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Timeline of LGBTQ history in the United States

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This is a timeline of notable events in the history of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender community in the United States.

Common Era

20th century

1924-1925
  • The Society for Human Rights, established in Chicago in 1924, was the first recognized gay rights organization in the United States, having received a charter from the state of Illinois, and produced the first American publication for homosexuals, Friendship and Freedom.[1] Society founder Henry Gerber was inspired to create it by the work of German doctor Magnus Hirschfeld and the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee. A few months after being chartered, in 1925, the group ceased to exist in the wake of the arrest of several of the Society's members. Despite its short existence and small size, the Society has been recognized as a precursor to the modern gay liberation movement.
1950
  • The Mattachine Society, founded in 1950, was one of the earliest LGBT (gay rights) organizations in the United States, probably second only to Chicago's Society for Human Rights. Communist and labor activist Harry Hay formed the group with a collection of male friends in Los Angeles to protect and improve the rights of gay men.
1951
  • The Black Cat Bar, located in San Francisco's North Beach neighborhood, was the focus of one of the earliest victories of the homophile movement when in 1951 the California Supreme Court affirmed the right of gay people to assemble in a case brought by the heterosexual owner of the bar.
1952
1955
  • The Daughters of Bilitis /bɪˈliːtɪs/, also called the DOB or the Daughters, was the first[3] lesbian civil and political rights organization in the United States. It was formed in San Francisco in 1955.
1958
  • The first gay leather bar, the Gold Coast, opened in Chicago in 1958.
  • One, Inc. v. Olesen 355 U.S. 371 (1958) is a landmark United States Supreme Court decision for LGBT rights in the United States. It was the first U.S. Supreme Court ruling to deal with homosexuality and the first to address free speech rights with respect to homosexuality. The ruling held that pro-homosexual writing is not per se obscene.
1959
  • The Cooper Do-nuts Riot happened in 1959 in Los Angeles, when the lesbians, gay men, transgender people, and drag queens who hung out at Cooper Do-nuts and who were frequently harassed by the LAPD fought back after police arrested three people, including John Rechy. Patrons began pelting the police with donuts and coffee cups. The LAPD called for back-up and arrested a number of rioters. Rechy and the other two original detainees were able to escape.[4]
1961
  • José Sarria ran for the San Francisco Board of Supervisors in 1961, becoming the first openly gay candidate for public office in the United States.[5] He did not win, however.[6]
1965
  • In April 150 gender non-conforming people came to Dewey's Coffee Shop in Philadelphia to protest the fact that the shop was refusing to serve young people in "non-conformist clothing".[7] After three protesters refused to leave after being denied service they, along with a black gay activist, were arrested. This led to a picket of the establishment organized by the black GLBT population. Later, in May of that same year another sit-in was organized and Dewey's agreed to end their discriminatory policies.[8]
1966
1967
  • 1 January – The Black Cat Tavern was the site of one of the first riots in the United States protesting police harassment of LGBT people.
  • 21 April – New York decided that it could no longer forbid bars from serving gay men and lesbians after activists staged a "Sip-In" at Julius, a bar, on April 21.
  • 24 November – The first bookstore devoted to gay and lesbian authors was founded by Craig Rodwell on November 24, 1967 as the Oscar Wilde Memorial Bookshop.[10][11] It was initially located at 291 Mercer Street.[12][13][14]
1969
  • 28 June – The Stonewall riots (also referred to as the Stonewall uprising or the Stonewall rebellion) were a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations by members of the gay (LGBT) community[note 2] against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. They are widely considered to constitute the most important event leading to the gay liberation movement[15][16][17] and the modern fight for LGBT rights in the United States.[18][19]
  • 31 October – Sxty members of the Gay Liberation Front and the Society for Individual Rights staged a protest outside the offices of the San Francisco Examiner in response to a series of news articles disparaging LGBT people in San Francisco's gay bars and clubs.[20][21] The peaceful protest against the "homophobic editorial policies" of the Examiner turned tumultuous and were later called "Friday of the Purple Hand" and "Bloody Friday of the Purple Hand".[21][22][23][24][25] Examiner employees "dumped a bag of printers' ink from the third story window of the newspaper building onto the crowd".[21][23] Some reports state that it was a barrel of ink poured from the roof of the building.[26] The protesters "used the ink to scrawl 'Gay Power' and other slogans on the building walls" and stamp purple hand prints "throughout downtown San Francisco" resulting in "one of the most visible demonstrations of gay power".[21][23][25] According to Larry LittleJohn, then president of SIR, "At that point, the tactical squad arrived – not to get the employees who dumped the ink, but to arrest the demonstrators. Somebody could have been hurt if that ink had gotten into their eyes, but the police were knocking people to the ground."[21] The accounts of police brutality include women being thrown to the ground and protesters' teeth being knocked out.[21][27]
