and father Kim Jong-il's February 16, 1941 birthplace[95][96]);[97] a Chinese city such as Shenyang, Changchun, or Beijing (favored by China); Seoul or South Korea's Jeju Island; or, aboard a US ship in international waters.[98][99]

Announcement on holding the talks in Singapore

Further information: Capella Singapore
North Korea's Vice Chairman Kim Yong-chol delivers a personal letter from Chairman Kim to President Trump, in the White House Oval Office on June 1, 2018.
President Trump together with Vice Chairman Kim Yong-chol of the North Korean delegation, outside the Oval Office
An aerial view of the Capella Singapore

CNN reported on May 9 that Singapore will be hosting the meeting on June 12.[100][101] As per CNBC, a White House official said Singapore was chosen as it has diplomatic relations with both United States and North Korea, and was one of the few countries that have relationships with both countries.[102] Trump confirmed the location on May 10 and announced that the summit is set for June 12.[103][104] At 4,700 kilometres (2,900 mi) from Pyongyang’s Sunan airport, Singapore is easily within the range of Kim's Soviet-made Il-62M aircraft.[105] Local media reported that the most likely choice of venue would be the Shangri-La Hotel Singapore near Orchard Road,[106] known for hosting the annual Shangri-La Dialogue and the 2015 Ma–Xi meeting. A South Korean report also cited The Istana, the official residence of the President of Singapore, as a possible venue to host the summit.[107]

Singapore's Ministry of Foreign Affairs further provided information on the summit stating that, "Singapore is pleased to host the meeting between President of the United States Donald J. Trump and Democratic People's Republic of Korea State Affairs Commission Chairman Kim Jong-un on 12 June 2018. We hope this meeting will advance prospects for peace in the Korean Peninsula". However, the ministry did not provide any details on the venue and the arrangements.[108]

Following Trump's renewed commitment to the summit on June 1, Singapore's Defence Minister Ng Eng Hen welcomed the move and stated that Singapore would cover some of the costs of the summit.[109] Advance team members of the American and North Korean delegations that were meeting in Singapore in prior weeks were believed to have been staying in Capella Singapore on Sentosa, and the Fullerton Hotel Singapore in the city's Downtown Core respectively, both of which were additional venue options for the summit.[110]

The White House announced on June 4 that the meeting will take place at 9:00am (SGT), and confirmed the next day that Capella Singapore will be the venue for the June 12 summit.[111] The US clarified that they would not pay for North Korea's official's accommodation. They also affirmed that they would talk with the South Korean and Japanese governments if asked about the possible declaration of the end of the Korean War during the summit.[112]

On June 9, 2018, at a press conference at the G7 Summit in Quebec, President Trump estimated that the interpersonal chemistry[113] between him and Leader Kim Jong-un would be a deciding factor in the success of the Summit in Singapore, and that this would be a one-time chance[114] for North Korea to strike a deal.[115]

Pre-summit events

Leaders' arrival

Kim arrived in Singapore in an Air China Boeing 747.[116]

US President Donald Trump left the 44th G7 summit around four hours earlier than scheduled and departed directly for Singapore. He reportedly viewed the G7 summit as a "distraction" from his summit with Kim.[117] Trump landed at Singapore's Paya Lebar Airbase at 20:20 local time and was welcomed by Singapore's Minister for Foreign Affairs Vivian Balakrishnan.[118] A US Air Force Boeing C-17 Globemaster III transport plane was already at the air base ahead of his arrival. Trump is staying at the Shangri-La Hotel Singapore, which has also hosted previous US Presidents.[119]

North Korean leader Kim Jong-un landed at Singapore Changi Airport on Sunday at about 14:35 local time and was welcomed by Singapore's Minister for Foreign Affairs Vivian Balakrishnan and Minister for Education Ong Ye Kung.[120] Kim flew to Singapore on a Boeing 747 operated by Air China, a plane used by the highest echelons of the Chinese leadership.[121][122][123] According to media reports, a cargo plane, an Air Koryo Ilyushin Il-76, containing food items and other perishables landed in Singapore from North Korea before Kim's plane landed. Chiller trucks ferried them to the St. Regis Hotel Singapore where Kim is staying.[124] A third plane from North Korea, an Air Koryo Ilyushin Il-62, landed shortly afterwards; Kim's sister and Vice Director of the Propaganda and Agitation Department, Kim Yo-jong, was believed to be on board.[125]

