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Cleveland Clinic

Coordinates: 41°30′09″N 81°37′16″W / 41.50250°N 81.62111°W / 41.50250; -81.62111
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File:Cleveland Clinic logo.png
Map
Geography
Location9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, United States
Organization
Care systemPrivate
FundingNon-profit hospital
TypeAcademic, Teaching
Affiliated universityCleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine
Services
Beds1440
Helipads
HelipadFAA LID: 6OI8[1]
Number Length Surface
ft m
H1 55 17 Concrete
History
Opened1921
Links
Websitewww.clevelandclinic.org
ListsHospitals in the United States

The Cleveland Clinic is a nonprofit multi-specialty academic medical center based in Cleveland, Ohio. Founded in 1921, it oversees 7.6 million yearly patient visits from 50 states and 185 countries and is ranked the #2 hospital in the United States by U.S. News and World Report. [2] [3]

In addition to its flagship hospital in Cleveland, the Cleveland Clinic operates affiliated facilities in the states of Florida and Nevada, as well as internationally in Canada and the United Arab Emirates, with plans to open a London facility by late 2020. [4]

History

Beginnings

Main article: History of Cleveland Clinic

The Cleveland Clinic grew out of the surgical practice of Frank J. Weed (died 1891), at 16 Church Street on the near west side of Cleveland.[5][6] The practice was purchased by his two assistants, Frank E. Bunts and George Washington Crile.[7][8] In 1892 they brought Crile's cousin, William E. Lower into the practice.[9] In 1897 they moved to the Osborn Building on Prospect Avenue in downtown Cleveland.[5][10]

A four-story outpatient building was constructed, and the Cleveland Clinic was dedicated at a private ceremony on February 26, 1921.[11] It opened its doors two days later to the public and registered 42 patients.[12] In April 1921, the Cleveland Clinic had 60 employees, including 14 physicians and four nurses.[13]

In 1922 the founders purchased four private homes nearby for hospitalization, radiation treatment, and administration.[13] A fifth house was acquired as a residence for patients with diabetes receiving insulin treatments.[13][14] To meet rising patient volume, a 184-bed hospital was built in 1924, located at East 90th Street and Carnegie Avenue.[15] A power plant, laundry, and ice plant were also built.[13][16][self-published source] A research laboratory was constructed in 1928.[13][17]

Cleveland Clinic fire

Further information: Cleveland Clinic fire of 1929
Cleveland Clinic's original building, built in 1921

On May 15, 1929, nitrocellulose x-ray films stored in the basement of the outpatient building ignited.[18][19][20] An explosion sent a cloud of toxic oxides of nitrogen and carbon though the building. One hundred and twenty-three people lost their lives, including John Phillips, one of the founders.[21][22] A dozen investigating agencies were not able to determine what had caused the fire. The Cleveland Clinic's own inquiry narrowed the possible causes down to spontaneous combustion caused by heat; a discarded cigarette or match; and contact with an extension cord light hung over a stack of films.[19]

Philanthropist Samuel Mather formed a committee of 36 community leaders to help the Cleveland Clinic reestablish itself in temporary quarters across the street.[19][23][24] Patient care services resumed five days later.[23] The 1921 building was completely renovated, and a new three-story clinic building, with a new main entrance, was added in 1931.[19] All debts were repaid by 1941.[25]

Growth of specialization

George Washington Crile, one of the founders

The Cleveland Clinic built new operating rooms in the early 1970s to accommodate the growth of cardiac surgery.[16] The Martha Holden Jennings Education Building opened in 1964, with an auditorium named for Dr. Bunts. A new hospital building (currently home to Cleveland Clinic Children’s Hospital) opened in 1966, and a research building opened in 1974 (demolished in 2007).[16] A pathology and laboratory medicine building was constructed on Carnegie Avenue in 1980.[26]

Willian S. Kiser, chairman of the board 1977–1989,[27] led the development of a strategic plan to accommodate growing patient volumes in the late 1970s. This resulted in a group of buildings known as the Century Project. Completed in 1985, the Century Project includes a 14-story outpatient building (now known as the Crile Building) designed by architect Cesar Pelli.[28]

Research and Education

The Cleveland Clinic receives over $270 million in research funding, with over $100 million of direct federal funding. [29] The Lerner Research Institute is the home of all basic, translational, and clinical research at the Cleveland Clinic, employing over 1,200 scientists and support personnel. [30]