1973
  • 24 June – The UpStairs Lounge arson attack occurred on June 24, 1973, at a gay bar located on the second floor of the three-story building at 141 Chartres Street in the French Quarter of New Orleans, Louisiana, in the United States.[28] Thirty-two people died as a result of fire or smoke inhalation. The official cause is still listed as "undetermined origin".[29] The most likely suspect, a gay man named Roger Nunez who had been ejected from the bar earlier in the day, was never charged and took his own life in November 1974.[30][31][32] No evidence has ever been found the arson was motivated by hatred or overt homophobia.[32] Until the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting, the UpStairs Lounge arson attack was the deadliest known attack on a gay club in U.S. history.
  • The American Psychiatric Association declassified homosexuality as a mental disorder.[33]
1976
1978
  • Harvey Milk, the first openly gay male non-incumbent elected in the United States (and the first openly gay person elected to public office in California), was assassinated in 1978 by Dan White (who also killed Mayor George Moscone).[35]
  • Gilbert Baker designed the rainbow flag for the 1978 San Francisco Gay Freedom Celebration.
1979
  • 21 May – The White Night riots were a series of violent events sparked by an announcement of the lenient sentencing of Dan White for the assassinations of San Francisco Mayor George Moscone and of Harvey Milk, a member of the city's Board of Supervisors who was the first openly gay male non-incumbent elected in the United States (and the first openly gay person elected to public office in California). The events took place on the night of May 21, 1979 (the night before what would have been Milk's 49th birthday) in San Francisco. Earlier that day, White had been convicted of voluntary manslaughter, the lightest possible conviction for his actions. As well, the gay community of San Francisco had a longstanding conflict with the San Francisco Police Department. White's status as a former police officer intensified the community's anger at the SFPD. Initial demonstrations took place as a peaceful march through the Castro district of San Francisco. After the crowd arrived at the San Francisco City Hall, violence began. The events caused hundreds of thousands of dollars' worth of property damage to City Hall and the surrounding area, as well as injuries to police officers and rioters. Several hours after the riot had been broken up, police made a retaliatory raid on a gay bar in San Francisco's Castro District. Many patrons were beaten by police in riot gear. Two dozen arrests were made during the course of the raid, and several people later sued the SFPD. In the following days, gay leaders refused to apologize for the events of that night. This led to increased political power in the gay community, which culminated in the election of Mayor Dianne Feinstein to a full term the following November. In response to a campaign promise, Feinstein appointed a pro-gay Chief of Police, which increased recruitment of gay people in the police force and eased tensions. The SFPD never apologized for its indiscriminate attacks on the gay community.
1980
1986
1989
  • The rainbow flag came to nationwide attention in the United States after John Stout sued his landlords and won when they attempted to prohibit him from displaying the flag from his West Hollywood, California, apartment balcony.[38]
1993
1994
1998
  • Matthew Shepard was a gay American student at the University of Wyoming who was beaten, tortured, and left to die near Laramie on the night of October 6, 1998.[46] He was taken to Poudre Valley Hospital in Fort Collins, Colorado, where he died six days later from severe head injuries. Perpetrators Aaron McKinney and Russell Henderson were arrested shortly after the attack and charged with first-degree murder following Shepard's death. Significant media coverage was given to the killing and to what role Shepard's sexual orientation played as a motive in the commission of the crime. Both McKinney and Henderson were convicted of the murder, and each received two consecutive life sentences. Shepard's murder, along with that of Brandon Teena, led to increased lobbying for hate crime laws in the United States.[43][47]
  • Rita Hester was a [[transgender African American woman who was murdered in Allston, Massachusetts on November 28, 1998.[48] In response to her murder, an outpouring of grief and anger led to a candlelight vigil held the following Friday (December 4) in which about 250 people participated. The community struggle to see Rita's life and identity covered respectfully by local papers, including the Boston Herald and Bay Windows, was chronicled by Nancy Nangeroni.[49] Her death also inspired the "Remembering Our Dead" web project and the Transgender Day of Remembrance.[50]
1999
2000