Working-level meetings

Both Trump and Kim have met separately with Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong.[126] Kim met Lee on Sunday evening at The Istana.[127] Trump met Lee on Monday afternoon, also at The Istana. He was accorded a bilateral meeting, followed by a working lunch and then an expanded bilateral meeting.[128] During the meeting, President Trump accepted President Halimah Yacob's invitation to make a State Visit to Singapore in November 2018, in conjunction with the 6th ASEAN-US Summit and 13th East Asia Summit.[129]

A working-level meeting was held between the United States Ambassador to the Philippines Sung Kim and Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs Choe Son-hui, at The Ritz-Carlton Millenia Singapore on Monday morning. The meeting lasted over two hours and was believed to further work out the details of the summit between Trump and Kim and to push forward their agendas.[130][131]

Meanwhile, North Korea's Minister of Foreign Affairs Ri Yong-ho met with his Singaporean counterpart Vivian Balakrishnan on Monday morning too.[132]

Pre-summit activities

Trump's activities

After meeting Singapore's Prime Minister, President Trump and Secretary of State Pompeo met and thanked the team at the United States embassy in Singapore and Task Force 73 at Shangri-La Hotel.[133]

Trump then discussed the summit with South Korea's President Moon Jae-in in a 40-minute phone call, expressing that he is willing to take "bold decisions" while Moon said that South Koreans are praying for Trump to "create a miraculous result".[134] He also spoke with Japan's Prime Minister Shinzō Abe on the phone.[135]

US press briefing

Secretary of State Mike Pompeo gave a press briefing at the White House press room set up at the JW Marriott Hotel Singapore South Beach Hotel on Monday afternoon. He mentioned details of the preparations done by the US delegation and that the US is willing to offer North Korea security guarantees in exchange for the denuclearisation of the Korean Peninsula.[136]

South Korea press briefing

A South Korean official spoke at a closed-door press briefing held at South Korea's Korea Press Center, confirming that Moon Jae-in will not travel to Singapore to attend the summit, despite earlier speculations. Instead, South Korea sent a delegation to Singapore to monitor the summit.[137]

Kim's tour of Singapore

Kim visited several of Singapore's attractions in the Central Area together with his sister, Kim Yo-jong, on Monday evening. They visited the Flower Dome at Gardens by the Bay, the Jubilee Bridge and the Marina Bay Sands integrated resorts. They were accompanied by Singapore's Minister for Foreign Affairs Vivian Balakrishnan and Minister for Education Ong Ye Kung, the same ministers who welcomed him at the airport the previous day.[138][139]

Dennis Rodman

Retired U.S. basketball star Dennis Rodman, who made a number of visits to North Korea to promote sports and developed a personal relationship with Chairman Kim over several years, announced that he would be in Singapore during the summit but would not be involved in the meeting.[140] Rodman arrived the day before the summit.[141] The basketball star broke down in tears live on CNN as he recounted the hostility he faced for meeting Kim Jong-un.[142]

Summit meeting

External videos
video icon U.S.-North Korea Summit Sights and Sounds, June 11, 2018, C-SPAN
video icon President Trump Greets North Korean Leader Kim Jong Un, June 11, 2018, C-SPAN
Kim and Trump walking to the summit room for their one-on-one meeting
Kim and Trump before the start of their one-on-one meeting
The expanded bilateral meeting between both the United States and North Korean delegations

The summit was broadcast in real-time internationally.[143]

One-on-one meeting

North Korean leader Kim Jong-un arrived at Capella Hotel first before United States President Donald Trump arrived six minutes later.[144] They started the summit at 9:05am local time with a 12-second handshake and then participated in a one-on-one meeting, with interpreters only. Trump and Kim emerged from the one-on-one talks and walked down the corridor to the Cassia where the expanded bilateral meeting took place. Trump described the one-on-one meeting as "very very good" when asked by a reporter.[145][146]

Expanded bilateral meeting and working lunch

Both countries' delegations proceeded to participate in an expanded bilateral meeting and a working lunch.[147]

Both delegations dined together on Korean, Southeast Asian and Western dishes with ice cream, tropézienne, and dark chocolate tartlet ganache as dessert.[148] After the lunch, Trump and Kim took a short walk together and viewed the interior of the Presidential state car.[144]

Joint signing ceremony

Main article: Joint Statement of President Donald J. Trump of the United States of America and Chairman Kim Jong Un of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea at the Singapore Summit

Subsequently, Trump and Kim signed a joint statement, titled "Joint Statement of President Donald J. Trump of the United States of America and Chairman Kim Jong Un of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea at the Singapore Summit", which Trump described as a "very important" and "comprehensive" agreement.[149]

The document said:[150]

President Trump and Chairman Kim Jong Un state the following:

  1. The United States and the DPRK commit to establish new U.S.-DPRK relations in accordance with the desire of the peoples of the two countries for peace and prosperity.
  2. The United States and the DPRK will join their efforts to build a lasting and stable peace regime on the Korean Peninsula.
  3. Reaffirming the April 27, 2018 Panmunjom Declaration, the DPRK commits to work towards the complete denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula.
  4. The United States and the DPRK commit to recovering POW/MIA remains including the immediate repatriation of those already identified.

