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Ostrea edulis

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Ostrea edulis
Temporal range: Miocene – Recent
Valves of Ostrea edulis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Bivalvia
Order: Ostreida
Family: Ostreidae
Genus: Ostrea
Species:
O. edulis
Binomial name
Ostrea edulis

Ostrea edulis is a species of oyster native to Europe and commonly known as the European flat oyster, Colchester native oyster (hence Colchester natives), mud oyster, or edible oyster (despite this latter name it is not the only oyster that is edible by humans).

The fossil record of this species dates back to the Miocene (age range: 15.97 to 0.012 million years ago). These fossils have been found in Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands, Egypt, Greece, Spain, the United Kingdom, Austria, France and Germany.[3]

Description

When mature, O. edulis adults range from 3.8 to 11 centimetres (1.5 to 4.3 in) across.[4]

Shells are oval or pear shaped, white, yellowish or cream in colour, with a rough surface showing pale brown or bluish concentric bands on the right valve. The two valves are quite different in shape and size, as the left one is concave and fixed to the substratum, while the right one is almost flat and fits inside the left. The inner surface is smooth, whitish or bluish-grey.[5]

Fossil of Ostrea edulis from Pliocene of Italy

Biology

Colchester native oyster are gregarious molluscs that start their lives as males. They mature sexually after eight-ten months and may change sex depending on the water temperature. Usually the lifespan can reach about six years, with a maximum of 15 years. Adult oysters feed by filtration.[6]

Ostrea edulis; a) labial palpi b) gills c) mantle d) junction of the two folds of the mantle e) large adductor muscle f) the shell

Distribution

The species naturally ranges along the western and southern coasts of Europe from Norway to Morocco and including most of the British Isles and the Mediterranean coast.[7] Naturally viable populations have appeared in eastern North America from Maine to Rhode Island subsequent to artificial introduction in the 1940s and 1950s.[7]

Habitat

Ostrea edulis can be found in estuarine and shallow coastal water with hard substrata of mud and rocks.[8]

Human use

Worldwide O. edulis harvest in tonnes, 1950–2003

Ostrea edulis has been harvested throughout Europe as an important food source since prehistory. During Roman occupation of Britain Ostrea edulis oysters were exported in large quantities back to Italy.[9] However, due to robust nature and ease of cultivation the Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, account for more than 75 percent of Europe’s oyster production.

European flat oysters are famously grown in Brittany, France. Oysters sourced from the area have a world famous name and reputation and are known worldwide as "Belon" oysters. The true Belon Oyster is culitivated in the Belon River, France and has the AOC protected name.[10]

Loch Ryan Oysters are sourced from Scotland's only commercial European Flat Oyster bed

Ostrea edulis is now also being maricultured in the states of California, Maine, and Washington in the United States. The species once dominated European oyster production but disease, pollution, and overfishing sharply reduced the harvest.[7]

U.S. oyster growers farm O. edulis in small quantities on both coasts. They are prized for their unique tannic seawater flavor, sometimes described as dry and metallic, and are more expensive than other American oysters.[7] The flavor is considered excellent for eating raw on the half shell.[11][12]

The abductor muscle of the European flat in combination with the shape of the shell results in a somewhat weaker seal compared with other oyster species. It is common practice to use rubber bands to prevent oysters from spilling their liquor and dehydrating in storage before consumption.[13]

See also

References

  1. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae (in Latin) (10 ed.). Uppsala: Linnaeus.
  2. ^ "ITIS Standard Report Page: Ostrea edulis". Retrieved 2008-08-06.
  3. ^ Fossilworks
  4. ^ Jackson, Angus (2008-07-14). "Basic information for Ostrea edulis (Native oyster)". Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 2008-08-07.
  5. ^ "FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture Ostrea edulis". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2018-07-09. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help); no-break space character in |title= at position 28 (help)
  6. ^ Arkive.org
  7. ^ a b c d "FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture Ostrea edulis". FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS. Retrieved 2008-08-06.
  8. ^ MarLIN
  9. ^ "European Flat Oyster – Ostrea edulis – Details – Encyclopedia of Life". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 2017-10-28.
  10. ^ "Belon Oysters – Maine". www.chefs-resources.com. Retrieved 2017-10-28.
  11. ^ "Ostrea Edulis & Others – TIME". Time magazine. 1964-07-31. Retrieved 2008-08-07.
  12. ^ "Kelly Galway Oysters". Retrieved 2008-08-07.
  13. ^ "Where do Belon Oysters come from and are they that rare?". Pangea Shellfish Company | Oyster and Shellfish Wholesale. Retrieved 2017-10-28.
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