21st century

2003
2009

It also, among other things:

  • Gives federal authorities greater ability to engage in hate crimes investigations that local authorities choose not to pursue;
  • Provides $5 million per year in funding for fiscal years 2010 through 2012 to help state and local agencies pay for investigating and prosecuting hate crimes;
  • Requires the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to track statistics on hate crimes based on gender identity.[63][64]
2011
2013
2015
2016
2017
2018

See also

References

  1. ^ A smaller-scale riot broke out in 1959 in Los Angeles, when the drag queens, lesbians, gay men, and transgender people who hung out at Cooper Do-nuts and who were frequently harassed by the LAPD fought back after police arrested three people, including John Rechy. Patrons began pelting the police with donuts and coffee cups. The LAPD called for back-up and arrested a number of rioters. Rechy and the other two original detainees were able to escape. Faderman, Lillian and Stuart Timmons (2006). Gay L.A.: A History of Sexual Outlaws, Power Politics, and Lipstick Lesbians. Basic Books. pp. 1–2. ISBN 0-465-02288-X
  2. ^ At the time, the term "gay" was commonly used to refer to all LGBT people.
  1. ^ "Timeline: Milestones in the American Gay Rights Movement". PBS. WGBH Educational Foundation. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
  2. ^ "21 Transgender People Who Influenced American Culture". Time Magazine.
  3. ^ Perdue, Katherine Anne (June 2014). Writing Desire: The Love Letters of Frieda Fraser and Edith Williams—Correspondence and Lesbian Subjectivity in Early Twentieth Century Canada (PDF) (PhD). Toronto, Canada: York University. p. 276. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
  4. ^ Faderman, Lillian and Stuart Timmons (2006). Gay L.A.: A History of Sexual Outlaws, Power Politics, and Lipstick Lesbians. Basic Books. pp. 1–2. ISBN 0-465-02288-X
  5. ^ Miller, Neil (1995). Out of the Past: Gay and Lesbian History from 1869 to the Present. pg. 347. New York, Vintage Books. ISBN 0-09-957691-0.
  6. ^ Shilts, Randy (1982). The Mayor of Castro Street. pgs. 56-57. New York, St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-52331-9.
  7. ^ "Philadelphia Freedom: The Dewey's Lunch Counter Sit-In". Queerty. October 10, 2011. Retrieved May 15, 2012.
  8. ^ "Compton's Cafeteria and Dewey's Protest". Transgender Center. Transgender Foundation of America. December 19, 2009. Retrieved May 15, 2012.
  9. ^ Boyd, Nan Alamilla (2004). "San Francisco" in the Encyclopedia of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgendered History in America, Ed. Marc Stein. Vol. 3. Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 71–78.
  10. ^ Craig Rodwell Papers, 1940–1993, New York Public Library (1999). Retrieved on August 24, 2017.
  11. ^ Marotta, Toby, The Politics of Homosexuality, pg. 65 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981) ISBN 0-395-31338-4
  12. ^ Howard Smith's Scenes column, Village Voice, March 21, 1968, Vol. XIII, No. 23 (March 21, 1968 – republished April 19, 2010) Archived June 30, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved June 16, 2010.
  13. ^ Craig Rodwell Papers, 1940-1993, New York Public Library (1999). Retrieved on July 25, 2011.
  14. ^ Marotta, Toby, The Politics of Homosexuality, pg. 65 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981) ISBN 0-395-31338-4
  15. ^ "Brief History of the Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement in the U.S." University of Kentucky. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
