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Japantown

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For historical Japanese communities in early modern Southeast and East Asia, see Nihonmachi.
Japantown
Liberdade in São Paulo, Brazil, the most populous Japantown in the world
Japanese name
Kanji日本人街
Kanaにほんじんがい
Transcriptions
RomanizationNihonjin-gai
Kunrei-shikiNihonzin-gai

Japantown (日本人街, Nihonjin-gai) is a common name for official Japanese communities in big cities outside Japan. Alternatively, a Japantown may be called J-town, Little Tokyo, or Nihonmachi (日本町), the first two being common names for the Japanese communities in San Francisco, San Jose, and Los Angeles, respectively.

History

See also: Japanese diaspora

Historically, Japantowns represented the Japanese diaspora, and its individual members known as nikkei (日系), are Japanese emigrants from Japan and their descendants that reside in a foreign country. Emigration from Japan first happened and was recorded as early as the 12th century to the Philippines,[1] but did not become a mass phenomenon until the Meiji Era, when Japanese began to go to the Philippines,[2] North America, and beginning in 1897 with 35 emigrants to Mexico;[3] and later to Peru, beginning in 1899 with 790 emigrants.[4] There was also significant emigration to the territories of the Empire of Japan during the colonial period; however, most such emigrants repatriated to Japan after the end of World War II in Asia.[5]

For a brief period in the 16th-17th centuries, Japanese overseas activity and presence in Southeast Asia and elsewhere in the region boomed. Sizeable Japanese communities, known as Nihonmachi, could be found in many of the major ports and political centers of the region, where they exerted significant political and economic influence.

The Japanese had been active on the seas and across the region for centuries, traveling for commercial, political, religious and other reasons. The 16th century, however, saw a dramatic increase in such travel and activity. The internal strife of the Sengoku period caused a great many people, primarily samurai, commoner merchants, and Christian refugees to seek their fortunes across the seas. Many of the samurai who fled Japan around this time were those who stood on the losing sides of various major conflicts; some were rōnin, some veterans of the Japanese invasions of Korea or of various other major conflicts. As Toyotomi Hideyoshi and later the Tokugawa shoguns issued repeated bans on Christianity, many fled the country; a significant portion of those settled in Catholic Manila.[6]

In the western countries such as Canada and the United States, the Japanese tended to integrate with society that many if not all Japantowns are in danger of completely disappearing with the remaining only existing in San Francisco and San Jose, California.[7]

Characteristics

The features described below are characteristic of many modern Japantowns.

Japanese architectural styles

Main article: Japanese architecture
The five-tiered Peace Pagoda made of concrete.

Many historical Japantowns will exhibit architectural styles that reflect the Japanese culture. Japanese architecture has traditionally been typified by wooden structures, elevated slightly off the ground, with tiled or thatched roofs. Sliding doors (fusuma) were used in place of walls, allowing the internal configuration of a space to be customized for different occasions. People usually sat on cushions or otherwise on the floor, traditionally; chairs and high tables were not widely used until the 20th century. Since the 19th century, however, Japan has incorporated much of Western, modern, and post-modern architecture into construction and design, and is today a leader in cutting-edge architectural design and technology.

The Japanese Village Plaza in Los Angeles' Little Tokyo.

Japanese language

Main articles: Japanese language and Japanese dialects

Many Japantowns will exhibit the use of the Japanese language in signage existing on road signs and on buildings as Japanese is the official and primary language of Japan. Japanese is relatively small but has a lexically distinct pitch-accent system. Early Japanese is known largely on the basis of its state in the 8th century, when the three major works of Old Japanese were compiled. The earliest attestation of the Japanese language is in a Chinese document from 252 AD.

Japanese is written with a combination of three scripts: hiragana, derived from the Chinese cursive script, katakana, derived as a shorthand from Chinese characters, and kanji, imported from China. The Latin alphabet, rōmaji, is also often used in modern Japanese, especially for company names and logos, advertising, and when inputting Japanese into a computer. The Hindu-Arabic numerals are generally used for numbers, but traditional Sino-Japanese numerals are also common.

