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List of current senators of Canada

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The Senate Chamber, located in the Centre Block of Parliament Hill

This is a list of current members of the Senate of Canada (Template:Lang-fr), the upper house of the Canadian Parliament. Unlike the Members of Parliament in the House of Commons, the 105 senators are appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the prime minister.[1] Senators originally held their seats for life; however, under the British North America Act, 1965, members may not sit in the Senate after reaching the age of 75. Prime ministers normally choose members of their own parties to be senators, though they sometimes nominate non-affiliated senators or members of opposing parties.

Seats are allocated on a regional basis, each of the four major regions receives 24 seats, and the remainder of the available seats being assigned to smaller regions. The four major regions are Ontario, Quebec, the Maritime provinces (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island), and the Western provinces (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba and Saskatchewan). The seats for Newfoundland and Labrador, the Northwest Territories, Yukon, and Nunavut are assigned apart from these regional divisions.[2] The province of Quebec has 24 Senate divisions that are constitutionally mandated. In all other provinces, a Senate division is strictly an optional designation of the senator's own choosing, and has no real constitutional or legal standing. A senator who does not choose a special senate division is considered a senator for the province at large.[2] The distribution of seats has been criticized for not being proportional per region. For example, Ontario has 40 percent of Canada's population but only 24 seats, while the smaller Atlantic provinces have a combined 30,[3] and British Columbia, the third most populous province, only has six seats.[4]

As of 1 October 2018, there are 96 sitting senators and 9 vacancies. Of the sitting senators: 47 are members of the Independent Senators Group, 31 are members of the senate caucus of the Conservative Party of Canada, 10 are members of the Senate Liberal Caucus (unaffiliated with the Liberal Party of Canada), and 8 are unaffiliated.

The pattern of political affiliation in the Senate in the most recent era is distinct in several key respects from what has been the case historically. Since November 4, 2015, there has been no government caucus in the Senate because the Senate Liberal Caucus is not affiliated with the governing Liberal Party of Canada. On December 6, 2016, for the first time in Canadian history the number of senators without a partisan affiliation exceeded that of the largest caucus of senators with a partisan affiliation.

Active senators have been appointed on the advice of five different prime ministers: Justin Trudeau, Stephen Harper, Paul Martin, Jean Chrétien, and Brian Mulroney. Raynell Andreychuk is the longest-serving current senator; she was appointed on the advice of Brian Mulroney in 1993. As of 6 December 2016, there are 44 women in the Senate.[5]