  16. ^ Nell Frizzell (June 28, 2013). "Feature: How the Stonewall riots started the LGBT rights movement". Pink News UK. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  17. ^ "Stonewall riots". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  18. ^ U.S. National Park Service (October 17, 2016). "Civil Rights at Stonewall National Monument". Department of the Interior. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
  19. ^ "Obama inaugural speech references Stonewall gay-rights riots". Archived from the original on 2013-05-30. Retrieved 2013-01-21. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ Gould, Robert E. (24 February 1974). What We Don't Know About Homosexuality. New York Times Magazine. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  21. ^ a b c d e f Alwood, Edward (1996). Straight News: Gays, Lesbians, and the News Media. Columbia University; ISBN 0-231-08436-6. Retrieved 2008-01-01. {{cite book}}: templatestyles stripmarker in |publisher= at position 22 (help)
  22. ^ Bell, Arthur (28 March 1974). Has The Gay Movement Gone Establishment?. Village Voice. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  23. ^ a b c Van Buskirk, Jim (2004). "Gay Media Comes of Age". Bay Area Reporter. Archived from the original on 2015-07-05. Retrieved 2008-01-01. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ Friday of the Purple Hand. The San Francisco Free Press. November 15–30, 1969. Retrieved 2008-01-01. courtesy the Gay Lesbian Historical Society.
  25. ^ a b ""Gay Power" Politics". GLBTQ, Inc. 30 March 2006. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  26. ^ Montanarelli, Lisa; Ann Harrison (2005). Strange But True San Francisco: Tales of the City by the Bay. Globe Pequot; ISBN 0-7627-3681-X. Retrieved 2008-01-01. {{cite book}}: templatestyles stripmarker in |publisher= at position 15 (help)
  27. ^ Newspaper Series Surprises Activists. The Advocate. 24 April 1974. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  28. ^ "Upstairs Lounge Fire Memorial, 40 Years Later". Nola Defender. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
  29. ^ Delery-Edwards, Clayton (June 5, 2014). The Up Stairs Lounge Arson: Thirty-two Deaths in a New Orleans Gay Bar, June 24, 1973 (First ed.). McFarland. ISBN 978-0786479535. {{cite book}}: |format= requires |url= (help)
  30. ^ Freund, Helen (June 22, 2013). "UpStairs Lounge fire provokes powerful memories 40 years later". New Orleans Times-Picayune. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
  31. ^ Townsend, Johnny (2011). Let the Faggots Burn: The UpStairs Lounge Fire. BookLocker.com, Inc. ISBN 9781614344537.
  32. ^ a b https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/kwxwvn/the-anniversary-of-the-upstairs-lounge-arson-the-biggest-gay-mass-murder-in-us-history-459
  33. ^ Bayer, Ronald (1987). Homosexuality and American Psychiatry: The Politics of Diagnosis. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-02837-0.[page needed]
  34. ^ Diane Kaufman & Scott Kaufman, Historical Dictionary of the Carter Era (Scarecrow Press, 2013), p. 180.
  35. ^ Diane Kaufman & Scott Kaufman, Historical Dictionary of the Carter Era (Scarecrow Press, 2013), p. 180.
  36. ^ glbtq >> social sciences >> Transgender Activism Archived 25 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  37. ^ Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186 (1986). Public domain This article incorporates public domain material from this U.S government document.
  38. ^ Russell, Ron (December 8, 1988). "Removal of 'Gay Pride' Flag Ordered: Tenant Suit Accuses Apartment Owner of Bias". Los Angeles Times. Part 9, 6.