Locations

Japanese diaspora
日系人
Total population
About 3,600,000[8]
Regions with significant populations
 Brazil1,600,000[9][10][11]
 United States1,404,286[12]
 China127,282[13]note
 Philippines120,000[14][15][16]
 Canada109,740[17]
 Peru103,949[18]
 Germany70,000[19]
 Argentina65,000[20][21]
 United Kingdom63,011[22]
 South Korea58,169[23]note
 Australia54,830[24]
 Thailand67,424[25]
 Mexico35,000[26]
 France30,947[13]note
 Singapore27,525[27]
 Hong Kong27,429[28]
 Malaysia22,000[29]
 Micronesia20,000[30]
 Indonesia14,720[31]
 New Zealand14,118[32]
 Bolivia14,000[33]
 India8,398[34][35]
 New Caledonia8,000[36]
 Italy7,556[37]note
 Paraguay7,000[38]
 Belgium6,519
 Marshall Islands6,000[39]
 Sweden5,235
 Palau5,000[40]
 Macau4,200[41]
  Switzerland4,071[13]note
 Uruguay3,456[42]note
 Colombia3,000[43]note
 Chile2,600[1]
 Russian Federation1,700[citation needed]
 Pakistan1,500[citation needed]
 Qatar1,000[44]
Related ethnic groups
Ryukyuan diaspora
^ note: The population of naturalized Japanese people and their descendants is unknown. Only the number of the permanent residents with Japanese nationality is shown, except for the United States, where ancestral origin is recorded independent of nationality.

Americas

Japantowns were created because of the widespread immigration of Japanese to America in the Meiji period (1868–1912). At that time, many Japanese were poor and sought economic opportunities in the United States. Japanese immigrants initially settled in Western parts of the US and Canada.

At one time, there were 43 different Japantowns in California,[45] ranging from several square blocks of Little Tokyo in Los Angeles, to one in the small farming community of Marysville in Yuba County. Besides typical businesses, these communities usually had Japanese language schools for the immigrant's children, Japanese language newspapers, Buddhist and Christian churches, and sometimes Japanese hospitals.[46] After the World War II internment of the Japanese, most of those communities declined significantly or disappeared altogether.

There are currently four recognized Japantowns left in the United States, which are facing issues such as commercialization, reconstruction, gentrification and dwindling Japanese populations.[47]

Argentina

  • Colonia Urquiza is the Japanese district in La Plata, Argentina. Colonia Urquiza is the largest Japanese district in Argentina, and concentrates many institutions such as schools, restaurants and training centers.[48]

Brazil

Canada

Kids at play in 1927 in Japantown, Vancouver

Some municipalities with Japanese populations higher than the national average (0.3%) include:

United States

Looking across Post Street north on Buchanan Street in San Francisco's Japantown.
Concentrated and historical Japanese populations in the United States

Northern California: In addition to Japantown districts in San Francisco and San Jose, suburbs and neighborhoods with significant Japanese American populations and/or histories include:

Southern California:

Elsewhere in western U.S.:

Sakura Square, Denver, Colorado

Eastern U.S.:

Asia

China

  • Gubei, Shanghai, a residential area which has many expatriates from Japan. It is informally referred to as a "Little Tokyo." There is a Takashimaya department store in Gubei.[53]

India

Malaysia

In the late 2000s, Malaysia began to become a popular destination for Japanese retirees. Malaysia My Second Home retirement programme received 513 Japanese applicants from 2002 until 2006. Motivations for choosing Malaysia include the low cost of real-estate and of hiring home care workers. Such retirees sometimes refer to themselves ironically as economic migrants or even economic refugees, referring to the fact that they could not afford as high a quality of life in retirement, or indeed to retire at all, were they still living in Japan.