Current senators

See also: Lists of Canadian senators
[6] Name Senate political affiliation Province (Division) Date appointed Appointed on the advice of Retirement date Titles and notes
  Raynell Andreychuk Conservative Saskatchewan March 11, 1993   Mulroney August 14, 2019
  Salma Ataullahjan Conservative Ontario July 9, 2010   Harper April 29, 2027
  Denise Batters Conservative Saskatchewan January 25, 2013   Harper June 18, 2045
  Diane Bellemare Non-affiliated Quebec (Alma) September 6, 2012   Harper October 13, 2024 Legislative Deputy to Government Representative Peter Harder
  Wanda Thomas Bernard Independent Senators Group Nova Scotia November 10, 2016   Trudeau, J. August 1, 2028
  Lynn Beyak Non-affiliated Ontario January 25, 2013   Harper February 18, 2024
  Doug Black Independent Senators Group Alberta January 25, 2013   Harper May 10, 2027
  Robert Black Independent Senators Group Ontario (Centre Wellington) February 15, 2018   Trudeau, J. March 27, 2037
  Peter Boehm Non-affiliated Ontario October 3, 2018   Trudeau, J.
  Pierre-Hugues Boisvenu Conservative Quebec (La Salle) January 29, 2010   Harper February 12, 2024
  Gwen Boniface Independent Senators Group Ontario November 10, 2016   Trudeau, J. August 5, 2030
  Patricia Bovey Independent Senators Group Manitoba November 10, 2016   Trudeau, J. May 15, 2023
  Yvonne Boyer Independent Senators Group Ontario March 15, 2018   Trudeau, J. October 25, 2028
  Patrick Brazeau* Independent Senators Group Quebec (Repentigny) January 8, 2009   Harper November 11, 2049 Suspended from the latter part of the 41st Parliament. Returned to the Senate on September 27, 2016 after being cleared of criminal charges.[7]
  Beverley Busson Non-affiliated British Columbia September 24, 2018   Trudeau, J. August 23, 2026
  Larry Campbell Independent Senators Group British Columbia (Vancouver) August 2, 2005   Martin February 28, 2023
  Claude Carignan Conservative Quebec (Mille Isles) August 27, 2009   Harper December 4, 2039
  Daniel Christmas Independent Senators Group Nova Scotia December 6, 2016   Trudeau, J. September 10, 2031
  Jane Cordy Senate Liberal‡ Nova Scotia June 9, 2000   Chrétien July 2, 2025
  René Cormier Independent Senators Group New Brunswick November 10, 2016   Trudeau, J. April 27, 2031
  Mary Coyle Independent Senators Group Nova Scotia (Antigonish) December 4, 2017[8]   Trudeau, J. November 5, 2029
  Jean-Guy Dagenais Conservative Quebec January 17, 2012   Harper February 2, 2025
  Pierre Dalphond Independent Senators Group Quebec (De Lorimier) June 6, 2018   Trudeau, J. May 1, 2029
  Donna Dasko Independent Senators Group Ontario June 6, 2018   Trudeau, J. August 19, 2026
  Dennis Dawson Senate Liberal‡ Quebec (Lauzon) August 2, 2005   Martin September 28, 2024
  Joseph A. Day Senate Liberal‡ New Brunswick (Saint John-Kennebecasis) October 4, 2001   Chrétien January 24, 2020 Senate Liberal Caucus Leader
  Colin Deacon Independent Senators Group Nova Scotia June 15, 2018   Trudeau, J. November 1, 2034
  Martha Deacon Independent Senators Group Ontario (Waterloo) February 15, 2018   Trudeau, J. April 23, 2033
  Tony Dean Independent Senators Group Ontario November 10, 2016   Trudeau, J. August 26, 2028
  Jacques Demers Independent Senators Group Quebec (Rigaud) August 27, 2009   Harper August 25, 2019
  Percy Downe Senate Liberal‡ Prince Edward Island (Charlottetown) June 26, 2003   Chrétien July 8, 2029 Senate Liberal Caucus Whip
  Norman Doyle Conservative Newfoundland and Labrador January 6, 2012   Harper November 11, 2020
  Mike Duffy Independent Senators Group Prince Edward Island (Cavendish) January 2, 2009   Harper May 27, 2021
  Renée Dupuis Independent Senators Group Quebec (The Laurentides) November 10, 2016   Trudeau, J. January 17, 2024
  Lillian Dyck Senate Liberal‡ Saskatchewan (North Battleford) March 24, 2005   Martin August 24, 2020
  Nicole Eaton Conservative Ontario (Caledon) January 2, 2009   Harper January 21, 2020 Speaker Pro Tempore
  Éric Forest Independent Senators Group Quebec (Gulf) November 21, 2016   Trudeau, J. April 6, 2027
  Linda Frum Conservative Ontario August 27, 2009   Harper January 13, 2038
  George Furey Non-affiliated Newfoundland and Labrador August 11, 1999   Chrétien May 12, 2023 Speaker
  Raymonde Gagné Independent Senators Group Manitoba April 1, 2016   Trudeau, J. January 7, 2032
  Rosa Galvez Independent Senators Group Quebec (Bedford) December 6, 2016   Trudeau, J. June 21, 2042
  Marc Gold Independent Senators Group Quebec (Stadacona) November 25, 2016   Trudeau, J. June 30, 2025
  Stephen Greene Independent Senators Group Nova Scotia (Halifax — The Citadel) January 2, 2009   Harper December 8, 2024
  Diane Griffin Independent Senators Group Prince Edward Island November 10, 2016   Trudeau, J. March 18, 2022
  Peter Harder Non-affiliated Ontario (Ottawa) March 23, 2016   Trudeau, J. August 25, 2027 Representative of the Government in the Senate
  Nancy Hartling Independent Senators Group New Brunswick November 10, 2016   Trudeau, J. February 1, 2025
  Leo Housakos Conservative Quebec (Wellington) January 8, 2009   Harper January 10, 2043
  Mobina Jaffer Senate Liberal‡ British Columbia June 13, 2001   Chrétien August 20, 2024
  Serge Joyal Senate Liberal‡ Québec (Kennebec) November 26, 1997   Chrétien February 1, 2020