In addition to the numbered provisions, the joint statement also mentions Trump's commitment to provide security guarantees to North Korea. Follow-up negotiations between Pompeo and an undetermined high-level North Korean official are also called for by the joint statement.[149]

US news conference

President Trump held a news conference at 16:15 local time which lasted for more than an hour. In his news conference, Trump said that further discussions will take place with North Korean officials and that he would consider visiting Pyongyang.[151] Referring to his commitment in the Joint Statement[152] to "provide security guarantees" to North Korea, Trump announced the end of the joint military exercises with the South Korean military, which he described as "provocative". U.S. Forces Korea and South Korea were apparently not consulted.[153] He expressed his hope that the removal of 32,000 American troops defending South Korea would become part of the equation. The next round of joint military exercises were scheduled for late August.[154][155]

End of summit

Trump left Singapore from Paya Lebar Air Base at around 18:30 local time, earlier than his planned departure time of 19:00 while Kim Jong-un left Singapore from Changi Airport at around 22:30.[156]

Delegations in attendance

Participants in the expanded bilateral meeting

 United States (USA)
Name Title
Donald Trump President
Mike Pompeo[157] Secretary of State
John F. Kelly[157] White House Chief of Staff
John R. Bolton[158] National Security Advisor
 North Korea (DPRK)
Name Title
Kim Jong-un[159] Chairman of the State Affairs Commission
Ri Yong-ho[160] Minister of Foreign Affairs
Kim Yong-chol[161] Vice Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea
Ri Su-yong[159] Vice Chairman of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea

Other delegates

 United States (USA)
Name Title
Cabinet of the United States
Randall Schriver[162] Assistant Secretary of Defense for Asian and Pacific Security Affairs
White House Office
Sarah Huckabee Sanders[163] White House Press Secretary
Stephen Miller[164] Senior Advisor to the President
National Security Council (NSC)
Mira Ricardel[164] Deputy National Security Advisor
Sarah Tinsley[164] NSC Director for Strategic Communications
Matthew Pottinger[164] NSC Senior Director for Asian Affairs
Brenan Richards[165] NSC Director for Southeast Asian Affairs
Allison Hooker[162] NSC Member
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Andrew Kim[162] Director of the CIA Korea Mission Center
Ambassadors of the United States
Sung Kim[162] Ambassador to the Philippines
P. Michael McKinley[164] Ambassador to Brazil
Stephanie Syptak-Ramnath[164] Chargé d'affaires (acting Ambassador) at the US Embassy in Singapore
Melissa Brown[164] Counsellor for Economic and Political Affairs at the US Embassy in Singapore
 North Korea (DPRK)
Name Title
Cabinet of North Korea
No Kwang-chol[160] Minister of People's Armed Forces
Choe Son-hui[159] Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs
Workers' Party of Korea (WPK)
Kim Yo-jong[160] Kim Jong-un’s sister
Vice Director of the Propaganda and Agitation Department
Other members of the Central Committee and the State Affairs Commission[159]

Reactions

Pre-summit

 Australia

Foreign Minister Julie Bishop argued that the Trump–Kim summit is a tough diplomatic solution, and that might bring concrete commitments to complete a verifiable denuclearization. It should be achieved for world peace. The denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula should be done even if it is a long drawn out diplomatic process.[166]

 China

Chinese President Xi Jinping had a dialogue with President Donald Trump on March 11 about the 2018 North Korea–United States summit. China expressed its appreciation for attempts of resolving the North Korean nuclear issue through diplomacy with the North Korea–United States summit. The White House also believes that North Korea will keep its promise to suspend ICBM missile launches and North Korean nuclear tests before the North Korea–United States summit in May.[167]

 European Union

A European Parliament delegation led by MEP Nirj Deva acknowledged that they had several secret meetings with senior officials in North Korea for three years with the aim of mitigating the risks imposed by the North Korean nuclear weapons programme. Austrian MEP Paul Ruebig, deputy chair of the committee, suggested that the UN take part in the Trump-Kim summits to give them an international horizon.[168]