Philippines

Singapore

South Korea

Taiwan

Vietnam

Concentrated and historical Japanese populations in Asia

Indonesia
  • Parts of Jakarta's shopping district of Blok M has been developed into the formation of Japanese-oriented facilities, including clusters of restaurants, spas, and cafés; earning the nickname "Little Tokyo", as it is also coupled with the high density of Japanese expats living around the area. [56]
Pakistan
  • There is an active Japanese presence (including multinational companies and expatriates) in industrial areas of Karachi, such as Port Qasim. During the 1980s and 1990s, there were over 2,000 Japanese living in Karachi, making them one of the significant expatriate communities in the country. Now, the community has shrunk to a few hundred.[57] There is also a Karachi Japanese School.[58]
Thailand
  • In Bangkok a Japanese population lives in and around Sukhumvit Road, and Phrompong. Many of the apartment complexes are rented solely to Japanese people (although they are owned by Thais), and there are Japanese grocery shops, restaurants, bars, dry cleaning, clubs, etc. in and around Phrompong.
  • In Si Racha a Japanese population lives in and around the city center as the second largest Japanese community outside Bangkok.
  • In Chiangmai a Japanese population lives around the city center as the popular place for Japanese retirees with good weather and less crowded city.
  • In Ayutthaya a growing number of Japanese population returns and lives in and around Rojana Road close to many Japanese companies, the city also well known place of the first Japanese quarter in Thailand dated back to 16th century.

Europe

Germany

United Kingdom

France

Catalonia

  • Since the late 1970s-early 1980s many Japanese companies chose Catalonia for their industrial branches in Europe. The largest Japanese community is located in the Barcelona Metropolitan Region, especially Sant Cugat and Gavà. Increasing numbers of Japanese citizens unrelated with Japanese companies have chosen Central Barcelona for their residence and professional activities, following a great wave of tourists that started in the mid-1980s after a Suntory Whisky TV commercial shot in various Gaudinian locations.

The Netherlands

Oceania

Australia

See also

References

  1. ^ Kekai Manansala, Paul. "Philippine Civilization, Culture and Technology".
  2. ^ Shiraishi, Saya; Shiraishi, Takashi, eds. (1993). The Japanese in Colonial Southeast Asia. p. 157. ISBN 9780877274025. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  3. ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA), Japan: Japan-Mexico relations
  4. ^ Palm, Hugo. "Desafíos que nos acercan," Archived 2009-04-15 at the Wayback Machine El Comercio (Lima, Peru). March 12, 2008.
  5. ^ Azuma, Eiichiro (2005). "Brief Historical Overview of Japanese Emigration". International Nikkei Research Project. Retrieved 2007-02-02.
  6. ^ Wray. p8.
  7. ^ "SF Japantown's Last Hurrah". Archived from the original on 2014-02-26. Retrieved 2014-02-22. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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  15. ^ Agnote, Dario (October 11, 2006). "A glimmer of hope for castoffs". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
  16. ^ Ohno, Shun (2006). "The Intermarried issei and mestizo nisei in the Philippines". In Adachi, Nobuko (ed.). Japanese diasporas: Unsung pasts, conflicting presents, and uncertain futures. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-135-98723-7.
  17. ^ "File not found - Fichier non trouvé". statcan.gc.ca.
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  35. ^ See also Japanese people in India
  36. ^ "Tourism New Caledonia - Prepare your trip in New Caledonia" (PDF). newcaledonia.co.nz. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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  38. ^ "Japan-Paraguay Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan.
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  40. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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  48. ^ http://sur.infonews.com/notas/la-pequena-japon-argenta La pequeña japon argenta
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  54. ^ 2011年按區議會分區、國籍及在港居住年期劃分的人口 (A208)
  55. ^ 香港淺草　日本人愛紅磡　下町飲食街
  56. ^ Blok M: Jakarta's Little Tokyo
  57. ^ Karachi: Enclave for Japanese investors at Port Qasim
  58. ^ Karachi Japanese School
  59. ^ "Born abroad - an immigration map of Britain: Japan". BBC News.
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