  Martin Klyne Non-affiliated Saskatchewan September 24, 2018   Trudeau, J.
  Patti LaBoucane-Benson Non-affiliated Alberta October 3, 2018   Trudeau, J.
  Frances Lankin Independent Senators Group Ontario April 1, 2016   Trudeau, J. April 16, 2029
  Sandra Lovelace Nicholas Senate Liberal‡ New Brunswick September 21, 2005   Martin April 15, 2023
  Michael L. MacDonald Conservative Nova Scotia (Dartmouth) January 2, 2009   Harper May 4, 2030
  Ghislain Maltais Conservative Quebec January 6, 2012   Harper April 22, 2019
  Fabian Manning Conservative Newfoundland and Labrador May 25, 2011   Harper May 21, 2039
  Elizabeth Marshall Conservative Newfoundland and Labrador January 29, 2010   Harper September 7, 2026
  Yonah Martin Conservative British Columbia (Vancouver) January 2, 2009   Harper April 11, 2040 Opposition Deputy Leader
  Sabi Marwah Independent Senators Group Ontario November 10, 2016   Trudeau, J. July 12, 2026
  Paul Massicotte Independent Senators Group Quebec (De Lanaudière) June 26, 2003   Chrétien September 10, 2026
  Mary Jane McCallum Independent Senators Group Manitoba December 4, 2017[8]   Trudeau, J. May 1, 2027
  Elaine McCoy Independent Senators Group Alberta (Calgary) March 24, 2005   Martin March 7, 2021
  Tom McInnis Conservative Nova Scotia September 6, 2012   Harper April 9, 2020
  Paul McIntyre Conservative New Brunswick September 6, 2012   Harper November 2, 2019
  Marilou McPhedran Independent Senators Group Manitoba November 10, 2016   Trudeau, J. July 22, 2026
  Marie-Françoise Mégie Independent Senators Group Quebec (Rougemont) November 21, 2016   Trudeau, J. September 25, 2025
  Terry Mercer Senate Liberal‡ Nova Scotia (Northend Halifax) November 7, 2003   Chrétien May 6, 2022
  Grant Mitchell Non-affiliated Alberta (Edmonton) March 24, 2005   Martin July 19, 2026 Government Whip and Liaison
  Julie Miville-Dechêne Independent Senators Group Quebec (Inkerman) June 20, 2018   Trudeau, J. July 10, 2034
  Percy Mockler Conservative New Brunswick (St. Leonard) January 2, 2009   Harper April 14, 2024
  Lucie Moncion Independent Senators Group Ontario November 10, 2016   Trudeau, J. October 25, 2033
  Jim Munson Senate Liberal‡ Ontario (Ottawa/Rideau Canal) December 10, 2003   Chrétien July 14, 2021
  Richard Neufeld Conservative British Columbia (Charlie Lake) January 2, 2009   Harper November 6, 2019
  Thanh Hai Ngo Conservative Ontario September 6, 2012   Harper January 3, 2022
  Victor Oh Conservative Ontario January 25, 2013   Harper June 10, 2024
  Ratna Omidvar Independent Senators Group Ontario April 1, 2016   Trudeau, J. November 5, 2024
  Kim Pate Independent Senators Group Ontario November 10, 2016   Trudeau, J. November 10, 2034
  Dennis Patterson Conservative Nunavut August 27, 2009   Harper December 30, 2023
  Chantal Petitclerc Independent Senators Group Quebec (Grandville) April 1, 2016   Trudeau, J. December 15, 2044
  Don Plett Conservative Manitoba (Landmark) August 27, 2009   Harper May 14, 2025 Opposition Whip
  Rose-May Poirier Conservative New Brunswick (Saint-Louis-de-Kent) February 28, 2010   Harper March 2, 2029
  André Pratte Independent Senators Group Quebec (De Salaberry) April 1, 2016   Trudeau, J. May 12, 2032
  Mohamed-Iqbal Ravalia Independent Senators Group Newfoundland and Labrador June 1, 2018   Trudeau, J. August 15, 2032
  David Adams Richards Non-affiliated New Brunswick August 30, 2017   Trudeau, J. October 17, 2025
  Pierrette Ringuette Independent Senators Group New Brunswick December 12, 2002   Chrétien December 31, 2030
  Raymonde Saint-Germain Independent Senators Group Quebec (De la Vallière) November 25, 2016   Trudeau, J. October 7, 2026
  Judith Seidman Conservative Québec (De la Durantaye) August 27, 2009   Harper September 1, 2025
  Paula Simons Non-affiliated Alberta October 3, 2018   Trudeau, J.
  Murray Sinclair Independent Senators Group Manitoba April 2, 2016   Trudeau, J. January 24, 2026
  Larry Smith Conservative Quebec (Saurel) May 25, 2011   Harper April 28, 2026 Opposition Leader
  Carolyn Stewart-Olsen Conservative New Brunswick August 27, 2009   Harper July 27, 2021
  Scott Tannas Conservative Alberta March 25, 2013   Harper February 25, 2037 In an interview with The Hill Times in July 2017, Senator Tannas "...has made it clear he will stay no longer than a decade." which would put his retirement date no later than March 25, 2023.
  David Tkachuk Conservative Saskatchewan June 8, 1993   Mulroney February 18, 2020
  Josée Verner Independent Senators Group Quebec (Montarville) June 13, 2011   Harper December 30, 2034
  Pamela Wallin Independent Senators Group Saskatchewan (Kuroki Beach) January 2, 2009   Harper April 10, 2028
  David Wells Conservative Newfoundland and Labrador January 25, 2013   Harper February 28, 2037
  Howard Wetston Independent Senators Group Ontario November 10, 2016   Trudeau, J. June 3, 2022
  Vernon White Conservative Ontario February 20, 2012   Harper February 21, 2034 Upon his appointment, Senator White said that he would step down after nine years (no later than February 20, 2021).
  Yuen Pau Woo Independent Senators Group British Columbia November 10, 2016   Trudeau, J. March 2, 2038 Facilitator of the Independent Senators Group