 Germany

Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel expressed her opinion about Kim–Trump talks; she views "gleams of hope" of achieving the resolution of North's nuclear weapons. Merkel also remarked "it would be marvellous if we could experience a détente".[169]

 Japan

Shortly after the summit was announced, Prime Minister of Japan Shinzō Abe told reporters he appreciated "North Korea's change" and attributed the diplomatic change in tone to the coordinated sanctions campaign by the United States, Japan and South Korea.[170] Abe, however, cautioned Trump not to strike a compromise on North Korea's missile program that would leave Japan exposed to shorter-range missiles that do not reach the US mainland, or relieve pressure on North Korea too soon before complete denuclearization.[171][172] Abe also expressed a desire to hold a bilateral meeting with North Korea on the issue of abductions of Japanese citizens, pressing Trump to raise the matter at the summit.[173]

 Russia

Minister of Foreign Affairs Sergey Lavrov embraced the meeting, saying that "it is a step in the right direction" instead of "fire and fury". He also expressed that a legal arrangement between the US and North Korea would be crucial for normalizing the perilous situation around the Korean Peninsula. On May 31, 2018, Sergey Lavrov met with Kim Jong-un in Pyongyang to discuss denuclearization by easing sanctions to speed up the process of disarmament, and in turn, he received a favorable response from the North Korean leader. Lavrov invited the North Korean leader to visit Russia. He told Kim that Moscow supported peace and progress on the Korean peninsula and highly valued a declaration signed by Pyongyang and Seoul. Earlier, Lavrov met with his North Korean counterpart Ri Yong-ho and others at the Supreme People's Assembly building in the North Korean capital. Lavrov and his deputy Igor Morgulov paid their respects at a monument to Soviet soldiers in Pyongyang's Moranbong Park. The Russian Foreign Ministry said earlier Lavrov and Ri were expected to discuss "vital issues of bilateral relations and key international and regional issues".[174]

President Vladimir Putin pledged to ensure that the talks would be a success, suggesting that all regional players such as Russia should provide North Korea with guarantees in order to have a fruitful meeting. He called for the international community to help North Korea economically as they abandon their nuclear weapons program.[175]

 Singapore

Defence Minister Ng Eng Hen[176] announced that they would be willing to pay a certain amount of budget for the US and North Korean delegations' residence and meeting place for the success of the historic Trump–Kim summit.[177] The people in Singapore are divided about the resumption of the Trump–Kim summit; some believe that it is a small but encouraging step towards world peace whilst others are dissatisfied with both leaders.[178]

 South Korea

South Korean President Moon Jae-in expressed hopes for both Trump and Kim to take "bold decisions" in their first meeting, acknowledging the "long process" of North Korea's denuclearization. On the Monday preceding the talks he discussed the summit with Trump in a 40-minute phone call in which Moon told him that the South Korean people were praying to "create a miraculous result" in the talks.[179] Following the announcement of cancellation by President Trump of the summit in late May, Moon stated that he was left perplexed and felt "very regrettable" as he and Kim held a second and unplanned summit at Panmunjom to help resolve the lapse of disagreement between Kim and Trump.[180] South Korea hailed the summit as "talks of the century" during the summit.[181]

 United Kingdom

Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson took to Twitter after the summit ended and said in a tweet, "Welcome the news that President Trump and Kim Jong Un have held constructive talks in Singapore. The DPRK’s commitment to complete denuclearisation of the Korean Peninsula is an important first step towards a stable and prosperous future."[182]

 United States

National Security Advisor John R. Bolton said that the meeting should focus on denuclearization similar to Libya in 2003.[183] He stated if denuclearized, he would ship the nuclear weapons to Oak Ridge, Tennessee.[183] However, he also warned that if not prepared for serious discussion, the meeting could be short.[183]

Representative Adam Schiff (D-California) said President Trump deserved credit for bringing North Korea to the negotiating table.[184]

Several lawmakers and foreign policy experts voiced concerns about the wisdom of agreeing to a summit with insufficient preparations by lower-level officials, mainly due to the lack of trust between the United States and North Korea. Some said Trump could be setting himself up for failure, due to doubts over whether North Korea will willingly give up a formidable atomic arsenal that Kim Jong-un has made central to North Korea's standing in the world.[185]

 Vatican City

Pope Francis expressed the hope on June 10, 2018 that the Trump–Kim summit will "contribute to the development of a positive path that will assure a future of peace for the Korean Peninsula and the entire world".[186]