The Cleveland Clinic publishes the peer-reviewed Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine monthly, focusing on internal medicine, endocrinology, and diabetes.[31] The Top 10 Medical Innovations is an annual list (since 2007) selected in October each year by a panel of Cleveland Clinic physicians and scientists. For consideration on the list, the development must be considered likely to be available to the public in the upcoming year and to be expected to have a significant impact on a large part of the population.[32]

The Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (CCLCM) is a 5-year medical school in the Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine with 32 students per class, each receiving a scholarship for full tuition and fees.[33][34] CCLCM's 5-year program is designed to train physician investigators, with students participating in basic and clinical science research experiences, small group learning, and a masters-level research project. Finally, CCLCM, unlike most medical schools, does not rank its students, participate in the Alpha Omega Alpha medical honor society, or use grades and exams for assessment.[35]

Finally, Cleveland Clinic serves as one of the largest training centers for physician-graduates in the country.[36]

Reputation

The Cleveland Clinic is recognized as one of the top medical centers in the world, particularly in technological and management systems[37] and in the treatment of cardiovascular disease.[38] It is ranked #2 on the 2018-2019 Honor Roll of U.S. News & World Report Best Hospitals Rankings,[39] with specialty rankings as follows:[40][n 1]

Specialty National ranking Specialty National ranking
Cancer 5 Neurology and neurosurgery 4
Cardiology and heart surgery 1 Ophthalmology 9
Diabetes and endocrinology 4 Orthopedics 3
Ear, nose and throat 11 Pulmonology 3
Gastroenterology and GI surgery 2 Rheumatology 2
Geriatrics 5 Urology 1
Gynecology 5 Psychiatry High performing
Nephrology 2 Rehabilitation Not ranked
Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute
Lerner Research Institute

The U.S. News & World Report ratings stand in contrast to older rankings that feature a safety emphasis. In a Kaiser Family Foundation review of Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) data for hospital acquired conditions in 2014, the Cleveland Clinic received a 8.7 score (1–10 possible, with 10 being the worst), in the bottom 7% of hospitals.[44] In 2012 Consumer Reports rated the Cleveland Clinic 98th among 105 rated hospitals in the State of Ohio for overall safety.[45] Another report by Consumer Reports in 2011 noted, however, that teaching hospitals such as the Cleveland Clinic tend to receive lower safety scores in general. [46]

More recent ratings have shown significant improvement in safety. In 2017, Consumer Reports rated Cleveland Clinic 63rd among 158 Ohio hospitals, with a score of 57 out of 100 possible points. (Nationwide, the lowest and highest scores were 11 and 78.) [47] In spring 2018, Leapfrog Group gave the Cleveland Clinic an "A" grade for safety with a numerical score of 0.538, where 0 is the best score, 0.922 is the average hospital's score, and 3.642 is the worst hospital's score. [48]

Several biomedical advances took place at Cleveland Clinic including the isolation of serotonin, the first coronary angiography, the development and refinement of coronary bypass surgery, and the first near-total face transplantation in the United States. [49]

Locations

Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, Nevada

The Cleveland Clinic's main campus consists of 41 buildings on 160 acres (65 ha) near University Circle, in Fairfax, Cleveland.[50] The Cleveland Clinic operates 18[51][52] family health and ambulatory surgery centers in surrounding communities, a multispecialty hospital and family health center in Weston, Florida, and an outpatient clinic in Toronto, Ontario.[53]

In May 2010 the Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health opened in a unique structure designed by architect Frank Gehry in Las Vegas, Nevada.[54] An overseas location, the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, opened in 2015.[55] In August 2015 the Akron General Health System in Akron, Ohio, joined the Cleveland Clinic system. Akron General includes Akron General Hospital, Visiting Nurse Service and Affiliates, Hospice of VNS, Lodi Community Hospital, Edwin Shaw Rehabilitation Institute, and three health and wellness centers.[56] In May 2017 the Cleveland Clinic reached an agreement to acquire 150-bed Union Hospital in Dover, Ohio.[57]

The organization began work renovating an historic building at 33 Grosvenor Place in central London, England, in 2018. Demolition of the interior of the six-story, 198,000-square-foot building has begun, with a construction completion date of late 2020.[58]