^ † Quebec is the only province with Senate divisions that are constitutionally mandated. In all other provinces, a Senate division is strictly an optional designation of the senator's own choosing, and has no real constitutional or legal standing. A senator who does not choose a special senate division is considered a senator for the province at large.[2]

^ * Duffy, Wallin and Brazeau were suspended during the 41st Parliament and removed from the Conservative caucus. While suspended, they were unpaid and unable to debate or vote in the Senate. Their suspensions ended upon dissolution of the 41st Parliament on August 2, 2015. Brazeau was on a leave of absence with pay until charges against him were withdrawn in July 2016; he returned to the Senate on September 27, 2016.[7] Duffy's suspension ended on April 21, 2016 when he was acquitted on all counts.

^ ‡ On January 29, 2014, Liberal Party leader Justin Trudeau announced all Liberal senators were removed from the Liberal parliamentary caucus, and asked to sit as independents;[9] however, the senators decided to refer to themselves as the Senate Liberal Caucus, though they no longer sit in caucus with Liberal MPs nor are they formally affiliated with the Liberal Party of Canada.[10]

Vacancies and pending appointments

Province (Division) Seat last held by Affiliation Reason for vacancy Vacant since
  British Columbia Larry Campbell Non-affiliated Mandatory retirement February 28, 2023 665 days
  Ontario Victor Oh Conservative Mandatory retirement June 10, 2024 197 days
  British Columbia Mobina Jaffer Independent Senators Group Mandatory retirement August 20, 2024 126 days
  Quebec (Alma) Diane Bellemare Progressive Senate Group Mandatory retirement October 13, 2024 72 days
  Ontario Frances Lankin Independent Senators Group Resignation October 21, 2024 64 days
  Ontario Ratna Omidvar Independent Senators Group Mandatory retirement November 5, 2024 49 days
  Nova Scotia Stephen Greene (politician) Canadian Senators Group Mandatory retirement December 8, 2024 16 days
  Saskatchewan Brent Cotter Independent Senate Group Mandatory retirement December 18, 2024 6 days

Standings

Seating plan of the Canadian Senate

Members of the Senate of Canada may sit as representatives of a political party if agreed by themselves and their party.
The current party standings in the Senate of Canada are as follows:

Party standing of the Senate by province
Party BC AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PE NL YT NT NU Total
Independent Senators Group 1   2 2 1 5 12 14 3 5 2 1 0 0 0 47
Conservative   2 1 3 1 6 7 4 2 0 4 0 0 1 31
Senate Liberal 2   1 0 1 0 1 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 10
Non-affiliated   1 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 8
Vacant   0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 9
Total 6 6 6 6 24 24 10 10 4 6 1 1 1 105