  39. ^ Note: – as Brandon Teena was never his legal name, it is uncertain the extent to which this name was used prior to his death. It is the name most commonly used by the press and other media. Other names may include his legal name, as well as "Billy Brenson" and "Teena Ray"
  40. ^ "U.S. 8th Circuit Court of Appeals – JoAnn Brandon v Charles B. Laux". FindLaw. Retrieved December 7, 2006.
  41. ^ Howey, Noelle (March 22, 2000). "Boys Do Cry". Mother Jones. Retrieved December 7, 2006.
  42. ^ Jeon, Daniel. "Challenging Gender Boundaries: A Trans Biography Project, Brandon Teena". OutHistory.org. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
  43. ^ a b "Hate crimes legislation updates and information: Background information on the Local Law Enforcement Hate Crimes Prevention Act (LLEHCPA)" Archived March 23, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. National Youth Advocacy Coalition. Retrieved December 2, 2011.
  44. ^ "25 Transgender People Who Influenced American Culture". TIME.com. Retrieved 2016-12-13.
  45. ^ "Department of Defense Directive 1304.26". Retrieved September 11, 2013.
  46. ^ "About Us - Matthew Shepard Foundation". Matthew Shepard Foundation. Retrieved 2017-11-19.
  47. ^ "25 Transgender People Who Influenced American Culture". TIME.com. Retrieved 2016-12-13.
  48. ^ 'Remembering Rita Hester' November 15, 2008, Edge Boston
  49. ^ Nancy Nangeroni (1999-02-01). "Rita Hester's Murder and the Language of Respect". Retrieved 20 November 2017.
  50. ^ Irene Monroe (2010-11-19). "Remembering Trans Heroine Rita Hester". Huffington Post. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
  51. ^ Brian van de Mark (10 May 2007). "Gay and Lesbian Times". Archived from the original on 6 September 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  52. ^ Fairyington, Stephanie (12 November 2014). "The Smithsonian's Queer Collection". The Advocate. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
  53. ^ Smith, G. "Biography". Gwensmith.com. Archived from the original on April 24, 2008. Retrieved November 20, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  54. ^ Jacobs, Ethan (November 15, 2008). "Remembering Rita Hester". EDGE Boston.
  55. ^ "Transgender Day of Remembrance". Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved November 20, 2013.
  56. ^ "Trans Day of Remembrance". Massachusetts Transgender Political Coalition. 2013. Retrieved November 20, 2013.
  57. ^ Millen, Lainey (November 20, 2008). "North Carolinians mark Transgender Remembrance Day". QNotes.
  58. ^ "Transgender Flag Flies In San Francisco's Castro District After Outrage From Activists" by Aaron Sankin, HuffingtonPost, 20 November 2012.
  59. ^ Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003). Public domain This article incorporates public domain material from this U.S government document.
  60. ^ "Matthew Shepard Hate Crimes Act passes Congress, finally". Mercurynews.com. Retrieved December 30, 2012.
  61. ^ "Obama Signs Hate Crimes Bill". nytimes.com. Retrieved September 29, 2013.
  62. ^ "President Obama Signs Hate Crime Prevention Act". Fox News. October 28, 2009. Retrieved September 29, 2013.
  63. ^ "Human Rights Campaign". hrc.org. Archived from the original on November 19, 2008. Retrieved September 29, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  64. ^ "Hate Crimes Protections 2007". National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved December 9, 2009.
  65. ^ "Department of Defense Directive 1304.26". Retrieved September 11, 2013.
  66. ^ Pete Williams and Erin McClam (June 26, 2013). "Supreme Court strikes down Defense of Marriage Act, paves way for gay marriage to resume in California". NBC News. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
