Artemisia californica
| Artemisia californica | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Genus: | Artemisia |
| Species: | A. californica
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| Binomial name | |
| Artemisia californica | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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Artemisia californica, also known as California sagebrush, is a species of western North American shrubs in the sunflower family.
Distribution
The herbaceous plant is native to western California and northwestern Baja California. It is endemic to the California chaparral and woodlands ecoregion, in coastal sage scrub, coastal strand, chaparral, and dry foothill communities. It is found from sea level to 800 m (2600 ft.) in elevation.[2]
The prototypical plant association of A. californica is chaparral, notably in the California Coast Ranges; toyon and sage are also key components of communities which are transitional between chaparral and coastal sage scrub.[3] It is often claimed to be allelopathic, secreting chemicals into the ground which inhibit other plants from growing near and around the shrub.[4]
Description
Artemisia californica branches from the base and grows out from there, becoming rounded; it grows 1.5 to 2.5 meters (5–8 ft.) tall. The stems of the plant are slender, flexible, and glabrous (hairless) or canescent (fuzzy). The leaves range from one to 10 centimeters long and are pinnately divided with 2–4 threadlike lobes less than five centimeters long. Their leaves are hairy and light green to gray in color; the margins of the leaves curl under.[2]
The inflorescences are leafy, narrow, and sparse. The capitula are less than 5 millimeters in diameter. The pistillate flowers range in number from 6 to 10 and the disk flowers range from 15 to 30, and they are generally yellowish, but sometimes red.
The fruits produced are resinous achenes up to 1.5 millimeters long. There is a pappus present that forms a minute crown on the body of the achene.[2]
The plant contains terpenes which make it quite aromatic.[4] Many people regard the species to have a pleasant smell.[5]
Uses
Food uses
Although Artemisia californica is a sagebrush, not a true sage, it can be used in cooking as a spice and can also be made into a tea.[citation needed]
Medicinal
In the past it was employed as a treatment to fight coughs and colds by the Cahuilla natives. They chewed the leaves, either dried or fresh.[6][7] It was used by women of the Cahuilla and Tongva to alleviate menstrual cramps and to ease labor. The plant stimulates the uterine mucosa, which quickened childbirth. It was also made into a decoction, and if taken regularly prior to menstruation, it relieved menstrual cramps and menopause.[8][7] The Ohlone used it as a pain remover by applying the leaves to wounds or teeth. It was also made into a tea bath to cure colds, coughs, and rheumatism. It was used as a poultice for asthma as well.[7]
A. californica is used to make a liniment that is a powerful pain reliever (Adams, 2012b; Fontaine et al., 2013). The monoterpenoids in the plant interact with transient receptor potential cation channels to relieve pain. The plant also contains sesquiterpenes that may be involved in pain relief. The liniment is more powerful than opioid drugs and is much safer. A small amount of the liniment is applied where it is needed. Within 20 min, the pain subsides, even pain from broken bones, arthritis, sprains and strains [9]
Cultivation
This shrub is cultivated as an ornamental plant in native plant and wildlife gardens, natural landscaping design, and for restoration of disturbed sites and degraded coastal sage scrub.[4] There are several lower height cultivars in the horticulture trade, for drought tolerant groundcover use.[10]
It thrives in full sun, preferring to grow on west or north-facing slopes. It needs little water and prefers no water in the summer months; it does not seem that soil types affect plant growth much. This plant relies on wildfire for seed germination and burned plants can crown-sprout and keep growing.
Animals rarely eat Artemisia californica, probably due to the presence of bitter aromatic terpenes, but it does provide good cover for smaller birds and other animals that can fit between its stems.[4] It is an important habitat plant for the endangered California gnatcatcher.[4]
See also
References
- ^ The Plant List Artemisia californica Less.
- ^ a b c Flora of North America Vol. 19, 20 and 21 Page 524 California sagebrush, Artemisia californica Lessing, Linnaea. 6: 523. 1831.
- ^ C. Michael Hogan, (2008) Toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia), GlobalTwitcher, ed. N. Stromberg
- ^ a b c d e Forest Service Fire Ecology
- ^ Native Salvias and Artemisias MyMotherLode.com October 15, 2006
- ^ University of Michigan, Dearborn: Native American Ethnobotany of Artemisia californica
- ^ a b c "Artemisia californica" (PDF). fs.fed.us.
- ^ United States Department of Agriculture, National Forest Service Info Sheet
- ^ Adams, James David Jr. "What can traditional healing do for modern medicine." Tang [Humanitas Medicine] 4.2 (2014): 3. pag.
- ^ Las Pilitas Horticulture Database: Artemisia californica
External links
Artemisia californica.
- Artemisia (genus)
- Flora of California
- Flora of Baja California
- Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
- Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
- Natural history of the Channel Islands of California
- Natural history of the San Francisco Bay Area
- Natural history of the Santa Monica Mountains
- Natural history of the Peninsular Ranges
- Natural history of the Transverse Ranges
- Plants described in 1831
- Plants used in traditional Native American medicine
- Garden plants of North America
- Drought-tolerant plants