Finances

In 2011 the Cleveland Clinic was second on the Becker's Hospital Review list of top-grossing hospitals in the United States, with total patient revenue of $9.14 billion.[59] The hospital posted $243 million operating income on $8 billion revenue in 2016. Operating income fell about 50 percent from 2015, which it said was due to shrinking reimbursements and rising drug costs.[60][61]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ This is based on a statistical model that utilizes factors such as admission numbers and visit volumes, reputational perception by peers, the availability of special equipment,[41][42] and the campus availability of numerous high-acuity specialties.[43]

References

  1. ^ "AirNav: 6OI8 - Cleveland Clinic Foundation Heliport". Retrieved July 8, 2017.
  2. ^ "Cleveland Clinic". US News and World Report.
  3. ^ "Facts and Figures". Cleveland Clinic.
  4. ^ "Cleveland Clinic London". Cleveland Clinic.
  5. ^ a b Kazi, R. A. (2003). "The life and times of George Washington Crile". Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 49 (3): 289–90. PMID 14597804.
  6. ^ Shock, Physiological Surgery and George Crile, Peter C. English, Greenwood Press, 1980, p. 62
  7. ^ Clough, John D. (2004). To Act as a Unit: The Story of the Cleveland Clinic (PDF). Cleveland, Ohio: The Cleveland Clinic Foundation. pp. 21–23. ISBN 9781596240001.
  8. ^ Smith, Dale, C. (1986). "Modern Surgery and the Development of Group Practice in the Midwest". Caduceus. 2 (3): 27.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Sajadi, Kamran P.; Goldman, Howard B. (2010). "The History of Urology in Cleveland, Ohio". Urology. 76 (6): 1293–7. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2010.05.039. PMID 20810152.
  10. ^ "George Crile". Whonamedit? - A dictionary of medical eponyms. Retrieved August 25, 2015.
  11. ^ Retrieved from http://blog.cleveland.com/medical/2008/09/07CGCLINICTIME.pdf, August 26, 2015[dead link‍][full citation needed]
  12. ^ Creating Cleveland Clinicby Brad Clifton and Jessica Carmosino, retrieved from http://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/603, on August 29, 2015
  13. ^ a b c d e The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, by Amy Rowland, William Feather, 1938
  14. ^ "Ohio Memory, a product of the Ohio Historical Society and the State Library of Ohio : View Image". server16007.contentdm.oclc.org.
  15. ^ "Cleveland Clinic Foundation". Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. May 11, 2005.
  16. ^ a b c Pathfinders of the Heart, the History of Cardiology at Cleveland Clinic, William C. Sheldon, Xlibris, 2008, p.60
  17. ^ Rose, William Ganson. Cleveland: The Making of a City. Kent State University Press, 1950, 1011.
  18. ^ Brown, Gary. "The Monday After: X-ray films burn noxious fumes at Cleveland Clinic". CantonRep.com, July 14, 2014.
  19. ^ a b c d Bellamy, John Stark II (1995). They Died Crawling: And other Tales of Cleveland Woe. Cleveland: Gray & Company, 218–232.
  20. ^ Time Magazine, May 27, 1929, 15–16.
  21. ^ Bellamy, John Stark (2009). Cleveland's greatest disasters!: 16 tragic true tales of death and destruction : an anthology. Gray & Co. pp. 87–104. ISBN 9781598510584.
  22. ^ "Encyclopedia of Cleveland History: CLEVELAND CLINIC DISASTER". Retrieved May 7, 2011.
  23. ^ a b Plain Dealer123 Die in Clinic Disaster; Poison Gas Seeps into System; Explosion Rocks Building, August 23, 1998
  24. ^ Reading Times, May 17, 1929, p2
  25. ^ Profiles in Performance: Business Intelligence Journeys and the Roadmap for Change, Howard Dresner, Wiley & Sons, 2010, p. 57
  26. ^ Harvard Business School, Cleveland Clinic:Growth Strategy 2014, Michael Porter and Elizabeth Teisberg, December 29, 2014, pp.4-5, retrieved on August 26, 2015.
  27. ^ Kastor, John A (2005). Specialty care in the Era of managed care: Cleveland clinic versus, University hospitals of Cleveland. J. Jopkins University Press. p. 236. ISBN 0801881749.
  28. ^ retrieved from http://pcparch.com/project/crile-clinic, on August 26, 2015
  29. ^ "Facts and Figures". Cleveland Clinic.