1The group was formed by 15 non-affiliated Senators in September 2017, with Elaine McCoy being elected as the group's facilitator for a term ending June 2017 (by January 2017, 35 Senators were members of the ISG).[7] In December 2016, the Senate passed a motion to fund the Independent Senators Group for the next two fiscal years.[11] As of January 2017, the Parliament of Canada website distinguishes between non-affiliated Senators who belong to the Independent Senators Group (ISG) and those who do not.[12]

2 On January 29, 2014, Liberal Party leader Justin Trudeau announced all Liberal Senators were removed from the Liberal caucus, and would continue sitting as Independents. According to then-Senate Opposition leader James Cowan, the Senators refer to themselves as the Senate Liberal Caucus even though they are no longer members of the parliamentary Liberal caucus.[10]

Party standings since the last election

Number of members
per group by date 		2015 2016
Oct 19 Nov 19 Dec 3 Dec 7 Feb 2 Feb 10 Feb 17 Mar 1 Mar 7 Mar 8 Mar 23 Apr 1 Apr 2 Apr 6 Apr 22 May 2 May 5 May 16 Jul 14 Aug 7 Sep 27 Nov 10 Nov 21
Conservative 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40
Senate Liberal Caucus 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21
Non-affiliated 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 19 20 21 22 23 24 23 37 38
Independent PC 1 -
  Total members 83 82 81 82 87 88 87 86 85 84 98 99
Vacant 22 23 24 23 18 17 18 19 20 21 7 6
Number of members
per group by date 		2016 2017
Nov 22 Nov 25 Dec 2 Dec 6 Dec 16 Jan 6 Jan 14 Jan 22 Jan 31 Feb 1 Mar 30 Mar 31 May 10 May 16 Aug 10 Aug 15 Aug 30 Sep 4 Sep 8 Sep 28 Oct 17 Oct 24 Oct 30
Conservative 41 40 39 38 37 36
Non-affiliated 37 40 7 9 7 8 7 6 7 8 7 6 5
Senate Liberal Caucus 21 20 19 18 17 16 15
Independent Senators Group - 33 35 34 35 36 37 38 39
  Total members 99 102 104 103 102 101 100 99 98 97 96 97 96 95
Vacant 6 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 8 9 10
Number of members
per group by date 		2017 2018
Nov 6 Nov 16 Nov 21 Dec 4 Jan 4 Feb 2 Feb 7 Feb 15 Feb 28 Mar 15 Mar 16 Mar 28 Apr 24 May 11 Jun 1 Jun 6 Jun 7 Jun 8 Jun 15 Jun 20 Aug 12 Aug 20 Sep 19
Independent Senators Group 39 41 43 44 43 44 46 45 46
Conservative 35 34 33 32 31
Senate Liberal Caucus 15 12 11
Non-affiliated 5 4 6 7 5 7 5 6 5 6 7 9 8 6 7 8 7
  Total members 94 93 92 94 91 93 94 93 92 93 95 96 97 96 95
Vacant 11 12 13 11 14 12 11 12 13 12 10 9 8 9 10
Number of members
per group by date 		2018 2019
Sep 21 Sep 24 Sep 29 Oct 3 Oct 11 Oct 17 Oct 18 Oct 30 Oct 31 Dec 12 Dec 19 Feb 21 Apr 22 Jun 12 Jul 23 Aug 14 Aug 25
Independent Senators Group 47 50 52 53 54 58 59 58
Conservative 31 30 29
Senate Liberal Caucus 11 10 9
Non-affiliated 6 8 11 13 10 8 7 6 10 11 7 6 7
  Total members 95 97 96 99 101 105 104 105 104 103
Vacant 10 8 9 6 4 0 1 0 1 2

Appointment breakdown

Prime Minister Term ISG Cons. Lib. N-A Total
  Brian Mulroney 1984–1993 0 2 0 0 2
  Jean Chrétien 1993–2003 2 0 7 1 10
  Paul Martin 2003–2006 2 0 3 1 6
  Stephen Harper 2006–2015 7 29 0 2 38
  Justin Trudeau 2015–present 36 0 0 4 40
Total 47 31 10 8 96

Upcoming retirements

Twenty current senators are scheduled to retire before the end of 2022:

  1. Ghislain Maltais, April 22, 2019, Conservative (Harper) - Quebec (Shawinigan)
  2. Raynell Andreychuk, August 14, 2019, Conservative (Mulroney) - Saskatchewan
  3. Jacques Demers, August 25, 2019, Independent Senators Group (Harper) - Quebec (Rigaud)
  4. Paul McIntyre, November 2, 2019, Conservative (Harper) - New Brunswick
  5. Richard Neufeld, November 6, 2019, Conservative (Harper) - British Columbia (Charlie Lake)
  6. Nicole Eaton, January 21, 2020, Conservative (Harper) - Ontario (Caledon)
  7. Joseph A. Day, January 24, 2020, Senate Liberal Caucus (Chrétien) - New Brunswick (Saint John-Kennebecasis)
  8. Serge Joyal, February 1, 2020, Senate Liberal Caucus (Chrétien) - Quebec (Kennebec)
  9. David Tkachuk, February 18, 2020, Conservative (Mulroney) - Saskatchewan
  10. Tom McInnis, April 9, 2020, Conservative (Harper) - Nova Scotia
  11. Lillian Eva Dyck, August 24, 2020, Senate Liberal Caucus (Martin) - Saskatchewan
  12. Norman Doyle, November 11, 2020, Conservative (Harper) - Newfoundland and Labrador
  13. Elaine McCoy, March 7, 2021, Independent Senators Group, (Martin) - Alberta (Calgary)
  14. Mike Duffy, May 27, 2021, Independent Senators Group (Harper) - Prince Edward Island (Cavendish)
  15. Jim Munson, July 14, 2021, Senate Liberal Caucus, (Chrétien) - Ontario (Ottawa/Rideau Canal)
  16. Carolyn Stewart-Olsen, July 27, 2021, Conservative (Harper) - New Brunswick
  17. Thanh Hai Ngo, January 3, 2022, Conservative (Harper) - Ontario
  18. Diane Griffin, March 18, 2022, ISG (J. Trudeau) - Prince Edward Island
  19. Terry Mercer, May 6, 2022, Senate Liberal Caucus (Chrétien), Nova Scotia (Northend Halifax)
  20. Howard Wetston, June 3, 2022, ISG (J. Trudeau), Ontario

Longevity

Furthest year of retirement of existing senators, by prime minister

  • David Tkachuk, appointed by Brian Mulroney, is due to retire on February 18, 2020
  • Grant Mitchell, appointed by Paul Martin, is due to retire on July 19, 2026
  • Pierrette Ringuette, appointed by Jean Chrétien, is due to retire on December 31, 2030
  • Chantal Petitclerc, appointed by Justin Trudeau, is due to retire on December 15, 2044
  • Patrick Brazeau, appointed by Stephen Harper, is due to retire on November 11, 2049

See also

References

  1. ^ Makarenko, Jay (June 1, 2007). "The Canadian Senate: Role, Powers & Operation". MapleLeafWeb. Retrieved November 24, 2008.
  2. ^ a b c "A Legislative and Historical Overview of the Senate of Canada". Parliament of Canada. May 2001. Retrieved November 24, 2008.
  3. ^ "Western premiers urge further Senate reform". The Globe and Mail. May 30, 2006. Retrieved November 24, 2008.[permanent dead link‍]
  4. ^ Knox, Jack (November 27, 2008). "Barack hasn't called, so I'm aiming for Canadian Senate seat". Times-Colonist. Archived from the original on September 23, 2009. Retrieved November 27, 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ "Women in the Senate". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
  6. ^ "Senators: 42nd Parliament of Canada". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved November 5, 2015.[permanent dead link‍]
  7. ^ a b c http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/brazeau-senate-legal-saga-1.3780361
  8. ^ a b "Prime Minister announces the appointment of two new Senators". pm.gc.ca (Press release). PMO. December 4, 2017.
  9. ^ http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/justin-trudeau-removes-senators-from-liberal-caucus-1.2515273
  10. ^ a b "Trudeau's expulsion catches Liberal senators by surprise". Globe and Mail. January 29, 2014. Retrieved January 29, 2014.
  11. ^ http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/canadian-politics/a-victory-for-fairness-senators-agree-to-allow-more-independents-on-committees
  12. ^ http://www.parl.gc.ca/SenatorsBio/default.aspx?sortord=A&Language=E#PartyNon-affiliated Archived August 10, 2016, at the Wayback Machine (ISG)

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