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Loteprednol

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Loteprednol etabonate
Clinical data
Trade namesLotemax
Other names11β,17α,Dihydroxy-21-oxa-21-chloromethylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione 17α-ethylcarbonate
AHFS/Drugs.comMicromedex Detailed Consumer Information
Routes of
administration
Eye drops
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
BioavailabilityNone
Protein binding95%
MetabolismEster hydrolysis
MetabolitesΔ1-cortienic acid and its etabonate
Onset of action≤2 hrs (allergic conjunctivitis)
Elimination half-life2.8 hrs
Identifiers
  • Chloromethyl 17-ethoxycarbonyloxy-11-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-3-oxo-7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16-octahydro-6H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-17-carboxylate
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.167.120 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC24H31ClO7
Molar mass466.951 g/mol g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
Melting point220.5 to 223.5 °C (428.9 to 434.3 °F)
Solubility in water0.0005 mg/mL (20 °C)
  • CCOC(=O)O[C@@]1(CC[C@@H]2[C@@]1(C[C@@H]([C@H]3[C@H]2CCC4=CC(=O)C=C[C@]34C)O)C)C(=O)OCCl
  • InChI=1S/C24H31ClO7/c1-4-30-21(29)32-24(20(28)31-13-25)10-8-17-16-6-5-14-11-15(26)7-9-22(14,2)19(16)18(27)12-23(17,24)3/h7,9,11,16-19,27H,4-6,8,10,12-13H2,1-3H3/t16-,17-,18-,19+,22-,23-,24-/m0/s1 ☒N
  • Key:DMKSVUSAATWOCU-HROMYWEYSA-N ☒N
 ☒NcheckY (what is this?)  (verify)

Loteprednol (as the ester loteprednol etabonate) is a corticosteroid used to treat inflammations of the eye. It is marketed by Bausch and Lomb as Lotemax[1] and Loterex.

Medical uses

Applications for this drug include the reduction of inflammation after eye surgery,[1] seasonal allergic conjunctivitis, uveitis,[2] as well as chronic forms of keratitis (e.g. adenoviral and Thygeson's keratitis), vernal keratoconjunctivitis, pingueculitis, and episcleritis.[citation needed]

Contraindications

As corticosteroids are immunosuppressive, loteprednol is contraindicated in patients with viral, fungal or mycobacterial infections of the eye.[1][2][3]

Adverse effects

The most common adverse effects in patients being treated with the gel formulation are anterior chamber inflammation (5%), eye pain (2%), and foreign body sensation (2%).[4]

Interactions

The effect of drugs lowering intraocular pressure may be reduced. Loteprednol is not detectable in the bloodstream; so interactions with systemic drugs are highly unlikely.[1]

Pharmacology

Mechanism of action

Pharmacokinetics

Neither loteprednol etabonate nor its inactive metabolites Δ1-cortienic acid and Δ1-cortienic acid etabonate are detectable in the bloodstream, even after oral administration. A study with patients receiving loteprednol eye drops over 42 days showed no adrenal suppression, which would be a sign of the drug reaching the bloodstream to a clinically relevant extent.[1]

Steroid receptor affinity was 4.3 times that of dexamethasone in animal studies.[1]

Retrometabolic drug design

Loteprednol etabonate was developed using retrometabolic drug design. It is a so-called soft drug, meaning its structure was designed so that it is predictably metabolised to inactive substances. These metabolites, Δ1-cortienic acid and its etabonate, are derivatives of cortienic acid, itself an inactive metabolite of hydrocortisone.[1][3][5]

Chemistry

Loteprednol etabonate is an ester of loteprednol with etabonate (ethyl carbonate), with a melting point between 220.5 °C (428.9 °F) and 223.5 °C (434.3 °F). Its solubility in water is 1:2,000,000.[3] The ketone in the side chain of classical corticosteroids such as hydrocortisone is replaced by a cleavable ester, which accounts for the rapid inactivation.[6] (This is not the same as the etabonate ester.)

Chemical synthesis

[7]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Haberfeld, H., ed. (2015). Austria-Codex (in German). Vienna: Österreichischer Apothekerverlag.
  2. ^ a b Loteprednol Professional Drug Facts.
  3. ^ a b c Dinnendahl, V.; Fricke, U., eds. (2008). Arzneistoff-Profile (in German). Vol. 6 (22 ed.). Eschborn, Germany: Govi Pharmazeutischer Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7741-9846-3.
  4. ^ "HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION Lotemax" (PDF). 2012.
  5. ^ Bodor, N.; Buchwald, P. (2002). "Design and development of a soft corticosteroid, loteprednol etabonate". In Schleimer, R.P.; O'Byrne, P.M.; Szefler, S.J.; Brattsand, R. (eds.). Inhaled Steroids in Asthma. Optimizing Effects in the Airways. Marcel Dekker, New York. pp. 541–564. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  6. ^ Pavesio, C.E.; Decory, H.H. (2008). "Treatment of ocular inflammatory conditions with loteprednol etabonate". Br J Ophthalmol. 92 (4): 455–459. doi:10.1136/bjo.2007.132621. PMID 18245274.
  7. ^ Druzgala, P.; Hochhaus, G.; Bodor, N. (1991). "Soft drugs—10. Blanching activity and receptor binding affinity of a new type of glucocorticoid: Loteprednol etabonate". J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 38 (2): 149–54. doi:10.1016/0960-0760(91)90120-T. PMID 2004037.


Further reading

  • Steward, R.; et al. (November 1998). "Double-masked, placebo-controlled evaluation of loteprednol etabonate 0.5% for postoperative inflammation. Loteprednol Etabonate Post-operative Inflammation Study Group 1". J Cataract Refract Surg. 24 (11): 1480–1489. doi:10.1016/s0886-3350(98)80170-3. PMID 9818338.