  67. ^ Liptak, Adam (June 26, 2013). "Supreme Court Bolsters Gay Marriage With Two Major Rulings". The New York Times. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
  68. ^ Mears, Bill (June 27, 2013). "Supreme Court strikes down federal provision on same-sex marriage benefits". CNN. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
  69. ^ How The Court Ruled on DOMA and Prop. 8, by Richard Socarides, The New Yorker, June 26, 2013
  70. ^ 'Psychiatric bible' tackles grief, binge eating, drinking - CNN.com
  71. ^ Obergefell v. Hodges, No. 14-556, slip op. at 22 (U.S. June 26, 2015) ("The Court now holds that same-sex couples may exercise the fundamental right to marry.").
  72. ^ Denniston, Lyle (June 26, 2015). "Opinion Analysis: Marriage Now Open to Same-Sex Couples". SCOTUSblog. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
  73. ^ "Philadelphia Raises the Transgender Pride Flag for the First Time". The Advocate.
  74. ^ "New evidence shows the Pulse nightclub shooting wasn't about anti-LGBTQ hate". Vox. Retrieved 2018-04-06.
  75. ^ In historic moment for Jacksonville, LGBT discrimination protections now law of the land
  76. ^ Ordinance 2017-16-E
  77. ^ a b c d e f The Discrimination Administration
  78. ^ Dear Colleague Letter (February 22, 2017)
  79. ^ AB-1732 Single-user restrooms.(2015-2016)
  80. ^ House Bill 142 / S.L. 2017-4
  81. ^ "OCR Instructions to the Field re Complaints Involving Transgender Students". June 6, 2017. Archived from the original on October 18, 2017. Retrieved October 17, 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  82. ^ "DeVos' new transgender student guidance changes course on bathroom access cases". June 16, 2017. Archived from the original on October 18, 2017. Retrieved October 17, 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  83. ^ Trump administration's guidance to Office for Civil Rights on transgender student complaints
  84. ^ Ordinance No. 17-021
  85. ^ Revised Treatment of Transgender Employment Discrimination Claims Under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
  86. ^ Jeff Sessions issues directive undercutting LGBT protections
  87. ^ Jenny Durkan Sworn In As Seattle’s First Lesbian Mayor/First Female Mayor In Nearly A Century
  88. ^ McLaughlin, Elizabeth (1 January 2018). "Beginning today, transgender individuals can join the US military". ABC News. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  89. ^ Bill Status of HB1785 100th General Assembly
  90. ^ Minneapolis Council Members Cunningham and Jenkins Get Acclimated To Their New Job
  91. ^ Ordinance No. 2018-03
  92. ^ Broward bans therapy that seeks to make gay kids straight
  93. ^ Danica Roem sworn in as first trans state representative in the US
  94. ^ Danica Roem sworn in
  95. ^ Ordinance No. 2018-1-8509
  96. ^ The Education Department Officially Says It Will Reject Transgender Student Bathroom Complaints
  97. ^ In a first, openly transgender recruit signs up for U.S. military
  98. ^ Bexar County Adds LGBT Protections to EEO Policy
  99. ^ ORDINANCE #17-20
  100. ^ MEMORANDUM FOR THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE THE SECRETARY OF HOMELAND SECURITY
  101. ^ Pentagon pledges to retain trans troops regardless of Trump policy
  102. ^ "Election Summary Report 2018/04/03 2018 Regular Municipal Election 8:32:02 PM Municipality of Anchorage" (PDF), HMunicipality of Anchorage, November 3, 2018
  103. ^ Ordinance No. 793
  104. ^ "Election Summary Report 2018/04/03 2018 Regular Municipal Election 8:32:02 PM Municipality of Anchorage" (PDF), HMunicipality of Anchorage, November 3, 2018
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