Battle of Wimpfen

Battle of Wimpfen
Part of the Thirty Years' War
The Battle of Wimpfen. Etching from Matthäus Merian's Theatrum Europaeum
Date 6 May 1622 Location Wimpfen, Baden-Württemberg (present-day Germany) 49°11′50″N 9°10′20″E Result Catholic victory
Belligerents
Margraviate of Baden fighting for Electoral Palatinate	Holy Roman Empire Catholic League Spain
Commanders and leaders
Georg Friedrich, Margrave of Baden-Durlach	Johan Tzerclaes, Count of Tilly Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba
Strength
10, 404+ Of which 404 are cavalry. Two 60 pounder guns, One 70 pounder, 20 of a mixture of 3, 5, 6 and 8 pounders and 6 "newly cast' guns and 9 half culverins	Approx: 15, 650+ 8,700 infantry, 900 cavalry, seven 12 pounders and 1 half culverin with Tilly. 5,200 infantry, 850 cavalry and five 8 pounders with Spanish.
Casualties and losses
12,000+	3,900-4,400
Wimpfen class=notpageimage| Location within Neckar region Wimpfen Wimpfen (Baden-Württemberg) Wimpfen Wimpfen (Germany)

The Battle of Wimpfen was a battle in the Bohemian Revolt period of the Thirty Years' War on 6 May 1622 near Wimpfen.

The forces of the Catholic League under Marshal Tilly and Gonzalo de Córdoba defeated the Protestant forces of Georg Friedrich, Margrave of Baden-Durlach.

Background

Bohemian revolt

Main article: Bohemian revolt

In the Bohemian revolt phase of the Thirty Years' War, the Protestant Bohemian nobility refused to confirm catholic Ferdinand II as their king and had offered count Frederick V of the Palatinate the crown of Bohemia. Frederick was crowned in 1619 but lost the kingdom to Catholic League troops under General Tilly at the Battle of the White Mountain in 1620.

Due to disunity among Protestant princes the Protestant Union was forced to declare its neutrality in the conflict in the treaty of Ulm in 1620 and dissolved the following year.

Palatinate campaign

Main article: Palatinate campaign

Count Georg Friedrich, Margrave of Baden-Durlach had been one of the Protestant Union's generals and maintained the mercenary army he had raised. When Tilly moved the Catholic League army from Bavaria towards the Palatinate in April 1622 to continue the war against Frederick V, Georg Friedrich abdicated his title in favour of his son to avoid consequences for the margraviate and declared for Frederick's cause. He marched his army to join General Mansfeld's troops and met with them a few days after their victory against Tilly at the Battle of Mingolsheim on April 27.

By early May, the forces of Christian of Brunswick had arrived to the north of the Neckar River and were prepared to assist their fellow Protestants. While Mansfeld crossed the Neckar at Heidelberg to join with Brunswick, Georg Friedrich pursued Tilly's army who were retreating east towards the Neckar crossing at Wimpfen. Unknown to the Protestants, a Spanish army under General Córdoba had reinforced Tilly with several thousand men in the meantime.

Late on May 5, the Protestant troops, coming from the southwest, crossed a small creek (called Böllinger Bach) near the village of Obereisesheim (de) and formed up in battle lines.

Battle

Battlefield view from the east in a woodcut from 1627
Heilbronn - bottom left, Wimpfen - top right

On May 6, 1622 both sides launched unsuccessful attacks on each other from early morning to about 11 o' clock.

Both sides had erected a wagenburg defense, fielded a strong artillery and were cautious on the attack. Tilly held Córdobas troops in reserve at first, fearing an attack by one of the other Protestant armies in the area that wouldn't come.

There was a lull in fighting until early afternoon when a Catholic assault on Georg-Friedrich's right flank sent his cavalry into flight. At about six o'clock an enemy cannon shot caused an explosion in the Protestant powder magazine, spreading panic in their ranks. Shortly afterwards, their wagenburg fell to Catholic attacks. Many died trying to escape across the Böllinger Bach creek.

Aftermath

Count Georg Friedrich had underestimated his foes and wasted his entire army at Wimpfen. Additionally, his abdication in favor of his son did not save his family from punishment. In August 1622 a substantial part of his domains was awarded to William, Margrave of Baden-Baden of a rival, catholic branch of House Baden. Until 1771 the margraviate was split into protestant Baden-Durlach and catholic Baden-Baden.

General Tilly continued his campaign and prevailed again at the Battle of Höchst in June, then proceeded to subdue the fortified towns of the Electoral Palatinate one by one.

In 1623 the Diet of Regensburg awarded Frederick V's lands and seat in the Electoral College to Duke Maximilian of Bavaria, an eminent leader of the Catholic League. From 1623 he styled himself Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria and his duchy Electorate of Bavaria.