Drug education
Drug education is the planned provision of information, resources, and skills relevant to living in a world where psychoactive substances are widely available and commonly used for a variety of both medical and non-medical purposes, some of which may lead to harms such as overdose, injury, infectious disease (such as HIV or hepatitis C), or addiction.
Benefits
Planning includes developing strategies for helping children and young people engage with relevant drug-related issues during opportunistic and brief contacts with them as well as during more structured sessions. Drug education enables children, youth and adults to develop the knowledge, skills and attitudes to appreciate the benefits of living healthily (which may or may not include the use of psychoactive substances), promote responsibility towards the use of drugs and relate these to their own actions and those of others, both now and in their future lives. It also provides opportunities for people to reflect on their own and others' attitudes to various psychoactive substances, their use and the people who use them.
Drug education campaigns & programs
Drug education can be given in numerous forms, some more effective than others. Examples include advertising and awareness raising campaigns such as the UK Government’s FRANK campaign or the US "media campaign".[1] In addition there are school based drug education programs like DARE or that currently being evaluated by the UK Blueprint Programme.[2] In efforts to prevent problematic substance use, drug education may perpetuate myths and stereotypes about psychoactive substances and people who use them.[3]
Drug education can also take less explicit forms; an example of this is the Positive Futures Programme, funded by the UK government as part of its drug strategy. This programme uses sport and the arts as catalysts to engage young people on their own turf, putting them in contact with positive role models (coaches/trained youth workers). After building a trusting relationship with a young person, these role models can gradually change attitudes towards drug use and steer the young person back into education, training and employment. This approach reaches young people who have dropped out of mainstream education. It also has additional benefits for the community in reduced crime and anti-social behaviour.[4]
School-based drug education
School-based drug education began with the anti-alcohol "temperance education" programmes of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union in the United States and Canada in the late 19th century.[5] In many respects, the WCTU's progressive education agenda set the template for much of what has been done since in the name of drug education.[6]
Past research into drug education has indicated that to be effective it must involve engaging, interactive learning strategies that stimulate higher-order thinking, promote learning and be transferable to real life circumstances. Current challenges from this approach exist in adopting evidence-based school drug education programmes.[7] Currently, in the majority of countries where preventive drug education programs and courses exist, they are established and funded by the Government. These education programs aim to educate adolescents about illicit drug use in an effort to prevent illegal drug use while highlighting the dangers of problematic substance use.[8]
The Australian Government has implemented a range of drug education programs through the National Drug Education Strategy (NDES) by providing schools with effective drug education programmes. The program aims to manage drug related issues and incidents within schools .[9]
On 6 December 2015 the Australian Government Department of Health launched the Positive Choices portal as part of its response to the findings from the National Ice Taskforce report.[10][11] Positive Choices is an online portal that facilitates access to interactive evidence-based drug education resources and prevention programs for school communities. Positive Choices builds on existing drug education resources developed by researchers at the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC) such as the Climate Schools programs that have been proven to reduce alcohol and drug related harms and increase student well-being.[12][13][14]
The Australian Department of Health and Aging identified that analgesics (90%), alcohol (80-90%) and tobacco (30-60%) were the most widely utilised substances among adolescents. In addition to this, cannabis was another commonly used illicit substance that accounted for 33% usage among adolescents aged 14–17 years.[15]
In addition to government funded programs, a number of not-for-profit organisations (such as Life Education Australia also provide drug education programs to adolescents. These preventative programs aim to deliver a progressive approach that will motivate and encourage young people to make positive decisions in life. Emphasis within these programs is also placed in focusing on deterring peer pressure as a means of empowering adolescents and promoting autonomy. This approach reaches 750,000 primary and secondary students in Australia each year.[16]
Implementation
Recent studies have identified that a gap between the theory of education programmes and the implementation exists.[7] This is regards to the collaborative learning approach and difficulties with teachers adopting these interactive drug education programmes. The practical implications of these findings are that professional training and support are required to increase the effectiveness of teaching staff, and the uniform implementation of drug curriculum.[7] Additional drug education research in the future should acknowledge the complexities of implementing these programmes in a school environment. Furthermore, additional support for teachers, counselors, school administrators and other education professionals should be integrated as a means of being realistic about what constitutes effective drug education and maintaining a high quality standard.[17]
See also
References
- ^ Media campaign
- ^ Blueprint, Home office.gov
- ^ Tupper, Kenneth (2008). "Drugs, discourses and education: A critical discourse analysis of a high school drug education text". Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education. 29 (2): 223–238. doi:10.1080/01596300801966864.
- ^ Positive Futures Programme
- ^ Beck, Jerome (1998). "100 years of 'just say no' versus 'just say know': Reevaluating drug education goals for the coming century". Evaluation Review. 22 (1): 15–45. doi:10.1177/0193841x9802200102.
- ^ Tupper, Kenneth (2013). "Sex, Drugs and the Honour Roll: The Perennial Challenges of Addressing Moral Purity Issues in Schools". Critical Public Health. 24 (2): 115–131. doi:10.1080/09581596.2013.862517.
- ^ a b c Cahil, H. W. (2007). "Challenges in adopting evidence-based school drug education programmes". Drug & Alcohol Review. 26 (6): 673–679. doi:10.1080/09595230701613593.
- ^ Midford, R (2007). "Is Australia 'fair dinkum' about drug education in schools?". Drug & Alcohol Review. 26 (4): 421–427. doi:10.1080/09595230701373842.
- ^ "National Schools Drug Education Strategy 2009" (PDF). Northern Territory Government. Department of Education and Children Services. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Grass roots a key to tackling ice https://www.health.gov.au/internet/ministers/publishing.nsf/Content/health-mediarel-yr2015-nash053.htm
- ^ Prime Minister of Australia, JOINT DOORSTOP INTERVIEW, SYDNEY https://www.pm.gov.au/media/2015-12-06/joint-doorstop-interview-sydney
- ^ Champion; et al. (2015). "A cross-validation trial of an Internet-based prevention program for alcohol and cannabis: Preliminary results from a cluster randomised controlled trial". Aust NZ J Psychiatry. 50: 64–73. doi:10.1177/0004867415577435. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
- ^ Newton, N.; et al. (2010). "Internet-based prevention for alcohol and cannabis use: final results of the Climate Schools course". Addiction. 105 (4): 749–759. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02853.x. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
- ^ Newton, N.; et al. (2009). "Delivering prevention for alcohol and cannabis using the internet: A cluster randomised controlled trial". Preventive Medicine. 48 (6): 579–584. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.04.009. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
{{cite journal}}: External link in|ref= - ^ Stanton, B (2005). "School drug education in New South Wales: Moral panic and the individualisation youth drug use". Social Alternatives. 24 (4): 50–54.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Joyce, R; O’Connor, L. (2008). "Life Education: Research and Evaluation". Life Education.
- ^ Tupper, Kenneth (2008). "Teaching teachers to just say 'know': Reflections on drug education". Teaching and Teacher Education. 24 (2): 356–367. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2007.08.007.
External links