Post-summit

 Australia

Australia's Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull praised Mr Trump with the resolution of the problematic Denuke issue of DPRK by Trump way as an incredibly persuasive and influential drive. Malcolm defined Mr. Trump is a real deal-maker.[187] Foreign minister Julie Bishop expressed that the Australian government would be willing to assist its expertise to assist in the verification process of the denuclearisation of the Korean peninsula when North Korea's ICBM nuclear weapons are eventually removed. [188]

 Canada

Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau has announced his support for the summit, "We support the continuing efforts by the president on North Korea, (and) we look forward to looking at the details of the agreement".[189]

 China

China, through its Foreign Ministry spokesman Geng Shuang has announced that it is considering sanctions relief for North Korea. As per the U.N. Security Council resolutions to North Korea, China conceives that the current sanction measures can be adjusted by Trump and Kim's signing of a joint statement. China has always rigorously complied with all U.N. resolutions on North Korea so far, however China has long feared that a collapse of the isolated DPRK could push waves of refugees into northeastern China or unnecessary nuclear war. [190]

 India

India praised the summit meeting as positive, but calls for an end to the North Korea-Pakistan nuclear nexus.[191]

 Israel

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu stated on Twitter, "I commend US President Donald Trump on the historic summit in Singapore. This is an important step in the effort to rid the Korean peninsula of nuclear weapons."[192]

 Italy

Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte praised the summit via Twitter, "Today is a historic day for peace and security in the world. Thank you President Donald Trump."[193]

 Japan

Japan's Prime Minister Shinzō Abe announced that he was satisfied with Trump's commitment to the previous meeting with him. Regarding humanitarian issues, there were 13 Japanese citizens abducted from Japan to North Korea, and between South Korea and Japan, there were Korean women used as sex slaves by Japanese forces during World War II. [194]

 North Korea

North Korea's Rodong Sinmun devoted a four-page feature to the summit in its Wednesday edition, welcoming its results. The article carried the text of the declaration in full. In addition, it mentioned security guarantees and Trump's pledge to cease the joint military exercises with South Korea. It failed to mention the promise Kim had allegedly made to Trump about closing down a test site for missile engines, however.[195]

 Singapore

PM Lee congratulated both leaders in separate letters sent to them on the successful outcome of the summit and wished both countries success in implementing the agreement signed. He also thanked Singaporeans and those who worked on the summit.[196]

 South Korea

South Korea's presidential office Blue House and president Moon Jae-in announced that the outcome of the Trump-Kim summit; "It was the "bold determination of the two leaders" and he is able to see Chairman of the State Affairs Commission of North Korea: Kim Jong-un's sincerity for commitment of the decisive, proactive actions for the denuclearisation process. However, the South Korea president Moon stressed that about 65 years of hostility with complex nuclear ICBM issue would not be resolved by a single summit, but it requires continuous cooperation for the denuclearisation process. [197]

Chosun Ilbo, the biggest South Korean newspaper, expressed concern that as a result of Trump's concessions, the North would keep its nuclear weapons program permanently. It described the summit as "dumbfounding and nonsensical".[198]

 Ukraine

The President of Ukraine, Petro Poroshenko, greeted the meeting with praise, "I congratulate the results of the historic meeting between the US President and the leader of the DPRK in Singapore. Thanks to the decisive leadership of President Trump, the path to peace in the Korean peninsula is no longer so impossible." But he later added the restriction: "I hope that the US security guarantees in connection with the denuclearization of the peninsula will take into account the drawbacks of the Budapest Memorandum on Security Safeguards in Ukraine."[199][200]

 United States

Fred and Cindy Warmbier, the parents of Otto Warmbier, praised Trump after his comments about the family and stated that they hope something positive comes from this.[201] Arkansas senator Tom Cotton praised the summit as a positive step.[202] President Trump tweeted that the summit helped the world to avert a "nuclear catastrophe" and thanked Chairman Kim for the historic meeting.[203]

Incidents

On 9 June, two South Korean media personnel from South Korean broadcaster KBS News were arrested for trespassing at the home of the North Korean ambassador in Singapore.[204] KBS News subsequently issued an apology for not being cautious.[205] The two media personnel were deported the next day on June 10.[206]

On 11 June, five South Korean women were arrested on Monday night for protesting outside the St. Regis Hotel where Chairman Kim and his delegation were staying. The police warned the women for violating the Public Order Act but they refused to cooperate, leading to their arrests.[207][208]

The US State Department mistakenly identified Singapore as a part of Malaysia in the transcript of the press briefing that Secretary Pompeo gave. The venue was initially stated as "JW Marriott, Singapore, Malaysia", but was later rectified to remove the reference to Malaysia.[209]

See also

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