  30. ^ "Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute".
  31. ^ "About Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine". Cleveland Clinic. 2017. Retrieved April 9, 2017.
  32. ^ Cheshire, Sara (October 31, 2014). "Cleveland Clinic: Top 10 medical innovations for 2015 - CNN.com". CNN.
  33. ^ Wang, Shirley (May 15, 2008). "Cleveland Clinic's Medical School To Offer Tuition-Free Education". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
  34. ^ Bednar, Laura (August 26, 2016). "Paths to a Ph.D." John Carroll University.
  35. ^ "Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine". Cleveland Clinic.
  36. ^ "Facts and Figures". Cleveland Clinic.
  37. ^ Adler, Jerry. "What Health Reform Can Learn From Cleveland Clinic". Newsweek. November 26, 2009.
  38. ^ "Cleveland Clinic tops U.S. News list for heart care 20 years running". Cleveland Plain Dealer. July 15, 2014.
  39. ^ Comarow, Avery and Harder, Ben (August 14, 2018). "2018-19 Best Hospitals Honor Roll and Medical Specialties Rankings", U.S. News & World Report.
  40. ^ "Cleveland Clinic". U.S. News & World Report. 2018.
  41. ^ Lowes, Robert (September 20, 2012). "Joint Commission's Top-Hospital List Still Missing Big Names". Medscape Medical News.
  42. ^ Comarow, Avery (July 10, 2008). "A Look Inside the Hospital Rankings". U.S. News & World Report.
  43. ^ "Top American Hospitals". U.S. News & World Report. July 17, 2012.
  44. ^ staff (December 18, 2014). "Penalties For Hospital Acquired Conditions" (PDF). Kaiser Health News. Kaiser Family Foundation.
  45. ^ staff (August 2012). "How safe is your hospital? Our new ratings find too many pose risks" (PDF). Consumer Reports: 20–28. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 19, 2015. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  46. ^ "Teaching hospitals not always best for patient safety". Consumer Reports. Retrieved August 18, 2018.
  47. ^ "Cleveland Clinic". Consumer Reports. Retrieved August 18, 2018.
  48. ^ "Cleveland Clinic Foundation". Leapfrog Hospital Safety Grade. Retrieved August 18, 2018.
  49. ^ "Facts and Figures". Cleveland Clinic.
  50. ^ Steven Litt for The Plain Dealer. January 22, 2012 Cleveland Clinic's new master plan envisions bigger, greener campus with ample room to grow for decades
  51. ^ "Dr. Tarek Elsawy named new president of Reliant Medical". telegram.com.
  52. ^ Kelly Gooch. "Cleveland Clinic to hire 500 RNs at 3 job fairs: 6 things to know".
  53. ^ "Cleveland Clinic Canada".
  54. ^ Strain, Eric (April 4, 2010). "Lou Ruvo Center design defines purpose of facility, Las Vegas Sun". Las Vegas Sun. Las Vegas, NC: Greenspan Media Group. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
  55. ^ "Sheikh Mohammed and Moroccan king inaugurate Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi". The National. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
  56. ^ "Cleveland Clinic Exercises Option to take full Ownership of Akron General". Akron Beacon Journal. August 28, 2015. Retrieved December 31, 2015.
  57. ^ Coutré, Lydia (June 11, 2017). "Cleveland Clinic continues its march south". Crain's Cleveland Business. Crain Publishing. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
  58. ^ Christ, Ginger (February 23, 2018). "Cleveland Clinic's London hospital to open in early 2021". The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, OH: AdvanceOhio. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
  59. ^ Oh J. (August 29, 2011). "100 Top Grossing Hospitals in America". Becker's Hospital Review.
  60. ^ Coutre, Lydia (February 15, 2017). "2016 was a tough year for Cleveland Clinic finances". Crain's Cleveland Business. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  61. ^ Zeltner, Brie (February 15, 2017). "Cleveland Clinic CEO Toby Cosgrove reports rough financial year for hospital in 2016". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved August 25, 2017.

Further reading

41°30′09″N 81°37′16″W / 41.50250°N 81.62111°W / 41.50250; -81.62111

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